• Title/Summary/Keyword: plasma in liquid

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A Comparative Study on the Electrostatic Eliminator of Piezo Type Ionizer and Pulse AC Corona Type Ionizer (피에조를 이용한 코로나 방전과 펄스교류 코로나 방전을 이용한 정전기 제거장치의 비교 연구)

  • Kwon, Sung-Yul;Lee, Dong-Hoon;Choi, Jae-Wook
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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    • v.24 no.6
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    • pp.50-54
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    • 2009
  • Ionizer is used for improving manufacturing process and reducing inferior goods in the clean room. As a general rule, neutralization of the electrostatic charge is most important to make TFT-LCD, PDP and OLED. Pulse AC-static eliminator with output voltage of about 10.5kV has been used these days as neutralization device. But this device has a problem with lower performance which was caused by particles-adhesion on the electrode when it has been used for a long time. So we studied to solve the problem with lower performance using high Frequency(72kHz) static eliminator which was produced by Piezo transformer device, and compared Pulse-AC type with Piezo-electronic device such as decay time and ion balance for 10 weeks periods. As a result of this study, we found that Piezo transformer device has been maintained normal condition for 10 weeks. Also, we made the rule by this study, normally Piezo transformer device has to clean the electrode during every 11th weeks.

Energy Band Schemes in Organic Electroluminescent Devices Using Terbium Complexes Prepared by Vacuum Evaporation Method (진공 증착법에 의한 Terbium Comp1exes를 이용한 유기 전기 발광 소자의 에너지 밴드에 관한 연구)

  • 표상우;김옥병;이한성;최돈수;이승희
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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    • 1999.05a
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    • pp.582-588
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    • 1999
  • 정보화 사회의 발전과 함께 멀티미디어에 대한 관심이 집중되고 있으며, 점유 공간이 작고 가벼우며 대면적이 가능한 정보 표시 디스플레이에 대한 기술은 고부가가치 산업으로 인식되어 지고 있다. 이러한 정보 표시 디스플레이들 중, 전기 발광 소자 (Electroluminescence Display : ELD), 액정 표시 디스플레이 (Liquid Crystal Display LCD), 플라즈마 디스플레이 (Plasma Display Panel) 등의 대한 연구가 세계적으로 매우 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 란탄 계열의 금속 착 화합물인 Tb(ACAC)$_3$(Phen)과 Tb(ACAC)$_3$(Phen-Cl)를 이용해 다비이스를 제작한후 광학적 및 전기적 특성을 조사하였다. 또한 luminous efficiency와 cyclic voltametric 방법을 이용해 에너지 밴드로 두 발광 물질인 Tb(ACAC)$_3$(Phen)과 Tb(ACAC)$_3$(Phen-Cl)을 비교.분석하였다. 본 연구의 디바이스 구조를 보면 anode/hole transporting layer (HTL)/emitting material layer (EML)/electron transporting layer (ETL)/cathode와 같고 ETL를 aluminum-tris- (8-hydroxyquinoline) (Alq$_3$)와 bis(10-hydroxybenzo(h)quinolinato)beryllium (Bebq$_2$)를 사용하였으며 HTL 로 N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (TPD)를 사용하였다.

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다양한 기판에 FTS(Facing Target Sputtering)방법으로 제작된 AZO박막의 광전 특성에 관한 연구

  • ;Seo, Seong-Bo;Kim, Hwa-Min
    • Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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    • 2013.08a
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    • pp.176.1-176.1
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    • 2013
  • TCO (Transparent Conductive Oxide)는 투명 전도성 산화물 높은 투과율과 낮은 비저항 가지고 있어서 최근 사용된 평판디스플레이 LCD(liquid crystal display), PDP (Plasma Display Panel), OLED (Organic Light Emitting Display) 에 많이 사용되고 있다. 현재 양산화 되고 있는 ITO (Indium tin Oxide)는 좋은 전도율과 높은 투과율로서 가장 많이 쓰인다. 하지만 ITO중에 Indium Oxide는 치명적인 독성을 가지고 있으며 In의 저장량이 적어 시간이 갈수록 가격이 비싸지는 등 여러 가지 단점을 가지고 있다. 그것에 비해 AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide)는 독성이 없고 가격도 저렴하여 ITO의 단점을 보완 할 수 있는 물질이다. AZO 증착은 현재 sol-gel, CVD(chemical vapor deposition), Sputter, 등으로 사용되고 있으며 현재 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 실험에서는 PEN 기판을 사용하였으며, 플라즈마의 열적 데미지로 인한 기판의 변형 등 여러 가지 문제를 해결하기 위하여 박막의 열적 변형이 적고, 고밀도 플라즈마로 양질의 박막 증착이 가능한 FTS (Facing Target Sputtering)방법을 사용하여 AZO박막을 증착시키고 구조적, 전기적, 광학적인 특성을 평가 하였다. 측정 분석 결과 AZO는 가시광 영역에 높은 투과율이 요구되는 Flexible display 표시장치와 OLED, PDP, 유기태양전지 등 많은 영역에 사용이 가능 할 것이라 사료된다.

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Quantification of seleno proteins in Korean blood serum using solid phase extraction and affinity chromatography-inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (고체상 추출과 친화 크로마토 그라피-유도결합 플라즈마 질량분석법을 이용한 한국인 혈청에서의 셀레노 단백질 정량)

  • Ahn, Ji-Yun;Kwon, Hyo-Sik;Pak, Yong-Nam
    • Analytical Science and Technology
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.92-99
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    • 2014
  • Interferences were removed using anion exchange solid phase extraction (AE SPE) in quantification of selenoproteins in Korean human blood serum with affinity high performance liquid chromatography (AF HPLC)-inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS). The average selenium level obtained for healthy Koreans was $94.3{\pm}2.3ngg^{-1}$ using isotope dilution method. AE SPE was coupled to AF column to separate 3 selenoproteins, glutathione peroxidase GPx, selenoprotein SelP, and selenoalbumin SeAlb. Post column isotope dilution was employed to quantify the proteins. The certified reference material of human blood serum BCR-637 was analyzed to give total selenoprotein concentration of $85.4{\pm}3.4ngg^{-1}$, which agreed well with the reference value of $81{\pm}7ngg^{-1}$. The pooled concentration of GPx, SelP, and SeAlb from healthy Koreans (n=20) was $12.1{\pm}1.4ngg^{-1}$, $57.2{\pm}2.0ngg^{-1}$, and $20.0{\pm}1.9ngg^{-1}$, respectively. The sum of selenoproteins is $89.3ngg^{-1}$, which is about the same as the total selenium concentration of $94.3ngg^{-1}$. The fact suggests that selenium in blood serum is mostly consisted of selenoproteins. After the removal of interference, GPx showed a significant decrease (more than 50%) from $25.0ngg^{-1}$ to $12.1ngg^{-1}$. It was identified that the interference in blood serum was mostly from GPx and the use of AE SPE was proven to be efficient in eliminating Cl and Br that cause interference to GPx.

Research of Diffusion Bonding of Tungsten/Copper and Their Properties under High Heat Flux

  • Li, Jun;Yang, Jianfeng
    • Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.14-14
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    • 2011
  • W (tungsten)-alloys will be the most promising plasma facing armor materials in highly loaded plasma interactive components of the next step fusion reactors due to its high melting point, high sputtering resistance and low deuterium/tritium retention. The bonding technology of tungsten to Cu alloy was one of the key issues. In this paper, W/CuCrZr diffusion bonding has been performed successfully by inserting pure metal interlay. The joint microstructure, interfacial elements migration and phase composition were analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRD, and the joint shear strength and micro-hardness were investigated. The mock-ups were fabricated successfully with diffusion bonding and the cladding technology respectively, and the high heat flux test and thermal fatigue test were carried out under actively cooling condition. When Ni foil was used for the bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, two reaction layers, Ni4W and Ni(W) layer, appeared between the tungsten and Ni interlayer with the optimized condition. Even though Ni4W is hard and brittle, and the strength of the joint was oppositely increased (217 MPa) due primarily to extremely small thicknesses (2~3 ${\mu}m$). When Ti foil was selected as the interlayer, the Ti foil diffused quickly with Cu and was transformed into liquid phase at $1,000^{\circ}C$. Almost all of the liquid was extruded out of the interface zone under bonding pressure, and an extremely thin residual layer (1~2 ${\mu}m$) of the liquid phase was retained between the tungsten and CuCrZr, which shear strength exceeded 160 MPa. When Ni/Ti/Ni multiple interlayers were used for bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, a large number of intermetallic compound ($Ni_4W/NiTi_2/NiTi/Ni_3T$) were formed for the interdiffusion among W, Ni and Ti. Therefore, the shear strength of the joint was low and just about 85 MPa. The residual stresses in the clad samples with flat, arc, rectangle and trapezoid interface were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The simulation results show that the flat clad sample was subjected maximum residual stress at the edge of the interface, which could be cracked at the edge and propagated along the interface. As for the rectangle and trapezoid interface, the residual stresses of the interface were lower than that of the flat interface, and the interface of the arc clad sample have lowest residual stress and all of the residual stress with arc interface were divided into different grooved zones, so the probabilities of cracking and propagation were lower than other interfaces. The residual stresses of the mock-ups under high heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The tungsten of the flat interfaces was subjected to tensile stresses (positive $S_x$), and the CuCrZr was subjected to compressive stresses (negative $S_x$). If the interface have a little microcrack, the tungsten of joint was more liable to propagate than the CuCrZr due to the brittle of the tungsten. However, when the flat interface was substituted by arc interfaces, the periodical residual stresses in the joining region were either released or formed a stress field prohibiting the growth or nucleation of the interfacial cracks. Thermal fatigue tests were performed on the mock-ups of flat and arc interface under the heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ with the cooling water velocity of 10 m/s. After thermal cycle experiments, a large number of microcracks appeared at the tungsten substrate due to large radial tensile stress on the flat mock-up. The defects would largely affect the heat transfer capability and the structure reliability of the mock-up. As for the arc mock-up, even though some microcracks were found at the interface of the regions, all microcracks with arc interface were divided into different arc-grooved zones, so the propagation of microcracks is difficult.

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Immunogenicity of Synthetic Peptide Specific for Major Immunogenic Determinat of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (B형간염(型肝炎) 표면항원(表面抗原)의 주면역원(主免疫原) 결정기(決定基)에 특이(特異)한 합성(合成) Peptide의 면역원성(免疫原性)에 관한 연구(硏究))

  • Shin, Kwang-soon;Han, Su-nam
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.7-17
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    • 1985
  • Many investigators have been pursuing various attempts so far to produce hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg) vaccines using the techniques such as isolation from plasma of chronic HBsAg carrier, recombinant DNA technique or preparation of synthetic peptides specific for immunogenic determinants. Hepatitis B virus can not grow on any cell lines by the tissue culture technique at the present time. The plasma of chronic HBsAg carrier is expensive and its source is limited. The HBsAg from the recombinant DNA technique gave still very low yield. Another approach, therefore, has been initiated to develop a synthetic hepatitis B virus vaccine. The possible use of several distinct synthetic vaccines in prophylaxis can be facilitated by availability of full synthetic immunogens. Peptides synthesized for potential application as antiviral vaccines have been mostly tested in the form of conjugates with carrier proteins, although the free synthetic peptide can be immunogenic. To understand basic knowledges on the antigenicity and immunogenicity of a synthetic peptide specific for major immunogenic determinant of HBsAg, a nonapeptide, $H_2N^{139}Cys-Thr-Lys-Pro-Thr-Asp-Gly-^{146}Asn-Aba$ COOH, which corresponds to HBsAg amino acid residues 139 to 147, was synthesized by the Merrifield's solid-phase method with a slight modification. The antigenicity and immunogenicity of this specific synthetic peptide were examined comparing with purified plasma-derived natural HBsAg. The results obtained are as follows; 1. The peptide synthesized showed the identical amino acid composition to the theoretical value. The degree of purification and molecular weight were acertained by methods of high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. 2. Using m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester as a conjugating agent, the synthetic peptide was conjugated to rabbit albumin and ${\gamma}$-globulin, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Their conjugation yields were 8.3, 9.5, 15.8, 13.5, and 11.2%, respectively. 3. The natural HBsAg was purified from plasma of chronic HBsAg carrier. By the electron microscopic observation of the purified natural HBsAg preparation, no Dane particles were observed and the preparation showed negative DNA polymerase activity. 4. Antigenicity of the synthetic peptide and the plasma-derived natural HBsAg was determined by competition radioimmunoassay using $^{125}I$-natural HBsAg. Their 50% inhibitions appeared as $90{\mu}g/ml$ and $0.12{\mu}g/ml$ for the synthetic peptide and the natural HBsAg, respectively. This indicates that the former was about 750-fold less antigenic than the latter. 5. Immunogenicity of the synthetic peptide was determined by administering the peptide-carrier conjugates into rabbits with and without Freund's complete adjuvant. Regardless the carrier proteins and adjuvant, positive immune responses to the synthetic peptide were observed. The higher antibody titers, however, were shown in the groups administered with Freund's complete adjuvant. 6. Immunizing dose 50% in mice of the various peptide-carrier conjugates was 5.47, 6.00, 65.16, 31.25 and $13.03{\mu}g/dose$ for rabbit albumin and ${\gamma}$-globulin, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin, respectively, while the natural HBsAg showed $0.65{\mu}g/dose$. 7. It was postulated that homologous proteins prefer to heterologous ones as the carriers.

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Utility of Integrated Analysis of Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacometabolomics in Early Phase Clinical Trial: A Case Study of a New Molecular Entity

  • Oh, Jaeseong;Yi, Sojeong;Gu, Namyi;Shin, Dongseong;Yu, Kyung-Sang;Yoon, Seo Hyun;Cho, Joo-Youn;Jang, In-Jin
    • Genomics & Informatics
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.52-58
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    • 2018
  • In this report, we present a case study of how pharmacogenomics and pharmacometabolomics can be useful to characterize safety and pharmacokinetic profiles in early phase new drug development clinical trials. During conducting a first-in-human trial for a new molecular entity, we were able to determine the mechanism of dichotomized variability in plasma drug concentrations, which appeared closely related to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) through integrated omics analysis. The pharmacogenomics screening was performed from whole blood samples using the Affymetrix DMET (Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters) Plus microarray, and confirmation of genetic variants was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Metabolomics profiling was performed from plasma samples using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A GSTM1 null polymorphism was identified in pharmacogenomics test and the drug concentrations was higher in GSTM1 null subjects than GSTM1 functional subjects. The apparent drug clearance was 13-fold lower in GSTM1 null subjects than GSTM1 functional subjects (p < 0.001). By metabolomics analysis, we identified that the study drug was metabolized by cysteinylglycine conjugation in GSTM functional subjects but those not in GSTM1 null subjects. The incidence rate and the severity of ADRs were higher in the GSTM1 null subjects than the GSTM1 functional subjects. Through the integrated omics analysis, we could understand the mechanism of inter-individual variability in drug exposure and in adverse response. In conclusion, integrated multi-omics analysis can be useful for elucidating the various characteristics of new drug candidates in early phase clinical trials.

Tissue Distribution and Toxicokinetics of 4-Tert-Octylphenol in Rats (4-Tert-Octylphenol의 랫드에서의 조직분포 및 독성동태에 관한 연구)

  • Kang Mi Kyung;Ahn Mee Ryung;Chung Hye Joo;Choi Sun Ok;Choi Hong Serk;Yang Ji Sun;Lee Yong Bok;Yoo Tae Moo;Sohn Soo Jung
    • Toxicological Research
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.195-203
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    • 2004
  • 4-Tert-Octylphenol (OP) is a surfactant additive widely used in the manufacture of a variety of detergents and plastic products. OP can disrupt endocrine function in humans and animals. This study was carried out to obtain toxicokinetic parameters of OP in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Male rats were administered with OP by single oral application of 200 mg/kg body weight. Blood, urine and tissues samples were taken at several time intervals after administration. Analysis of samples for OP was performed by column-switching high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition, we exam-ined tissue distribution and accumulation of OP after single oral application of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, single intravenous injection of 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg or daily application of 50 mg/kg for 14 consecutive days. After single oral administration of 200 mg/kg, Cmax of 213 $\pm$ 123 ng/ml was reached within the first 1.3 hr (Tmax) in the plasma. AUC was calculated for 1,333$\pm$484 ngㆍhr/ml. The final elimination half-life of plasma was longer than that of urine, but urinary clearance was lower than oral. A very small fraction of OP (Fe < 0.0017%) was excreted in urine within 24 hr. These results indicated that the major excretion route of OP was not urine. The mean maximal tissue distribution of OP was obserbed at 6 hr after treatment and slowly decreased time-dependently. High OP concentrations were detected in fat at 24 hr. The OP in fat was slowly released with longer elimination half-life and lower clearance than that of other tissues. OP was not accumulated in the liver following single oral application but 14-day oral treatments resulted in two-fold accumulation. It was probably due to the saturation of detoxification pathways. On the other hand, the mRNA expression of cytochrome P450 isoforms except CYP2C11 was not affected by OP at any dose. The expression of CYP2C11 mRNA decreased in a dose-dependent manner. This result suggests that OP changes expression of the male-specific cytochrome P450 isoforms in rat liver, and these changes are closely related to the toxic and estrogenic effect of OP.

Korean Red Ginseng attenuates anxiety-like behavior during ethanol withdrawal in rats

  • Zhao, ZhengLin;Kim, Young Woo;Wu, YiYan;Zhang, Jie;Lee, Ju-Hee;Li, XiaoHua;Cho, Il Je;Park, Sang Mi;Jung, Dae Hwa;Yang, Chae Ha;Kim, Sang Chan;Zhao, RongJie
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.38 no.4
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    • pp.256-263
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    • 2014
  • Background: Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is known to have antianxiety properties. This study was conducted to investigate the anxiolytic effects of KRG extract (KRGE) during ethanol withdrawal (EW) and the involvement of the mesoamygdaloid dopamine (DA) system in it. Methods: Rats were treated with 3 g/kg/d of ethanol for 28 d, and subjected to 3 d of withdrawal. During EW, KRGE (20 mg/kg/d or 60 mg/kg/d, p.o.) was given to rats once/d for 3 d. Thirty min after the final dose of KRGE, anxiety-like behavior was evaluated in an elevated plus maze (EPM), and plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels were determined by a radioimmunoassay (RIA). In addition, concentrations of DA and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) were also measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: The EPM test and RIA revealed KRGE inhibited anxiety-like behavior and the over secretion of plasma CORT during EW. Furthermore, the behavioral effect was blocked by a selective DA D2 receptor (D2R) antagonist (eticlopride) but not by a selective DA D1 receptor (D1R) antagonist (SCH23390). HPLC analyses showed KRGE reversed EW-induced decreases of DA and DOPAC in a dose-dependent way. Additionally, Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays showed that KRGE prevented the EW-induced reductions in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein expression in the CeA and TH mRNA expression in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Conclusion: These results suggest that KRGE has anxiolytic effects during EW by improving the mesoamygdaloid DA system.

Opto-Electrochemical Sensing Device Based on Long-Period Grating Coated with Boron-Doped Diamond Thin Film

  • Bogdanowicz, Robert;Sobaszek, Michał;Ficek, Mateusz;Gnyba, Marcin;Ryl, Jacek;Siuzdak, Katarzyna;Bock, Wojtek J.;Smietana, Mateusz
    • Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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    • v.19 no.6
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    • pp.705-710
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    • 2015
  • The fabrication process of thin boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond (B-NCD) microelectrodes on fused silica single mode optical fiber cladding has been investigated. The B-NCD films were deposited on the fibers using Microwave Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (MW PA CVD) at glass substrate temperature of 475 ℃. We have obtained homogenous, continuous and polycrystalline surface morphology with high sp3 content in B-NCD films and mean grain size in the range of 100-250 nm. The films deposited on the glass reference samples exhibit high refractive index (n=2.05 at λ=550 nm) and low extinction coefficient. Furthermore, cyclic voltammograms (CV) were recorded to determine the electrochemical window and reaction reversibility at the B-NCD fiber-based electrode. CV measurements in aqueous media consisting of 5 mM K3[Fe(CN)6] in 0.5 M Na2SO4 demonstrated a width of the electrochemical window up to 1.03 V and relatively fast kinetics expressed by a redox peak splitting below 500 mV. Moreover, thanks to high-n B-NCD overlay, the coated fibers can be also used for enhancing the sensitivity of long-period gratings (LPGs) induced in the fiber. The LPG is capable of measuring variations in refractive index of the surrounding liquid by tracing the shift in resonance appearing in the transmitted spectrum. Possible combined CV and LPG-based measurements are discussed in this work.