• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.472-482
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the effect of vitamin C and E supplementation on blood pressure, plasma lipids, folate, and homocysteine levels in smokers and non-smokers of college male students in Gyeonggi Area. The nutrient intakes were determined by a 24hr-recall method. The subjects were divided into six groups: vitamin C sup-plementation group (n: smokers = 10, nonsmokers = 10), vitamin E supplementation group (n: smokers = 10, nonsmokers = 10), vitamin C and E supplementation group (n: smokers = 10, nonsmokers = 10), respectively. There were no significant differences between the smokers and nonsmokers in terms of anthropometric measurements. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in smokers than that of non-smokers. There was no significant difference in energy and other nutrients intakes between smokers and non-smokers. In plasma lipids levels, smokers had higher plasma triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol concentration than that of non-smokers (p < 0.05). HDL-cholesterol level of smokers had a tendency to be lower than that of non-smokers. In smokers, AI, TPH, LPH were significantly higher than that of non-smokers (p < 0.01). Plasma folate, homocysteine levels were not significantly different between smokers and non-smokers. The effect of antioxidant vitamins supplementation in smokers: In vitamin C supplementation group, HDL-cholesterol level was significantly in-creased (p < 0.01) and AI, TPH, LPH were significantly decreased (p < 0.01). In vitamin E supplementation group, HDL-cholesterol level was significantly increased (p < 0.05). In vitamin C and E supplementation group, LPH was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). The effect of antioxidant vitamins supplementation in non-smokers: HDL-cholesterol level was significantly increased (p <0.05) and AI, TPH, LPH were significantly decreased (p <0.05) by vitamin C supplementation group. Plasma homocysteine level was decreased by vitamin E supplementation group in non-smokers (p < 0.01). The results of this study showed that smoking had a tendency to increase plasma lipids levels that factor into the risk of coronary heart disease. It is considered that antioxidant vitamin supplementation in smokers had a tendency to decrease cardiovascular disease than in nonsmokers.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.762-769
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• 2001

Recently developed TRAP assay(Total Radical-trapping Antioxidant Potential) is a new technique which enable effectively the measurement of total antioxidant status in the plasma. Researches using TRAP method have rarely been reported in Korea. Therefore, we investigated effects of various life-style and dietary factors on plasma TRAP level in Korean adult population. The subjects consisted of 161 health adult male(n=105) and female (n=56) aged 19-57. A self-administered questionnaire ascertained life-style factors including smoking habits, alcohol use, physical activity. Dietary factors were analyzed by 24 hour recall method. TRAP was determined spectrophotometrically in plasma at 734nm. Mean plasma TRAP concentrations were slightly higher in males (1.35$\pm$0.02mM) and females(1.30$\pm$0.02mM) without significance. There were significant correlations between plasma TRAP levels and life-style factors including exercise and smoking Plasma TRAP levels were affected more by exercise than by smoking. Moderate amount exerciser(exercise time $\geq$30min/day) had significantly higher level of plasma TRAP levels in male smokers(1.33$\pm$0.03mM) were significantly lower than those in male nonsmokers(1.39$\pm$0.01mM, p<0.05), but the difference was not seen in female subjects. Intakes of vitamin C(r=0.288, p=0.007) or folate (r=0.258, p=0.016) were positively correlated with plasma TRAP levels in nonsmokers, but those relations were not seen in smokers. Dietary factors such as vegetables (r=0.288, p=0.007)or folate (r=0.258, p=0.016) were positively correlated with plasma TRAP levels in nonsmokers, but those relations were not seen in smokers. Dietary factors such as vegetables (r=0.277, p=0.009) and legumes(r=0.263, p=0.013) consumption were positively related to plasma TRAP concentrations also in nonsmokers only. Regular green tea drinkers showed significantly greater level of plasma TRAP than the non green tea drinkers(1.36$\pm$0.01mM vs 1.30$\pm$0.03mM, p<0.05). These results suggest that the regular exercise($\geq$30min daily), nonsmoking, and consumption of vegetables, legumes and green tea would contribute to improving plasma TRAP levels in Korean adults.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.501-510
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• 2010

This study was conducted to assess blood components caused by metabolic syndrome increasing in postmenopausal elderly women. The blood samples of these subjects were analyzed to investigate the correlation of plasma taurine levels and plasma homocysteine levels, and serum lipid profiles. The subjects were 33 elderly women($72.8{\pm}4.4$ years). Their mean height, weight and BMI were $150.5{\pm}5.7\;cm$, $57.5{\pm}6.3\;kg$ and $25.4{\pm}2.5\;kg/m^2$. 16 women of this study subjects have been chronic diseases such as hypertension or diabetes. Their fasting blood glucose was $98.2{\pm}24.0\;mg/d{\ell}$, and their plasma total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, LDL-C, triglyceride(TG) were $216.5{\pm}29.9$, $52.1{\pm}10.7$, $145.7{\pm}27.9$ and $141.2{\pm}59.6\;mg/d{\ell}$, respectively. Their blood lipid profiles were higher than the standard levels of metabolic syndrome, thus these levels of lipid profiles may play a role as risk factors on the elderly person. Plasma taurine level of the subjects was $278.5{\pm}48.1\;{\mu}mol/{\ell}$, and their plasma homocysteine level was $12.8{\pm}2.9\;{\mu}mol/{\ell}$. The concentration of plasma vitamin $B_{12}$ was significantly decreased by aging(p<0.05). The correlation of plasma homocysteine and plasma folate showed significantly negative(p<0.05). Thus, the decreased levels of plasma vitamin $B_{12}$ and folate by aging might affect on the plasma homocyteine concentration acting as a risk factor of cardiovascular diseases for elderly person. The correlation of plasma taurine and hemoglobin, and their platelet showed significantly positive(p<0.05). In conclusion, the diet on the elderly person is one of the important factors to prevent their health from chronic diseases. This study recommends that well balanced diets are needed for elderly person to keep their health and prevent from metabolic syndrome.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.330-347
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• 2022

엽산은 비타민 B군에 속하는 수용성 비타민으로, 핵산 합성과 아미노산 대사에서 단일탄소를 전달해 주는 반응의 조효소 역할을 한다. 엽산은 새로운 세포가 형성되어 성장하는 임신기와 성장기에 매우 중요한 영양소이며, 여성의 임신 전 적절한 엽산 영양상태는 신경관 결손증을 예방한다고 알려져 있다. 이 외에도 엽산 섭취 부족은 빈혈, 고호모시스테인혈증, 심혈관질환, 암, 인지 장애, 우울증 등 다양한 질병과도 관련이 있다고 보고되어, 엽산은 전 생애주기 동안 건강을 유지하기 위해 충분히 섭취해야 하는 영양소이다. 본 연구에서는 2020 한국인 엽산 섭취기준의 개정 근거를 살펴보고, 국민건강영양조사로부터 엽산 섭취량과 혈청 엽산 농도를 성별, 연령대별로 분석하였으며, 향후 엽산 섭취기준 개정에 참고할 만한 내용을 제언하였다. 표준체중의 변경에 따라 영아 후기의 충분섭취량과 15-18세의 평균필요량이 2015년과 달리 변경되었으나, 권장섭취량과 상한섭취량에는 변화가 없었다. 2016-2018년 국민건강영양조사 결과에서 대부분의 연령에서 엽산 섭취량은 권장섭취량에 미치지 못하였으며 특히 15-29세 여성의 섭취량이 권장섭취량 대비 매우 낮았다. 임신부와 수유부의 엽산 섭취량도 권장섭취량 대비 60% 이하로 낮았으나, 혈액수준은 다른 연령층에 비해 높아 보충제를 섭취한 결과로 보인다. 앞으로 국민건강영양조사에서 보충제 섭취량도 조사해야 할 것이며, 엽산의 섭취량 평가를 위해서는 생식품, 조리된 식품, 강화식품 중의 엽산 함량에 대한 DB가 구축되어야 할 것이다. 또한 혈청 엽산 뿐 아니라 적혈구 엽산 농도와 혈장 호모시스테인 농도도 분석할 필요가 있으며, 분석방법에 대한 질 관리가 필요하다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권8호
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• pp.1175-1181
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• 2005

녹즙분말과 콜레스테롤 첨가식이로 8주간 사육한 흰쥐의 혈중 지질, 호모시스테인 및 엽산수준에 미치는 효과를 관찰한 결과는 다음과 같다. 흰쥐의 혈중 총 콜레스테롤 농도는 녹즙이나 콜레스테롤 보충에 의해 유의한 영향을 받지 않았으나 중성지질 농도는 녹즙군에서 낮았다(p<0.001). HDL-콜레스테롤과 LDL-콜레스테롤의 경우, 식이 콜레스테롤의 영향을 받아, HDL-콜레스테롤은 콜레스테롤군보다 무콜레스테롤군에서 높았으며 (p<0.001), LDL-콜레스테롤은 콜레스테롤군에서 높았다(p<0.05). HDL-콜레스테롤 수준은 녹즙군에서 높았으며 (p<0.05), LDL-콜레스테롤 농도는 콜레스테롤과 케일의 상호효과가 나타나 무콜레스테롤군에서 만 녹즙에 의한 감소효과를 보였다 HDL/LDL비율은 콜레스테롤 보충군에서 낮았으며 (p<0.05), 녹즙보충군에서 높았으나 통계적으로 유의한 결과를 나타내지 못하였다. 혈청 엽산, 비타민 $B_{12}$ 및 혈장 호모시스테인 농도는 녹즙분말이나 콜레스테롤 보충에 의해 영향을 받지 않았다. 혈중 엽산과 비타민 $B_{12}$ 농도사이에는 유의한 양의 상관성 (r=0.5632, p<0.001)이 관찰되었으나, 혈중 호모시스테인 농도는 혈중 엽산, 비타민 $B_{12}$ 및 콜레스테롤 농도 사이에는 모두 유의한 상관성이 관찰되지 않았다. 본 연구결과를 종합하여 보면, 엽산이 충분히 공급되는 경우, 녹즙보충시 나타나게 되는 심혈관계질환 예방효과는, HDL 농도의 증가 및 중성지방 농도의 감소에 의한 것이며, 녹즙내 엽산보충에 의한 호모시스테인 농도 변화와는 관련이 적은 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.120-124
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• 2000

Diltiazem inhibits calcium channels and leads to vascular smooth muscle relaxation and negative inotroic and chronotropic effects in the heart. Diltiazem (DTZ) is almost completely absorbed after oral administration, but its bioavailability is reduced because of considerable hepatic first-pass metabolism. The main metabolite of DTZ is deacetyldiltiazem. The purpose of this study was to report the pharmacokinetic changes of DTZ and its metabolite, deacetyldiltiazem (DAD) after intravenous administration of diltiazem to control rabbits and rabbits with mild and medium folate-induced renal failure (FIRRs). The area under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) of DTZ were significantly increased in mild and medium FIRRs. The metabolite ratio of the DAD to DTZ were significantly decreased in mild and medium FIRRs. The elimination rate constant $(\beta)$ and total body clearances (CLt) of DTZ were significantly decreased in mild and medium FIRRS. These findings suggest that the hepatic metabolism of diltiazem was inhibited and CLt and ${\beta}$ of DTZ were significantly decreased in mild and in rabbits with medium folate-induced renal failure.

• BMB Reports
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.395-402
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• 2002

Caveolae are small, flask-shaped, non-clathrin coated invaginations of the plasma membrane of many mammalian cells. Caveolae have a coat that includes caveolin. They have been implicated in numerous cellular processes, including potocytosis. Since the human folate receptor (hFR) and other glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-tailed proteins have been co-localized to caveolae, we studied the caveolin role in the hFR function by transfecting hFR and/or caveolin cDNA into Fischer rat thyroid epithelial (FRT) cells that normally do not express detectable levels of either protein. We isolated and characterized stable clones as follows: they express (1) high levels of caveolin alone, (2) hFR and caveolin, or (3) hFR alone. We discovered that hFR is correctly processed, sorted, and anchored by a GPI tail to the plasma membrane in FRT cells. No difference in the total folic acid binding or cell surface folic acid binding activity were found between the FRT cells that were transfected with hFR, or cells that were transfected with hFR and caveolin. The hFR that was expressed on the cell surface of clones that were transfected with hFR was also sensitive to phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) release, and incorporated radiolabeled ethanolamine that supports the attachment of a GPI-tail on hFR. We conclude that the processing, sorting, and function of hFR is independent on the caveolin expression in FRT cells.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.203-210
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• 2008

One of cell surface receptor proteins, human folate receptor (hFR) involves in the uptake of folates through cell membrane into cytoplasm, and is anchored to the plasma membrane by a fatty acid linkage, which has been identified in some cells as a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-tailed protein with a molecular mass of about 40 kDa. The hFR is released by phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C (PI-PLC) because it contains fatty acids and inositol on the GPI tail. Caveolin decorates the cytoplasmic surface of caveolae and has been proposed to have a structural role in maintaining caveolae. It is unknown whether caveolin is involved in targeting, and is necessary for the function of GPI-tailed proteins. To compare the ability of folic acid binding, internalization and expression of hFR, and the effect of caveolin at the both apical and basolateral side of cell surfaces in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) clone cells overexpressed the hFR and/or caveolin. Our present results suggest a possibility that the overexpression of caveolin does not be involved in expression of hFR, but plays a role as a factor in PI-PLC releasing kinetics, and for a regulation of formation, processing and function of hFR in CHO clone cells overexpressed cavcolin.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.36-41
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• 2000

The aim of this study was to evalute the effect of multivitamin-mineral supplementation during pregnancy on plasma levels of antioxidants, erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities, and lipid peroxidation. A controlled, semi-randomized, prospective trial was performed by comparing the supplement group, which received multivitamin-mineral tables once daily for 10 weeks, with the control group. Plasma levels of $\beta$-carotene, tocopherol, coenzyme Q10, ascorbate, folate, zinc, and selenium and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as the activities of superocxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) in erythrocytes were measured initially (20 wk gestation) and at the end of the intervention (34 wk gestation). In the control group, plasma ascorbate and selenium levels decreased and tocopherol levels increased. In the supplement group, a significant increase in plasma $\beta$-carotene(46%), conenzyme Q10 (42%), and zinc (24%) was observed after 10 weeks of supplementation. No changes were observed in the plasma levels of MDA, and erythrocyte GSH-Px activity, while SOD activity increased in both control group and the supplement group during the intervention. These data suggest that multivitamin-mineral supplementation during pregnancy produced moderate increases in plasma $\beta$-carotens, coenzyme Q10, and zinc concentrations but the enhancement of those plasma antioxidants had on direct on the plasma level of MDA, erythrocytes SOD or GSH-Px activities.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.265-270
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• 1995

The pharmacokinetics of norfloxacin (100 mg/kg, oral) in renal failure rabbits was studied. Renal failure rabbits were induced by the i.v. injection of folate (50,100 and 150 mg/kg). These produced significant increases of serum creatinine concentration $(S_{cr})$ and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Plasma concentration and AUC of norfloxacin significantly increased. Elimination rate constant $(K_{el})$ of norfloxacin significantly decreased, and half-life $(t_{1/2})$ of norfloxacin significantly increased. Correlation between serum creatinine concentration $(S_{cr})$ and half-life $(t_{1/2})$ of norfloxacin, and correlation between BUN and AUC of norfloxacin have linear relationship respectively. These results suggest that adjustment or the dosage regimen of norfloxacin is desirable, and serum creatinine concentration $(S_{cr})$ as well as BUN can be used an index for adjusting the dosage regimen of norfloxacin in renal failure.