• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.446-453
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• 2012

This study estimated how much carbon can be sequestered if we plant trees in non-forested areas in the 36 hole Oak Valley Golf Courses in Gangwon Province, Korea. We identified plantable areas where planting trees will not affect golf game using high resolution aerial photography and ground survey and estimated the annual carbon sequestration rate of the planted trees using biomass equations. Of the golf courses, 30.3% were covered by forest. Other major land cover types include lawn, waterbody, baresoil, buildings, and roads. The plantable areas consist of $106,101m^2$ of lawn (6.0% of the study site) and $177,531m^2$ of low density forest (10.1% of the study site). We assumed to plant Mongolian oaks with 10 cm in diameter at brest height with the density of $0.3/m^2$ in the lawn and $0.2/m^2$ in the low density forest. The planting simulation shows that the total number of the newly planted trees were 67,336, and the total carbon sequestered during the subsequent year was 392.9 tC/yr, which offset 12.5% of the total carbon emitted from the golf courses. The annual carbon sequestration rate gradually increases and reaches its maximum level at 440.5 tC/yr in 15 years since the initial reforestation (14.0% of the carbon emission from the golf courses).

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.393-401
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• 2017

One-year old pear (Pyrus pyrifolia L.) trees of a new commercial cultivar 'Manpungbae', recently developed in South Korea, were planted in 2001 (planting year 1) and trained to four trellis systems: Y-trellis, Y-II-trellis, pergola, and vase-pergola. To evaluate training systems in the local area (southern Korea), tree growth responses were compared for each trellis system from planting years 3 to 8. For trees trained to Y-trellis and pergola systems, a high proportion of land covered by tree canopy was maintained over the study duration, with 70-80% coverage in year 8. Eight-year cumulative yield per tree was increased in the vase-pergola system with a low planting density and an additional scaffold. Compared with other systems, cummulative yield use efficiency was greatest in Y-II-trellis and pergola systems in years 5 and 8. Compared with Y-II-trellis and vase-pergola systems, the 8-year cumulative yield per hectare was two fold greater for trees trained to the Y-trellis (103 tons) and pergola systems (101 tons). Use of the pergola system improved average fruit weight and fruit soluble solid contents, as well as net income in year 8. Given that we observed reduced fruit productivity and increased labor hours (pruning and orchard work), we consider the Y-trellis and pergola systems to be less valuable trellis systems than the others evaluated.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.347-362
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• 2020

Background and objective: It is difficult to conclusively determine the exact cause of tree defects since multiple causes are involved such as climate change, plantation, tree quality and planting time, construction, planting base, drainage, sunshine conditions, maintenance, and microclimate. The data related to landscaping construction defects are scattered or fragmented by companies and years, but not managed systematically by the defect information management system. Most of the earlier studies associated with tree defects in apartment complexes suggested defect rates after examining tree defects in the completed construction site and proposed fragmentary and subjective conclusions about the causes of defects observed in trees with high defect rates. It is proposed to continue to conduct studies on the establishment and analysis of systematic databases to identify the exact causes of tree defects and measures to improve, and the need to accumulate systematic data in the construction process where many defects arises. This study was conducted to reduce the defects of trees planted in apartment complexes. Methods: Main factors related to tree defects were subdivided based on the results of literature review and a defect investigation at the completion site, and tree history management items were selected and subdivided during the construction stage. Results: The criteria for the preparation of subdivided items were obtained, and the tree history management checklist was written for the site under actual construction and a systematic database was established. Items that are categorized based to the causes of defects include the location of nurseries, date, tree quality, site conditions, planting techniques, microclimates, and maintenance. Conclusion: This study suggested tree history management items based on the tree defects that can be identified at the construction stage and applied them to the selected study site, which differentiates this study from earlier studies. It will be necessary to conduct a comprehensive and objective time series analysis on tree defects that occur over time by continuously monitoring and collecting data after construction.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.2
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• pp.238-243
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• 1996

Three half-sib families of Betula platyphylla var. japonica had been introduced from Japan and tested for their growth potentiality by comparing with control trees originating from previously introduced and cultivated stands of unknown seed origin. Two of the three introduced family groups from Japan showed superior tree growth in both diameter and height to control one up to the age of four. But only one family group remained superior to the control trees at age six. It appeared from the results that Betula platyphylla var. japonica families, introduced from Japan, can be directly used for the production of planting stocks for commercial planting and/or as parental trees for the production of intra- and interspecific hybrids.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.101-114
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• 2020

This study focused on the composition of the exterior space of Parkjinsagoga, the types of gardens and planting and the landscape characteristics of walls, and examined its meaning as modern garden remains. Parkjinsagoga is a modern Korean house that harmonizes traditionality and practicality, and is an invaluable material for research not only on architecture but also on changes in the gardens of upper-class gardens. Its exterior space can be divided largely into An-chae (inner house), Outer Sarang-chae (outer house) and Inner Sarang-chae areas, and a garden was created in each yard (inner garden). In particular, one thing noticeable is that the yard of Inner Sarang-chae, unlike traditional gardening styles, was actively decorated. At the center of the yard of Inner Sarang-chae, two atypical planters and artificial moundings were created and the traffic line of the garden was designed to enjoy them while walking. An atypical pond was created on one of the artificial moundings and trees and shrubs were densely planted. Natural stones were also placed. The style seemed to be affected by Japanese gardens. These characteristics observed in the gardens of Parkjinsagoga are closely related to the transitional characteristics that traditional gardens started to show in modern times. A total of 35 families and 57 species were planted in the gardens of Parkjinsagoga and there were 19 species of tall trees, 20 species of shrubs and 17 species of flowering plants. The number of species planted in the garden of Inner Sarang-chae was the highest, and a total of 22 species of tall trees and shrubs. The walls in Parkjinsagoga were basically earth and rock-fill walls but their materials and patterns differed depending on the type of spaces. Four types of walls were found to be introduced to the house.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.115-123
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• 2020

With the aim of accumulating data that can be used to infer the basis for the acculturation of trees called 'Goe,' this study aims to identify the survival status of the pagoda and zelkova trees known as 'Goe' trees by comparing and analyzing the status of pagoda trees (Sophora japonica) and zelkova tree (Zelkova serrata) designated as a protected tree in Korea. The results of this study are as follows; Zelkova serrata designated as a protected tree grows the most, with 2,147 trees (29.4%) in Cheonnam, followed by Chungnam (16.5%) and Gyeongbuk (14.4%). However, Sophora japonica showed a different result from zelkova Serrata as the total number of 210 Sophora japonica (55.7%) in Gyeongbuk and Daegu is much larger than that of zelkova Serrata. As a result, in the Yeongnam region, where the Confucianism of Yeongnam was actively practiced, the existence of Sophora japonica is much larger than that of the Zelkova Serrata, which is not a coincidence, and it is difficult to determine it only based on their flora and planting distribution. Results of comparing protected trees of Sophora japonica and Zelkova Serrata showed that the average age of Zelkova Serrata wass 289 years, while that of Sophora japonica was 302 years, and that the average height of Zelkova Serrata wass 18 m, which is higher than the height of 16 m of Sophora japonica. The average diameter at breast height of Zelkova Serrata was 398 cm and that of Sophora japonica was 314 cm, which indicates that Zelkova Serrata is relatively big. Therefore, it can be assumed that Zelkova Serrata has a larger growth potential than Sophora japonica, and the possibility of growth as a big tree is also high, but it seems that the explanation that "they are relatively long-lived" is not clearly determined.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.104-111
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• 2023

As apple trees mature, it is important to maintain good light distribution within the canopy to produce marketable fruits. Tree thinning is the selective removal of a proportion of trees growing in the orchard to provide more growing space and a good light environment for the remaining trees. This study was conducted over 3 years (14-16 years after planting) to investigate the influence of tree thinning on vegetative growth, yield, fruit quality, and blooming in the 14 years old slender spindle 'Fuji'/M.9 apple trees planted with the tree space of 3.2×1.2 m. The trees were placed in a control group (no thinning; 260 trees per 10 a) or a tree thinning group (thinned 50% of the control; 130 trees per 10 a). The tree thinning successfully improved light penetration, yield per tree, fruit red color, and yield efficiency for 3 years, and the tree thinning controlled the occurrence of biennial bearing. However, tree thinning significantly decreased accumulated yield per 10 a compared with the control. The vegetative growth, yield per tree, soluble solid contents, and blooming were not clear by the occurrence of biennial bearing in the control. These results indicated that tree thinning was a good method for improving light penetration and preventing biennial bearing in the old 'Fuji'/M.9 high-density apple orchards.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.81-88
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• 2014

In this study, one of the measures for the promotion of the growth of trees planted in poor drainage areas, which functionality pipe supplying oxygen in the soil, and promotes drainage, barren soil and poor drainage areas in planting design was to provide the basic data to compare the impact on the application of functionality pipe. The Zelkova serrata testing materials were selected, planted a total of 12 by three to four individual experiments were conducted. Growth measurements of the items Plot A > Plot C > Plot D > Plot B were excellent in the order of height, number of leaves, leaf width, and chlorophyll content, Plot A > Plot C > Plot D > Plot B was in good order of the growth of the length of the root-collar diameter, Plot C > Plot A > Plot B > Plot D in order rate of variation was good. This has adverse effects on plant growth, poor drainage planting base represents, promote drainage and oxygen supply technique can be applied good to the planting from Zelkova serrata growth based drainage is poor and barren presented as part of research to be done in the future include a means for promoting the growth of plants in soil, the planting design.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.319-327
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• 2000

In this study, the hydraulic characteristics variation of flood level caused by tree-planting condition in channel section is evaluated through the examination and analysis of back water characteristics in a natural channel within urban area where the improvement is completed. The study channel is Sinchun runs through the center of Taegu metropolitan city. For the analysis, the comparative examination of runoff characteristics depend on tree- planting condition performed for the flood level of the most upstream point, and velocity of study channel when the project flood flows according to three cases that existing channel is improved to the pro-natural channel, the roughness condition of both riverside highlands is changed, and the composition rate of trees in the riverside highlands is changed. It is known that the variation ranges of the flood level increase remarkably in general, and of the velocity decrease from the result of the examination for the hydraulic characteristics parameters at the most upstream point depend on the tree-planting condition of the channel section when the project flood flows. From the results of the above study on the variation of the hydraulic characteristics according to the tree-planting condition in channel section, it is known that the hydraulic characteristics when the project flood flows in channel have close relationship with the section properties and the slope of channel.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.535-544
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• 2009

This study was conducted to establish the selection criteria for the trees to be transplanted in the forest reserves which are expected to be developed in the future. The main task in this endeavor was to access the transplantability of the trees focused on their feature, diameter at breast height (D.B.H.), soil feature, etc. The selection of the trees for transplantation consisted of two stages. The first stage was to select trees on the basis of their indigenousness and forest successional stage. The second was to select trees on the basis of their type, D.B.H., the layers of soil, etc. At the first stage, the trees which are not indigenous or expected not to survive were eliminated from the selection list, and the result showed that approximately 5.9% (about 3,841 trees) of the trees proved to be inadequate for transplanting. At the second stage, the investigation of the trees based on the criteria of tree type, D.B.H., the layers of soil was carried out, and the result showed that approximately 33.7% (1,218) out of 3,613 trees turned out to adequate for transplanting however, 23.0% of the trees, which are 829 trees, were found to be impossible to transplant. In addition, it was discovered that in the case of approximately 43.3%(1,566 trees) of the trees there was little difference between transplanting cost and planting cost of new trees. Therefore the investigation indicated that it is more advisable to transplant trees to preserve the ecological environment. However, the study showed that there are other elements to be considered, such as tree feature and soil condition, for the successful tree transplantation, and the necessary information can be provided by the managing personnel who are in charge of the forest.