• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.613-618
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• 2005

This study was carried out to examine the effects of gamma irradiation on the cytotoxicity and multidrug-resistance reversing activity of methanol extracts from Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. me-yuen Stapf seed. The seed was irradiated with doses of 1, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 Gy of the gamma radiation, and then extracted by methanol. The extracts were examined for cytotoxicity on the human cancer cell lines, MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma pleural effusion), Calu-6 (human pulmonary carcinoma) and SNU-601 (human gastric carcinoma) cells, and investigated for multidrug-resistance reversing activity using drug sensitive AML-2/WT and multidrug-resistant AML-2/D100 cells. The growth inhibitory activity of irradiated seed extracts on human cancer cell lines was higher than that of the control. In the case of Calu-6 cell line, the effect of cytotoxicity was observed in the extracts of 4, 8 and 16 Gy. $IC_{50}$ value in the MCF-7 cell line was measured in the only 8 Gy extract. And in the SNU-601 cell line as Calu-6, the effect of cytotoxicity was observed in the extracts of 4, 8 and 16 Gy. But the extracts of gamma-irradiated seed over 32 Gy showed little growth inhibitory effect against human cancer cell lines. In this result, 8 Gy extract had significant growth inhibitory in all human cancer cell lines $(Calu-6:\;633\;{\mu}g/mL,\;MCF-7:\;653\;{\mu}g/mL\;and\;SNU-601:\;683\;{\mu}g/mL)$. The extracts of 4, 8 and 16 Gy strongly potentiated vincristine cytotoxicity in AML-2/D100 cells. The reversal fold (RF) of 4, 8 and 16 Gy extracts was 1.7, 1.8 and 1.6, respectively. But their cytotoxicities to both sensitive AML-2/WT and resistant AML-2/D100 cells were in the same order of magnitude. These results indicate that the above samples would contain some principles which have cytotoxicity and multidrug-resistance reversing activity. Irradiation technology can be applied to promote physiological activities of medicinal plant seeds.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.16 no.3 s.32
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• pp.163-170
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• 1977

Potato diseases, especially mosaics and leaf roll, appear to reduce potato yield in Korea more than any other factor. A seed potato certification program was established at the Alpine Experiment Station (AES) in 1961 to produce high quality seed potatoes for distribution to Korean farmers. The present program for production of certified seed of Namjak (Irish Cobbler), the only variety recommended for spring plantings, is outlined. In 1976, approximately 10,000 MT of certified grade Namjak seed was produced by members of two Seed Producers Cooperatives in the Daekwanryeong area for distribution by the Office of Seed Production and Distribution (OSPD). The seed was inspected and certified by officers of the National Agricultural Products Inspection Office (NAPIO). Although the quality of the certified seed is far superior to that used by many farmers, the supply planted less than 1/5 of the 1977 potato crop. Certified seed of Shimabara, the variety recommended for autumn plantings, is not produced in Korea. The yield response of virus infected seed to improved cultural practices is poor. Therefore, an increase in potato acreage and yields appears to be possible only if more good quality seed is used by Korean farmers. A two or three fold increase in seed supply would be desirable. The volume of seed could be increased by expanding the production area and by improving yield in seed fields. More land is available in the alpine area and good seed potatoes could be grown in other parts of Korea. Planting better quality seeds and using better cultural pracitces would improve seed yields. Several techniques could be used to improve the quality of elite seed produced at AES. Changes in seed potato certification program should be made so that healthy seed stocks of new varieties can be released rapidly.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.375-384
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• 2010

We tried to establish the history of outbreaks and control methods of 'hwangchung' in Joseon Dynasty, uncovering the biological reality of the 'hwangchung' (called hwang or bihwang) analyzed through the Database program on 'the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty' and 'the Emollment of Haegoeje', two of the finest examples of classical historical records. The total number of articles on the outbreak of the hwangchung is 261 in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty and 65 in the Emollment of Haegoeje. There were four peaks by hwangchung throughout the Joseon Era. Among them, the periods of King Taejo to King Sejong had the highest incidence. By comparing the number of records of the hwangchung from the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty with that in the Emollment of Haegoeje during the same period, results show the former was less than the latter, 35 vs 65. However, both records were relatively inconsistent with each other. Insect pests in forests as well as in agriculture were included in the biological identities of the hwangchung in the Joseon Dynasty periods, which is in accordance with those of Saigo's. The taxonomic identity could be confirmed in only 25 cases (9.5%) among the articles on hwangchung. It largely coincided with Paik's opinion: II in armyworm, nine in moth larva, one in rice stem borer, two in migratory locust, one in planthopper and one in rice-plant weevil. Therefore, it is not reasonable to regard hwangchung as a migratory locust or grasshopper only. The number of reports on the occurrence of hwangchung in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty was 173 (66% of the total) and 47% of them were just simple reports, which means the report itself on the appearance of hwangchung was very significant. The reports on controlling insect pests were of low frequency, in 20% (34 cases) of the total reports, capturing insect pests or holding traditional ceremony called 'Poje'. Among them, only one case related to the treatment of seeds to prevent the damage by hwangchung was published in the King Sejong period. There were 37 discussions about changes and management of government policies due to disasters by hwangchung. They were mostly about relief or tax cut to the people who suffered damage and about cancellation of recruiting people to military training, constructing castles, and so on. It seems that not only the people but also the king was influenced by the hwangchung. In the case of King Seongjong, he referred to the stress of the prevention measure of locusts in 10 articles. The damage also had an effect on abdication in the reign of King Jeongjong.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.371-380
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• 2018

Aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different nutrient solutions and various light qualities generated by LED on the growth and glucosinolates contents of watercress (Nasturtium officinale) grown under hydroponics for 3 weeks. The seeds of watercress were sown on crushed rockwool media and raised them for two weeks. They were transplanted in a semi-DFT (deep flow technique) hydroponics system. A controlled-environment room was maintained at $20{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ and $16{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ temperatures and $65{\pm}10%$ and $75{\pm}10%$ relative humidity (day and night, respectively), with a provided photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of $180{\pm}10{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ and a photoperiod of 16/8h. To find out the best kinds of nutrient solutions for growing watercress, Otsuka House 1A (OTS), Horticultural Experiment Station in Korea (HES), and Netherland's Proefstaion voor Bloemisterij en Gasgroente (PBG) were adapted with initial EC of $1.0-1.3dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and pH of 6.2, irradiating PPFD with fluorescent lamps (Ex-1). Either monochromatic (W10 and R10) or mixed LEDs (R5B1, R3B1, R2B1G1, and W2B1G1) were irradiated with a differing ratio of each LED's PPFD to understanding light quality on the growth and glucosinolates contents of watercress (Ex-2). Although significant difference in the shoot growth of watercress was not found among three nutrient solutions treatments, but the root fresh weight increased by 13.7% and 55.1% in PBG and OTS compared to HES, respectively. OTS increased the gluconasturtiin content by 96% and 65% compared to PBG and HES. Compared with the white light (W10), the red light (R10) showed a 101.3% increase in the shoot length of watercress. Increasing blue light portion positively affected plant growth. The content of total glucosinolates in watercress was increased by 144.5% and 70% per unit dry weight in R3B1 treatment compared with R2B1G1 and W10 treatments, respectively. The growth and total glucosinolates contents of the watercress were highest under R3B1 among six light qualities.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.285-293
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• 2018

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of height suppression of cucumber and tomato plug seedlings as affected by mechanical stimulus using brushing as environment-friendly method. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. 'Joeunbaekdadagi') and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. 'Mini Chal') seeds were sown in 40-cell plug trays ($54{\times}27.5{\times}5cm$) filled with growing medium on Oct. 9, 2017. The cultivation environment in a venlo-type glasshouse was maintained as cultivation temperature range of $15-25^{\circ}C$ and the relative humidity of $50{\pm}10%$. Nontreatment and diniconazole ($7.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) application at 15 days after sowing were used as the control. In addition, brushing treatments in cucumber and tomato were applied interval of 2, 4 or 6 hrs for 15 and 20 days, respectively. Plant height, hypocotyl length, and internode length were inhibited for cucumber and tomato in the diniconazole treatment than in the control. The leaf size was reduced, both cucumber and tomato, while the SPAD increased under the diniconazole treatment. However, stem diameter of cucumber was the thickest in the 2 hrs brushing interval treatment. Fresh weights of shoot and root were the significantly lowest in the diniconazole treatment. Application of brushing improved seedlings quality by promoting dry weights of shoot and root, and compactness of tomato seedlings. The chlorophyll fluorescence of tomato seedlings drastically decreased with 2 hrs treatment, indicating that mechanical stress by brushing treatment. The relative growth rate of tomato seedlings was significantly lower in the diniconazole treatment, but cucumber seedlings were not significantly different in all treatments. As a results, height suppression of cucumber and tomato seedlings was best achievement in the diniconazole treatment by the chemical as growth regulator. In an environment-friendly point of view, however, it is considered that 2 hrs brushing interval treatment can be the applicability for replacing the chemical methods in plug seedling growth of cucumber and tomato.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.211-219
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• 2004

Yew (Taxus cuspidata Sieb.) chose that grow as medicine, food, decorative plant in Korea's Kyong-Gi province surroundings. Extracts of yew extracted leaf of 250g and stems of 300g with 1,3-butylene glycol (l,3-BG), propylene glycol (PG) and water. As results, external appearance of leaf extract of yew was slightly brown clear extract. The pH was 5.3${\pm}$0.5, and specific gravity was 1.012${\pm}$0.05, and refractive index was l.375${\pm}$0.05. Also, appearance of stem's extract was slightly brown clear extract, and the pH was 5.4${\pm}$0.5, and specific gravity was 1.016${\pm}$0.05, and refractive index was 1.358${\pm}$0.05. Oil of yew separated from seeds, and extracted polysaccharide high purity from fruits. As a result, specific gravity of oil was 0.987, and obtained 40.0% of yield. Total polyphenols amount of yew extract is detected 0.563% in leaves, 0.325% in stems, whereas total tannins amount contained 0.054% and 0.037% each in leaves and stems. As effect in cosmetics, the anti-oxidative effect by DPPH method is 75.0% in leaves, and stems was 64.0%. Collagen synthesis rate was shown high activity by 54.16% in stem's extract, 33.18% in leaves' extract. Also, PPE-inhibitory activities were 13.7% and 23.5% each in leaves and stems. Anti-inflammatory effect of yew seed oil displayed superior effect of 41% than control. Polysaccharide's molecular weight that is gotten from fruits was 5${\times}$10$^4$-3${\times}$10$\^$5/ dalton, and got 20.0${\pm}$5% of yield.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.203-208
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• 2012

Pyeongangok, a new single cross variety, is an yellow dent maize hybrid (Zea mays L.) developed by the maize breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2011. This hybrid, which has a high yield of grain and dry matter, was produced by crossing two inbred lines, KS160 and KS155. KS160 is the seed parent and KS155 is the pollen parent of Pyeongangok. Silking date of Pyeongangok is 2 days earlier than that of check hybrid, Jangdaok, and equal to that of another check hybrid, Kwangpyeongok. Plant height of Pyeongangok is longer than that of Jangdaok and similar to that of Kwangpyeongok. Ear numbers per 100 plants of Pyeongangok is more than that of Jangdaok. Ear length of Pyeongangok is shorter than that of Jangdaok. 100 seeds weight of Pyeongangok is lighter than that of Jangdaok. Ear rate of Pyeongangok is lower than that of Kwangpyeongok. Stay-green of Pyeonganok is not greatly different with that of Kwangpyeongok. It has moderately resistance to southern corn leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis), black streaked dwarf virus (BSDV) and corn borer. It has strong resistance to northern corn leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum). It has resistance to lodging. Pyeongangok was evaluated for the yields of grain and dry matter at four locations from 2009 to 2011. The yield of Pyeongangok in grain was 7.66 ton/ha. The yield of Pyeongangok in dry matter was 19.80 ton/ha. The yield of Pyeongangok in total digestible nutrient (TDN) was 13.32 ton/ha. Seed production of Pyeongangok has gone well due to a good match during crossing between the seed parent, KS160, and the pollen parent, KS155, in Yeongwol.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1152-1158
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• 2012

Development of transgenic plant increasing crop yield or disease resistance is good way to solve the world food shortage. However, the persistence of marker genes in crops leads to serious public concerns about the safety of transgenic crops. In the present paper, we developed marker-free transgenic rice inserted high molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) gene ($D{\times}5$) from the Korean wheat cultivar 'Jokyeong' using Agrobacterium-mediated co-transformation method. Two expression cassettes comprised of separate DNA fragments containing only the $D{\times}5$ and hygromycin resistance (HPTII) genes were introduced separately into Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105 strain for co-infection. Each EHA105 strain harboring $D{\times}5$ or HPTII was infected into rice calli at a 3: 1 ratio of EHA105 with $D{\times}5$ gene and EHA105 with HPTII gene expressing cassette. Then, among 66 hygromycin-resistant transformants, we obtained two transgenic lines inserted with both the $D{\times}5$ and HPTII genes into the rice genome. We reconfirmed integration of the $D{\times}5$ and HPTII genes into the rice genome by Southern blot analysis. Wheat $D{\times}5$ transcripts in $T_1$ rice seeds were examined with semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Finally, the marker-free plants containing only the $D{\times}5$ gene were successfully screened at the $T_1$ generation. These results show that a co-infection system with two expression cassettes could be an efficient strategy to generate marker-free transgenic rice plants.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.144-155
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• 1987

Water extracts of polygonum hydropiper and Polygonum aviculare completely inhibited the germination of lettuce seeds. Methanol extracts from these two species also inhibited the seed germination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and Oenothera odorata. Fifteen phenolic acids in total were identified by GLC from P. hydropiper and eighteen from P. aviculare. The most common phenolic acids identified from P. hydropiper were sinapic, salicylic+vanillic and ferulic acid presented in all the fractions. In addition, salicylic+vanillic, tannic+gallic, sinapic, ferulic and p-coumaric acid seemed to be important phenolic compounds in terms of quantity. However, salicylic+vanillic acids were the unique phenolic acids occurred in all the fractions of P. aviculare. The others such as tannic+gallic, sinapic, ferulic, p-coumaric acid, p-cresol and catechol present in large amount appeared also the important phenolic substances influencing allelopathic effects of P. aviculare. Linolenic acid and oxalic acid were the major fatty and organic acids in both plant species, presented in 2.38mg/g and 20.588mg/g in P. hydropiper, 3.70mg/g and 14.288mg/g in P. aviculare, respectively, which seem to be exhibiting allelopathic effects of these plants. Total alkaloids were presented in low amount such as 0.20% in P. hydropiper arid 0.22% in P. aviculare which may not be important elements. Pet. ether extracts were 2.42% in P. hydropiper and 1.65% in P. aviculare, which exhibit another potential for allelopathic effects that need further investigation. Various authentic phenolic compounds at different concentrations inhibited the germination of lettuce seed, indicating that the phenolic substances identified here may be directly related to biologically active substance.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2014

Singwangok, a new single cross variety, was developed by the maize breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2012. This hybrid, consisting of a high yield of grain, was produced by crossing two inbred lines, KS172 and KS173. KS172 is the seed parent and KS173 is the pollen parent of Singwangok. It is a yellow-orange intermediate maize hybrid (Zea mays L.). After the preliminary yield trial and advanced yield trial of Singwangok (Suwon185) in Suwon for 2 years, the regional yield trial of that was subsequently carried out for its growth characteristics and yield at 3 different locations from 2010 to 2012. It was named as Singwangok. The silking date of Singwangok is similar to the check hybrid, Jangdaok. The plant height of Singwangok is similar to Jangdaok, but its ear height ratio is lower than that of Jangdaok. Moreover, it has a resistance to lodging. The ear number per 100 plants of Singwangok is more 17 than that of Jangdaok, whereas the ear length of Singwangok is similar to Jangdaok. Further, the weight of 100 seeds of Singwangok is similar to Jangdaok. It has a moderate resistance to southern leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis) and a strong resistance to northern leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum). Furthermore, it has a moderate resistance to the black streaked dwarf virus (BSDV), ear lot and corn borer. The grain yield of Singwangok, 7.81 ton/ha, was similar to that of Jangdaok. The seed production of Singwangok was well processed due to the good match during crossing between the seed parent, KS172 and the pollen parent, KS173, in Yeongwol; the F1 seed yield was 3.84ton/ha. Singwangok would be a suitable cultivar to all plain areas in Korea.