• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.187-224
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• 1999

Background: In recent years, pediatric chronic sinusitis patients who don't respond with antibiotics are increasing, but there are a few reports on the herbal medicine therapy treating pediatric chronic sinusitis, so this report was studied. Objective: To demonstrate the effect of herbal medicine therapy in the chronic sinusitis before and after treatment using computed tomograpy (CT) and plain radiograpy. Materials and methods: Ninty patients (45 mail and 45 femail) treated in our hospital between February 1998 and August 1999 were studied. Ages ranged from 3 to 13 years (mean age :6.5 years). Sixty two patients had a underlyiing family history (allergy or sinusitis of parents or brothers), In the past history, 68 patients had asthma, allergy of milk, atopic dermatitis, bronchiollitis and irritable bowel syndrom. Illness period was from 10 days to 96 months (mean period:12.4 month). Duration of treatment were from 25 days to 200days (mean:96 days). To ascertain the efficacy of treatment, CT in the 42 and plain radiopgrapy in the 48 patients were checked out. In the CT, three images were obtained 2cm interval on the coronal and axial plan. CT findings of the chronic sinusitis were analyzed for mucoperiostal thickening before and after treatment using 4 grades;(normal, mild, moderate, severe). Normal was defined as below 3mm thickening of mucoperiosteum; mild was 3-5mm thickening; moderate was 5mm-1cm thickening; severe was above 1cm thickening. Plain radiograpy using Water's view provided maxillary sinus, anterior ethmoid sinus, frontal sinus. Normal was defined as simillar to density between sinus and oronasal cavity; mild was defined as generally increased density with no significant mucoperiosteal thickning; moderate was partial mucosal thickening without bony hypertropy; severe was total haziness with mucoperiosteal thickening. Gamihyunggyeyungyo-tang was administered mainly. Gamigwaghyangjeungki-san, Gamizwakwi-eum and Gamihyangso-san were administered for through oral route additional symptoms Results: Of the 90 patients, 84 patients showed complete recovery (93%), 4 patients showed no significant interval change(4%) and 2 patients were aggrevated (2%). Sixty patients were severe(67%) and 26 patients were moderate (29%), 4 patients were mild(4%) The duration of treatment was varied with patient conditions (91 days in average); severe were 101.7 days, moderate were 70 days and mild were 63 days. Fifty three patients with maxillary and ethmoid sinusitis were 114 days, 35 patients with maxillary sinusitis only were 71.5 days. Fifty eight patients with both maxillary sinusitis were 94.6 days, 26 patients with either maxillary sinusitis were 65 days. The symtoms of chronic sinusitis were nasal obstruction(75%), cough(69%), purulunt or mucosal discharge(62%), lymphoid follicle(54%), postnasal dripping(49%), headache(23%) and nose bleeding(22%). Conclusion: We know that herbal medicine therapy is the effective treatment of pediatric chronic sinusitis using plain radiograpy and CT. The duration of treatment may be significant assosiation with the location and degree of chronic sinusitis.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.352-363
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• 2006

The purpose of this paper is to analyze changes in the depositional landform in the channel of Cha-cheon, a branch stream of Nakdong river(main stream) since the artificial straight channel has been constructed in 1973. The results of analyses are as follow. First, the Cha-cheon has flooded over one time in a year, and flowed backward over three times annually, according to analyze the data of the Hyeonpoong Gauging Station of rainfall and water level during a decade(1993$\sim$2002). Second, the flood plain within the artificial straightened channel has a nearly plain profile between the small dike and last riffle(point A). Deposits thickness of flood plain reduce gradually toward upstream. Third, grain size distribution of the flood plain deposits(0$\sim$20cm) within the artificial straightened channel has a coarsening trend in downstream reach of C point. It implies that the backward flow of Nakdong river(the main stream of Cha-cheon) make effect on the depositional mechanism of lowest reach in Cha-cheon. Finally, the result of analyzing grain size distribution of the flood plain deposits(0$\sim$20cm) within the artificial straightened channel implies that the c-point is the boundary between the vertical deposition of suspended load due to the backward flow of Nakdong river and the deposition of bed load supplied from hillslope of Cha-cheon basin.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.596-602
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• 2020

Blending process of adhesive production has a cooling process to cool down the temperature of the solution which was heated up to 76 ℃ with a mineral insulated (MI) cable by 30 ℃ at room temperature. Using a MI cable in the adhesive production process makes the production inefficient because it takes about 10 h for the cooling process. If a jacketed vessel is used instead of the MI cable, it would shorten the cooling downtime without any additional cooling system by using cold water. However, there are various types of jacketed vessels, and thus the most suitable type should be found before set up. In this study, we designed the optimized jacketed vessel for the adhesive production process by calculating the cooling downtime, which impacts production efficiency, as a function of the jacket types using computational fluid dynamics. As a result, the cooling performance of the plain jacket was 32.7% superior to that of the half-pipe coil jacket with the same height. In addition, the plain jacket with 60% spiral baffle reduced the cooling downtime and operating time by 80.4% and 25.1%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.703-714
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• 2023

This research conducts a series of tests to investigate the setting retarding properties and strength development in cement pastes incorporating various types and dosages of sugar-based super retarding agents. Six such agents, including Sucrose, Sugar powder, Saccharin, Aspartame, Stevioside, and Mogroside, commercially available, were selected for evaluation. The study also examines the micro-structural properties of these cement pastes. The test mixtures were prepared using a 27.5% water-to-cement ratio and ordinary Portland cement. Micro-structural analyses were conducted using Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM), X-Ray Diffraction(XRD), and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy(EDS). The findings reveal that the incorporation of sucrose, sugar powder, and stevioside significantly retards the setting time. Particularly, adding 0.1% sucrose extended the setting time by approximately two-fold compared to the control(Plain) mixture. Most mixtures, barring those with sugar powder and stevioside, exhibited compressive strength comparable to the Plain mixture. Notably, with 0.2% sucrose, strength measurements were not feasible at 1 day, but at 3 days, the strength gains aligned with the Plain mixture. XRD, SEM, and EDS analyses confirmed the hydration delay(set retarding) of C3S due to sucrose, with further quantitative corroboration provided by EDS. SEM was used to verify the presence or absence of hydration products. The study concludes that sucrose, as a sugar-based retarder, offers effective set retarding capabilities and compressive strength development in concrete.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.51-64
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to present a method for quantitative analysis of flooding at the flood plain in an ungauged area using satellite rainfall and global geographic data. For this, flooding of the Tumen/Namyang area in the Duman-gang(Riv.) was simulated and the flood conditions were quantitatively analyzed. The IMERG data, a rainfall data derived from satellite images, was used as rainfall data. The GRM model was applied to the watershed runoff simulation, and the G2D model was applied to the flooding simulation of the Tumen/Namyang area. Flood event caused by Typhoon Lionrock in August 2016 was applied. Recorded peak discharge of the Tumen/Namyang region was used to verify the runoff simulation results. To verify the result of the inundation simulation, the flood situation collected through field survey and satellite image data before and after the flood were used. The peak flow rates by the runoff simulation and flood record were 7,639㎥/s and 7,630㎥/s, respectively, with a relative error of about 0.1%. In the flood simulation, the results were similar to the flooding ranges identified in the survey data and satellite images. And the changes of flooding depth and flooding time in the flood plain in Tumen/Namyang area could also be assessed. The methods and results of this study will be useful for the quantitative assessment of floods in the ungauged areas.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.132-142
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• 2003

A significant deficiency of most computer models used for stream floodplain analysis, is that the locations of structures impacted by flood waters, such as roads, buildings, and bridges, cannot be effectively compared to the floodplain location. The purpose of this study is the integration of the HEC River Analysis System(HEC-RAS) with ArcView geographic information system to develop a regional model for floodplain determination and representation. Also this study presents to enable two- and three-dimensional floodplain mapping and analysis in the ArcView. The methodology is applied to a Yeoju of Kyunggi-do, located in South Han River Basin. A digital terrain model is synthesized from HEC-RAS cross-sectional data and a digital elevation model of the study area. The flood plain data developed in ArcView was imported into HEC-RAS where it was combined with the field surveyed channel data in order to construct full floodplain cross sections that reflected accurate channel and overbank data for the HEC-RAS model. The flood plain limits could be expressed more accurately on ArcView by using water level data to be computed in HEC-RAS program. The computed water surface elevations and information of cross-section must be manually plotted in order to delineate floodplains. The resulting of this study provided a good representation of the general landscape and contained additional detail within the stream channel. Overall, the results of the study indicate that GIS combined with HEC-RAS is proven to be very useful and efficient for the automatic generation of flood maps, and an effective environment for floodplain mapping and analysis.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.345-357
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• 1987

This study was performed to obtain the basic data which can be applied to improve the early strength of concrete. The results obtained were as follows; 1. In case that water reducing-set accelerating agent was added 0.75% of the weight of cement, the weight of water was reducd 10%. And $CaCl_2$ did nearly not have an effect on the w/c ratio. 2. Compressive strength and tensile strength increased 25%, 43%, respectively, in case that $CaCl_2$ was 2.0% of the weight of cement, and showed 120%, 140%, respectively, in case that water reducing-set accelerating agent was 0.75% of the weight of cement. 3. In case of steam curing at $60^{\circ}C$, the strength increased with the ages. At $100^{\circ}C$, the increase of strength in 1 age was two times as compared with plain concrete. After 7ages, the strength was similer to plain concrete. 4. The relationship between compressive strength and tensile strength was linear and was highly significant in cases of plain concrete, $CaCl_2$ concrete, C-W concrete, steam cured concrete, respectively.

• Water for future
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.115-121
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• 1994

In tidal rivers, the water level is affected by a tidal wave. The latter creates higher flood stages that enlarge the flood plain areas and increase potential damages. In such rivers, the water level is not solely a function of the flow discharge but rather a joint function of both the discharge and tidal phenomena. This paper attempts at formulating a relation between tital water level and river flow discharge that can be used for the predictions of water level in coastal rivers. Numerical applications were performed on the HaDong and the SongJung Station in Sumjin river with satisfactory results. The correlation coefficients between the tide(M) and the water stage(Z) at the HaDong Station is 0.558, and SongJung is 0.016. From this result, the water level at HaDong Station is greatly affected by a tide, whereas songJung is not.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.269-272
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• 2003

This study is intended to investigate the properties of concrete using AE Water Reducing Agent of Early-Strength Type. According to the results, as for the replacing method of mineral admixture, setting time is shortened faster in order of replacement for fine aggregate, combination and replacement for cement, and when AE Water Reducing Agent of Early-Strength Type is used, it is shortened by about 4 hours, compared with normal AE Water Reducing Agent Compressive strength is lower in the case of replacement for fine aggregate, but higher in the other case than that of plain concrete. And When AE Water Reducing Agent of Early-Strength Type is used, early compressive strength is very high in comparison to normal AE Water Reducing Agent. Early strength development is very favorable by the use of AE Water Reducing Agent of Early-Strength Type regardless of the replacing method of mineral admixture at $20^{\circ}C$, but at $l0^{\circ}C$, it is effective for Early strength development that W/B is lowered to below 45%, BS of 20% is replaced for fine aggregate, and AE Water Reducing Agent of Early-Strength Type is used.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1998.04b
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• pp.747-750
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• 1998

The application of spent liquor(BSL) obtained from alkaline sulfite-anthraquinone cooking of pine bark to cement mortar significantly improved the water-reducing ability and decreased the rate of cement hardening. However, the compressive and flexural strength of BSL addition to cement mortar were lower than that of PLAIN. The application of 0.2% antifoamer to BSL slightly decreased water-reducing ability, but remarkably improved the compressive and flexural strength of cement mortar. On the other hand, BSL decreased the rate of hardening of cement, which exhibited the protperties of the lignosulfonated based retarding water-reducing type. but the setting time of cement could be controlled by addition of Na2CO3 could be used to convert BSL to normal or accelerating concrete admixtures.