• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.4537-4556
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• 2020

This research was based on the study conducted by Khodaei et al. (2012), namely, the least-significant-bit (LSB) substitution combined with the pixel-value differencing (PVD) steganography, and presented an improved irreversible image steganography method. Such a method was developed through integrating the improved LSB substitution with the modulus function-based PVD steganography to increase steganographic capacity of the original technique while maintaining the quality of images. It partitions the cover image into non-overlapped blocks, each of which consists of 3 consecutive pixels. The 2nd pixel represents the base, in which secret data are embedded by using the 3-bit LSB substitution. Each of the other 2 pixels is paired with the base respectively for embedding secret data by using an improved modulus PVD method. The experiment results showed that the method can greatly increase steganographic capacity in comparison with other PVD-based techniques (by a maximum amount of 135%), on the premise that the quality of images is maintained. Last but not least, 2 security analyses, the pixel difference histogram (PDH) and the content-selective residual (CSR) steganalysis were performed. The results indicated that the method is capable of preventing the detection of the 2 common techniques.

• 한국산업정보학회논문지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2008

A data hiding method based on least significant bit (LSB) substitution and multi-pixel differencing (MPD) is presented on the proposed method to improve the capacity of the hidden secret data and to provide an imperceptible visual quality. First, a sum of different values for four-pixel sub-block is calculated. The low value of the sum can be located on a smooth block and the high value is located on an edged block. The secret data are hidden into the cover image by LSB method in the smooth block, while MPD method in the edged block. The experimental results show that the proposed method has a higher capacity and maintains a good visual quality.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.68-75
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• 2008

This paper proposes a new data hiding method for binary images using the weighting value of pixel-value differencing. The binary cover image is partitioned into non-overlapping sub-blocks and find the most suitable position to embed a secret bit for each sub-block. The proposed method calculates the weighted value for a sub-block to pivot a pixel to be changed. This improves the image quality of the stego-image. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves a good visual quality and high capacity.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.115-122
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• 2008

Wu and Tsai's pixel-value differencing method and Chang and Tseng's side-match method are based on the theory that the number of bits which can be embedded is determined by the degree of the pixel's smoothness, or its proximity to the edge of the image. If pixels are located in the edge area, they may tolerate larger changes than those in smooth areas. However, both methods are subject to the fall off the boundary problem(FOBP). This study proposes a new scheme that can solve the FOBP. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method resolves the problem, and achieves a higher image quality index value than other methods.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.155-161
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• 2009

본 논문은 이미지 픽셀의 픽셀값 차이(Pixel-value Differencing: PVD)와 최하위 비트(Least Significant Bit: LSB) 교체 방법을 이용하여 원본 이미지의 픽셀값 성질에 맞게 적용하여 고용량의 데이터를 이미지에 숨길 수 있는 방법을 제시한다. 기존에 LSB와 PVD 방법에 근거하여 비밀 자료를 숨기고, 숨겨진 자료를 감지할 수 없도록 하기 위해 많은 자료 은닉 방법들이 연구되었다. 두 연속된 픽셀값 차이가 적을 경우에는 부드러운 영역(Smooth Area)에 속하게 되고, 두 픽셀값 차이가 클 경우에는 경계 영역(Edge Area)에 속한 픽셀로 구별되는데, 본 논문에서 제시하는 방법은 이미지의 부드러운 영역과 경계 영역을 감지하여 부드러운 영역에는 LSB 교체 방법을 적용하고, 경계 영역에는 픽셀값 차이를 이용한 방법을 적용하였다. 실험 결과에서는 본 논문에서 제시한 방법이 기존의 LSB교체 기법을 이용하거나 픽셀값 차이를 이용한 자료은닉 방법에 비해 숨길 수 있는 자료량과 스테고 이미지(Stego-image)의 품질 측면에서 우수함을 보이고 있다.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.768-788
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• 2021

The reversible data hiding technique safely transmits secret data to the recipient from malicious attacks by third parties. In addition, this technique can completely restore the image used as a transmission medium for secret data. The reversible data hiding schemes have been proposed in various forms, and recently, the reversible data hiding schemes based on interpolation are actively researching. The reversible data hiding scheme based on the interpolation method expands the original image into the cover image and embed secret data. However, the existing interpolation-based reversible data hiding schemes did not embed secret data during the interpolation process. To improve this problem, this paper proposes embedding the first secret data during the image interpolation process and embedding the second secret data into the interpolated cover image. In the embedding process, the original image is divided into blocks without duplicates, and the maximum and minimum values are determined within each block. Three way searching based on the maximum value and two way searching based on the minimum value are performed. And, image interpolation is performed while embedding the first secret data using the PVD scheme. A stego image is created by embedding the second secret data using the maximum difference value and log function in the interpolated cover image. As a result, the proposed scheme embeds secret data twice. In particular, it is possible to embed secret data even during the interpolation process of an image that did not previously embed secret data. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can transmit more secret data to the receiver while maintaining the image quality similar to other interpolation-based reversible data hiding schemes.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.350-365
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• 2017

스테가노그래피는 수신자와 송신자간에 비밀 정보를 제 3자가 알아차리지 못하게 통신하는 기법으로 수천 년 전부터 군사적, 외교적 또는 사업적인 정보들의 전달을 위해서 발달해 왔다. 현대에 이르러서는 디지털 미디어와 통신의 발달로 스테가노그래피의 기법이 더욱 발달하게 되었다. 이 중 영상을 활용하는 스테가노그래피의 기법들은 픽셀에 삽입 비트의 양을 고정하는 LSB, 이웃한 픽셀 쌍의 값 차이를 활용한 PVD등이 있다. PVD 영상 스테가노그래피의 경우 이웃한 픽셀 쌍의 값의 차이와 설계한 range table에 따라서 삽입하는 비밀 정보량을 유동적으로 하여 많은 양의 정보를 삽입한다. 하지만 비밀 정보를 순서대로 삽입하기 때문에 특정 픽셀 쌍에서 삽입하는 정보량에 오류가 발생하면 그 이후의 정보들 모두 오류를 발생시킨다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 PVD의 특성이 갖는 오류나 외부 공격에 대한 취약점을 보완하고 비밀 정보를 추출 할 수 있는 방법을 제안한다. 실험의 방법은 다양한 잡음들을 스테고 영상에 삽입해서 삽입 된 비밀 정보를 비교하고 분석한다. 기존의 PVD는 잡음에 대해서 전혀 비밀 정보의 보존이 불가능하지만 제안된 지역적 삽입 비트 고정 PVD의 경우에는 스테고 영상의 부분적인 잡음에 대해서 비밀 정보를 강건하게 추출할 수 있음을 확인하였다.