• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 2005

Pyrolyzed polyimide is explored in terms of MEMS material. This paper describes chemical, electrical, mechanical properties of pyrolyzed polyimide (PIX-1400) thin film as MEMS material. When polyimide thin film was pyrolyzed at $800^{\circ}C$ for 60 minutes in $N_{2}$ ambient, the residual ratio of pyrolyzed film thickness measured with a surface profiler is about 49 %, and the resistivity is about $2.17{\times}10^{-2}\;{Omega}cm$. From the result of the load-deflection test, the estimated Young's modulus and initial average stress of pyrolyzed polyimide are 67 GPa and 30 MPa, respectively. As one demonstration of MEMS structures of pyrolyzed polyimide, the fabrication method of the microbridge structure is proposed for a micro heater and a resonator.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2007

Stainless steel crowns are invaluable restorative material for the treatment of badly broken down primary teeth in pediatric dentistry. But it is difficult to fit margin because selection of size is not easy and they are not adjusted for Korean children. The purpose of this study was to examine and analyze the marginal adaptation of stainless steel crown of posterior primary tooth. Marginal surface was taken by Fine Pix S602 digital camera and measurements of crown were recorded at 20 points that were randomly selected for marginal gap evaluation by Kappa image base program. 1. Mean marginal gap were large upper 2nd primary molar, lower 1st primary molar, lower 2nd primary molar, upper 1st primary molar in order(p<0.05). 2. Mean marginal surface dimension ratio was more than 20% irrespective of tooth. 3. Largest amount of marginal gap was shown at mesial surface in upper 1st, 2nd primary molar and distolingual surface in lower 1st primary molar, buccal surface in lower 2nd primary molar.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.306-323
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• 2001

종양발생에서 유전자 발현을 확인하고 profile 변화를 monitor하는 것은 병리학적 변화의 원인뿐 아니라 질병탐지와 진료의 새로운 목표를 확인하기 위한 새로운 기회를 제공해준다. cDNA microarray는 수천개의 유전자 발현을 동시에 연구할 수 있는 최신의 방법으로 피부, 유방, 간을 비롯한 다른 인체장기에서는 일부 이루어졌으나 array를 이용해 타액선 종양 연구에서는 전혀 이루어지지 않았다. 인간의 타액선 세포의 악성형질전환을 조절하는 분자적 상태를 연구하기 위해 본 연구는 약 2,000개의 유전자가 print된 cDNA microarray를 이용하여 인간 타액선 도관상피세포주(HSG)와 악하선에서 기원한 미분화 선암종(SGT)간에 비교연구를 하였다. Cy3와 Cy5 dye로 각각의 세포주에서 얻은 RNA와 reciprocal hybridize시키고 GenePix 4000 scanner로 스캔하고 GenePix Pro로 분석한 후 log2로 평균발현비율을 전환시켜 최소 2배이상의 발현을 보이는 유전자를 분석대상으로 하였다. 90%이상의 유전자가 비슷한 발현을 보였으며 2배이상의 발현을 보이는 경우 HSG가 SGT에 비해 72개 유전자가, SGT가 HSG에 비해 111개의 유전자 발현이 up-regulation되어 총 10%미만의 발현차이를 보였고 반복된 hybridization 으로부터 얻은 선택된 spot의 Pearson 상관계수는 -0.85이였다. HSG에서는 6번 p 염색체에서 과발현되는 유전자가 가장 많았고, SGT에서는 11번 q 염색체에서 가장 많았는데 HSG에서는 SGT에 비해 9, 13, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22염색체에서 과발현 되는 유전자 수가 많았고, SGT에서는 HSG에 비해 2, 7, 10, 15 염색체에서 유전자 발현 증가가 관찰되었다. HSG와 SGT간의 유전 발현을 기능별로 분석한 결과 몇 가지 주요 경로가 세포악성에 관련됨을 발견하였고, 타액선 도관상피세포에서 선암종을 구별하는데 기여하는 관련된 몇종의 과다 발현된 유전자를 찾았는데 전사인자, 성장인자 및 수용기, 세포골격 및 세포외기질 단백, 세포내 신호전달조절자 및 인자, 세포표면 항원등의 그룹으로 분류할 수 있었다. 따라서 이러한 microarray를 이용한 분자학적 표지자 연구가 악성 타액선 종양 발생과정에서 큰 도움을 줄 수 있을 뿐 아니라 유전자 조절에 의한 진단, 예후, 치료에서의 정확성을 개선시킬 수 있으리라 여겨진다.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 2017

The decrease of green space according to the urbanization has caused many environmental problems as the destruction of habitat, air pollution, heat island effect. With interest growing in natural view recently, proper management of evergreen tree which is lived even the winter season has been on the rise importantly. This study analyzed the distribution area of evergreen tree using vegetation index based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Firstly, RGB and NIR+RG camera were loaded in fixed-wing UAV and image mosaic was achieved using GCPs based on Pix4d SW. And normalized differences vegetation index (NDVI) and soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) was calculated by band math function from acquired ortho mosaic image. validation points were applied to evaluate accuracy of the distribution of evergreen tree for each range value and analysis showed that kappa coefficient marked the highest as 0.822 and 0.816 respectively in "NDVI > 0.5" and "SAVI > 0.7". The area of evergreen tree in "NDVI > 0.5" and "SAVI > 0.7" was $11,824m^2$ and $15,648m^2$ respectively, that was ratio of 4.8% and 6.3% compared to total area. It was judged that UAV could supply the latest and high resolution information to vegetation works as urban environment, air pollution, climate change, and heat island effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2022

In order to conduct rapid, accurate and safe surveying at the excavation site, In this study, the possibility of underground facility survey using drones and the expected effect of 3D visualization were obtained as follows. Phantom4Pro 20MP drones have a 30m flight altitude and a redundant 85% flight plan, securing a GSD (Ground Sampling Distance) value of 0.85mm and 4points of GCP (Groud Control Point)and 2points of check point were calculated, and 7.3mm of ground control point and 11mm of check point were obtained. The importance of GCP was confirmed when measured with low-cost drones. If there is no ground reference point, the error range of X value is derived from -81.2 cm to +90.0 cm, and the error range of Y value is +6.8 cm to 155.9 cm. This study classifies point cloud data using the Pix4D program. I'm sorting underground facility data and road pavement data, and visualized 3D data of road and underground facilities of actual model through overlapping process. Overlaid point cloud data can be used to check the location and depth of the place you want through the Open Source program CloudCompare. This study will become a new paradigm of underground facility surveying.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.291-298
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• 2022

Recently developed drones are inexpensive and very convenient to operate. As a result, the production and utilization of spatial information using drones are increasing. However, most drones acquire images with a low-cost global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and an inertial measurement unit (IMU). Accordingly, the accuracy of the initial location and rotation angle elements of the image is low. In addition, because these drones are small and light, they can be greatly affected by wind, making it difficult to maintain a certain overlap, which degrades the positioning accuracy. Therefore, in this study, images are taken at different times in order to analyze the positioning accuracy according to changes in certain exterior orientation parameters. To do this, image processing was performed with Pix4D Mapper and the accuracy of the results was analyzed. In order to analyze the variation of the accuracy according to the exterior orientation parameters in detail, the exterior orientation parameters of the first processing result were used as meta-data for the second processing. Subsequently, the amount of change in the exterior orientation parameters was analyzed by in a strip-by-strip manner. As a result, it was proved that the changes of the Omega and Phi values among the rotation elements were related to a decrease in the height accuracy, while changes in Kappa were linked to the horizontal accuracy.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1393-1403
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• 2003

The genetic effects of restraint stress challenge on HPA axis and the therapeutic effect of Boshimgeonbi-Tang on the stress were studied with cDNA microarray analyses on hypothalamus using an immobilization-stress mouse as stress model. Male CD-1 mice were restrained in a tightly fitted and ventilated vinyl holder for 2hours once a day, and this challenge was repeated for seven consecutive days. The body weights of the immobilization-stress mice were diminished about 25 percent degree as compared to normal ones. Seven days later, total RNA was extracted from the organs of the mouse, body-labeled with CyDye/sup TM/ fluorescence dyes (Amersham Bioscience Co., NJ), and then hybridized to cDNA microarray chip. Scanning and analyzing the array slides were carried out using GenePix 4000 series scanner and GenePix Pro/sup TM/ analyzing program, respectively. The expression profiles of 109 genes out of 6000 genes on the chip were significantly modulated in hypothalamus by the immobilization stress. Energy metabolism-, lipid metabolism-, apoptosis- and signal transduction-related genes were transcriptionally activated whereas DNA repair-, protein biosynthesis-, and structure integrity-related genes were down-regulated in hypothalamus. The 58 genes were up-regulated by the mRNA expression folds of 1.5 to 7.9. and the 51 genes were down-regulated by 1.5 - 3.5 fold. The 20 genes among them were selected to confirm the expression profiles by RT-PCR. The mRNA expression levels of Tnfrsf1a (apoptosis), Calm2 (cell cycle), Bag3 (apoptosis), Hspe1 (protein folding), Aatk (apoptosis), Dffa (apoptosis), Itgb1 (cell adhesion), Vcam1 (cell adhesion), Fkbp5 (protein folding), BDNF (neuron survival) were restored to the normal one by the treatment of Boshimgeonbi-Tang.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.20 no.4 s.51
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• pp.327-332
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• 2005

장기간 노출 시 발암 등 인체 유해성을 갖는 환경유래 내분비장애물질(endocrine disrupting chemicals, EDCs)에 대한 선택적이고 민감한 노출지표를 개발하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 DNA microarray를 이용하였다. 피험자는 아직 특별한 질환을 갖지 않는 18세 이상 연령, 성을 맞춘 EDCs고농도 노출군(N = 16)과 저농도군(N = 16)으로 구성되었다. 노출정도 구분은 10년 이상 거주지가 K산업폐기물 소각장과 2.5 km 반경 내, 외 인지에 따라 고노출군,저노출군으로 구분하였다. 피험자의 말초혈에서 total RNA를 분리, 각 군당 B인씩 pool로 cDNA를 합성하여 oligonucleotide DNA 칩에 적용하였다. 유전자발현의 차이를 GenePixPro 4.0 software를 이용하여 분석하였다. 총 3장의 칩을 이용하여 공통적으로 저노출군보다 고노출군에서 2배 이상 발현의 증가를 보인 유전자는 plasminogen activator(PLAT)등 12종이 관찰되었고, l/2이하로 발현의 감소를 보인 유전자는 kallikrein 3 (KLK3)등 29종이었다. 이 들 유전자는 PLAT등 면역계 반응에 관여하는 유전자 및 apoptosis, transport, G protein, chromatin, 암화, 발생 (development), 대사 등에 관여하는 유전자들이었다. 그러므로 KLK3등 본 연구에서 발굴한 유전자는 향후 확대된 인구에서 본 연구 결과의 확인을 통하여 EDCs특이적 노출지표로써, 나아가 암 등 EDCs관련 질병의 기전 및 병인학을 구명하는데 이용가치가 높다고 사료된다.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.2 no.3 s.4
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• pp.189-193
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• 2006

In this study we propose an automatic reading system for diagnostic DNA chips. We define a general specification for an automatic reading system and propose a possible implementation method. The proposed system performs the whole reading process automatically without any user intervention, covering image acquisition, image analysis, and report generation. We applied the system for the automatic report generation of a commercialized DNA chip for cervical cancer detection. The fluorescence image of the hybridization result was acquired with a $GenePix^{TM}$ scanner using its library running in HTML pages. The processing of the acquired image and the report generation were executed by a component object module programmed with Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0. To generate the report document, we made an HWP 2002 document template with marker strings that were supposed to be searched and replaced with the corresponding information such as patient information and diagnosis results. The proposed system generates the report document by reading the template and changing the marker strings with the resultant contents. The system is expected to facilitate the usage of a diagnostic DNA chip for mass screening by the automation of a conventional manual reading process, shortening its processing time, and quantifying the reading criteria.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.293-302
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• 2023

This study examines and proposes standardization approaches to address the heterogeneous issues of metadata in drone imagery within the agricultural sector. Image metadata comes in various formats depending on different camera manufacturers, with most utilizing EXIF and XMP. The metadata of cameras used in fixed-wing and rotary-wing platforms, along with the metadata requirements in image alignment software, were analyzed for sensors like DJI XT2, MicaSense RedEdge-M, and Sentera Double4K. In the agricultural domain, multispectral imagery is crucial for vegetation analysis, making the provision of such imagery essential. Based on Pix4D SW, a comparative analysis of metadata attributes was performed, and necessary elements were compiled and presented as a proposed standardization (draft) in the form of tag information.