• 대한본초학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2005

Objectives : In order to distinguish Cnidii Rhizoma and Ligustici Chuanxiong Rhizoma (cultivated in Korea and China), their external and internal states were observed via microscopic examination. Methods : The slice of the tested material made by paraffin section technique was colored with Safranine Malachite Green contrast methods, and then observed and photographed by olymphus-BHT. Results : Cnidii Rhizoma, Ligustici Chuanxiong Rhizoma (from Korea), and Ligustici Chuanxiong Rhizoma (from China) all demonstrated similar patterns as following : 1. external form 1) showing irregular nodular form with $2{\sim}7cm$ diameter. 2) having several trochites in parallel, and nodulose root trace on surface. 3) in addition to yellow-white or yellow-gray intersections, yellow-brown oil sacs were distributed, with cambium resembling a form of annulus. 2. internal form 1) its root and rhizome is composed of 10 layers of cork, with narrow cortical layers. 2) its phloem is wide, and oval light yellow-brown oil sacs are distributed around. The closer to the cambium, the smaller it is. 3) cambium is a form of a wave-like ring or an irregular polygon. 4) xylem and vessel are rare, most of which are arranged in a 'V' format, and sometimes xylem fiber is found. 5) pith is composed of parenchymatous cell, and parenchyma is full of starch grains. Conclusions : In conclusion, C officinale, L. chuanxiong (from Korea), and L. chuanxiong (from China) have rhizomes in a similar form with no special difference. Therefore, it is concluded that C. officinale, L. chuanxiong (from Korea), and L. chuanxiong (from China) are categorized into the same species.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.231-240
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• 2018

대나무는 생장이 빠르고, 벌목주기가 짧으며, 목재와 비교하여 가격이 저렴하다는 장점을 가지는 주요 바이오매스 자원 중 하나이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 대나무재의 효율적 활용을 위한 기초자료를 수집하기 위하여, 국내산 맹종죽(Phyllostachys pubescens)의 1년생~5년생까지 죽령별로 해부학적 특성을 광학현미경과 주사전자현미경으로 비교 분석하였다. 또한 셀룰로오스의 결정특성을 X선회절법에 의해 분석하였다. 횡단면 관찰 결과, 유관속초의 크기는 1년생이 가장 작았으며, 2년생 이후 유사하였다. 수 부분에서 표피부로 갈수록 유관속의 분포밀도가 높았고, 유관속초의 발달 형태가 뚜렷하게 달랐다. 특히, 1년생 수 부분 유관속 중 세포간극에 인접한 유관속초가 발달 되지 않은 유관속이 드물게 출현하는 것이 관찰되었다. 구성세포 치수 측정 결과, 섬유길이는 1년생이 가장 짧았으며, 모든 년생에서 표피부가 수 부분보다 길었다. 유관속의 방사 및 접선방향 폭은 모든 년생에서 접선방향 폭이 더 컸으며, 2년생부터는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 도관 직경 및 내층 두께는 1년생의 값이 가장 작았으며, 도관 직경은 2년생 이후, 내층 두께는 3년생 이후부터 유사한 값을 보였다. 상대결정화도는 모든 년생에서 표피부로 갈수록 높은 값을 보였으며, 1년생의 값이 가장 낮고, 2~5년생은 비슷한 값을 보였다. 결론적으로, 국내산 맹종죽은 죽령별로 조직구조에 있어 정성적 및 정량적 차이가 있었으며, 2~5년생의 특성은 비슷한 경향이 있었다. 따라서, 1년생은 미성숙한 상태이며, 2년생 이상의 대나무는 성숙한 상태로 조직구조적으로 안정된 특성을 갖는 것으로 사료된다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.286-290
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• 2003

Ratanjot is attributed to eight species of Boraginacae species belonging to genera Alkanna, Arnebia, Maharanga and Onosma and regarded as one of the important herbal drugs of indigenous systems of medicine. The root and root stock, which form the actual drug, are considered to be an anthelmintic, antipyretic and antiseptic. They are also claimed to be useful in burn, eczema, wounds and eruptions, and used for treating the diseases of eyes, bronchitis, abdominal pains, itch, etc. Several workers reported that the Naphthaquinones (arnebins), the main active constituents of the drug, are responsible for its colour and therapeutic efficacy. It is claimed that the Arnebia nobilis was imported to India from Afghanistan but the red coloured roots resembling with A. nobilis were found to be gathered by local people for commercial purposes during the course of botanical surey of Himalayan region. Hence, it is decided to evaluate Arnebia nobilis pharmacognostically. The important macro-microscopic features of this species are roots 1-5 cm broad; outermost xylem with broad vessels and innermost with groups of radially arranged narrow vessels while the middle region occupied by alternate rings of clusters of broad and narrow vessels and presence of pith. Besides the percentage of arnebin-1, -3 and 4 are 9.37, 10.53 and 1.72 respectively.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.82-88
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate a point of difference between normal and inferior Korean red ginseng (Naeback red ginseng = red ginseng with white part of clear boundary in phloem and/or xylem of ginseng body, saengnaeback red ginseng red ginseng with white part of indistinct boundary). White part with clear or indistinct boundary in center of ginseng body was observed in inferior red ginseng (naeback and saengnaeback red ginseng), and the differences in the internal color intensity was also found with naked eye. In hunter color values of normal and inferior parts of red ginseng in accordance with particle size, L value was increased with a diminishment in particle size, while a and b value were decreased. Absorbance at visible spectrum did not differ from water and 70% ethanol extract from normal and inferior parts of red ginseng, but absorbance in UV spectrum of extract from naeback part showed higher than those of normal and saengnaeback part. In comparison of intrastructure by electron microscope, the horizontal and vertical section of cortex and pith layer from normal part showed the very dense state, but small holes were found in naeback part of red ginseng by naked eye and electron microscope. The specific surface area of normal, naeback and saengnaeback part appeared 3.02, 3.33 and 6.55 ㎡/g, respectively. From above results, we consider saengnaeback red ginseng is red ginseng in the intermediate process which normal red ginseng changes to naeback red ginseng.

• 생약학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.43-47
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• 1975

Attempts were made to determine the characteristics of the morphology of Codonopsis lanceolata $T_{RAUT's}$ root. Its saponin and crude powder were examined by foaming and hemolytic tests and by observing transverse sections: 1) The cork-layer was consisted of multiple cells, and some of the cork cells contained monoclinic prism crystals of calcium oxalates. 2) The vascular bundle was formed of radial arrangement by the preminentic bursting pith and the irregular cambium ring with the abnormal growth. 3) The latex vessel and latex of the cortex were brown-gray or yellowish-brown. The latex vessel and sieve tube were consisted of the independent aggregates which had a number of layers. It had much more independent aggregates than Platycodi Radix. 4) The xylem was less than the phloem portion. The thick-walled vessels which had one to five lines ware more distributed than in Platycodi Radix. 5) The inulin distribution on a piece of section which is dipped in alcohol was observed through out the tissues, but starch grain was not found in it. 6) The duration time of foaming reaction of the crude powder in test tubes was shorter than that of Platycodi Radix. Foaming index of the foaming test of five percent decoctions was 3.33, 7) In the hemolytic test which used 10 percent decoction and one percent saponin solution, hemolytic action was very weak.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.11-21
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• 1996

일본원산(日本原産)의 미나리과향신야말(科香辛野茉)인 파드득나물, 미나리, 명일엽(明日葉) 및 갯방품의 유도(油道)의 발생(發生), 구조(構造) 및 분포(分布)에 대하여 광학현미경(光學顯微鏡)으로 관찰(觀察)하였다. 유도(油道)는 엽병(葉柄), 엽신(葉身), 경(莖), 근(根), 배축(胚軸) 및 자엽(子葉)에 존재(存在)했다. 유도(油道)는 배축(胚軸)과 자엽(子葉)의 발생초기(發生初期)에 형성(形成)되었다. 엽병(葉柄)에 있어서의 유도(油道)는 파드득나물, 미나리에서와 같이 윤상유관속(輪狀維管束)에 상반(相伴)하여 나타나는 분포(分布)와, 명일엽(明日葉), 갯방풍에서와 같이 산재위관속(散在維管束) 상반(相伴)하여 나타나는 분포(分布)로 구분(區分)할 수 있었다. 엽병(葉柄)이 비대(肥大)해짐에 따라 피층(皮層)에 형성(形成)되는 유도(油道)는 처음에 유도(油道)가 발생(發生)하고, 그 다음에 후각조직(厚角組織)과 유관속(維管束)이 발달(發達)함을 알 수 있었다. 그러나, 유관속(維管束)의 형성(形成)을 동반(桐伴)하지 않는 경우도 있었다 유도(油道)는 엽병(葉柄)에서는 주변부(周邊部)에 많이 존재(存在)했다. 엽신(葉身)에서는 엽맥(葉脈)의 향축측(向軸側)과 배축측(背軸側)에 존재(存在)했고, 주맥(主脈)에 있는 유도(油道)가 컸다. 경(莖)에서의 유도(油道)는, 파드득나물과 미나리는 피층(皮層)과 빈에, 명일엽(明日葉)과 갯방풍은 피층(皮層)과 목부주변(木部周邊)의 기본조직(基本組織)에 분포(分布)했다. 근(根)에서는, 파드득나물과 미나리는 내초에, 명일엽(明日葉)과 갯방풍은 후각성조직(厚角性組織)과 축부(縮部)에 분포(分布)했다. 유도(油道)의 횡단면(橫斷面)은 도형(圖形) 혹은 타도형(楕圖形)이었다. 분필세포(分泌細胞)는 피층(皮層)과 빈에서는 주변(周邊)의 유세포(柔細胞)보다 작았으며 사부(篩部)에서는 컸다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.32-38
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• 1987

수납시기 6년근 수삼의 동체중심부의 유리아미노산 조성을 지상부의 고사유무와 관련하여 조사하였다. 유리아미노산의 총합은 고사경의 경우에 증가하는 경향이나 유의성은 없었다. 유리아미노산 총합(3.5~49% 건중)은 ninhydrin법에 의한 총유리아미노산 함량과 차이가 컸으며 이는 수용성비단백질 분획에 상당량의 유리아미노산 이외의 ninhydrin 반응물이 있음을 나타낸다. 경의 고사가 유리아미노산 조성유이도에 영향을 주지는 아니하였다. 17개 아미산중 10개가 경고사에 의하여 증가하는 경향을 보였고 두개(glutamic acid, cysteine)는 감소경향을 보였다. 주요 amino acid는 arginine(상대함량 58%), glycine(6.2), lysine(5.9), serine(5.7), glutamic acid(4.2), aspartic acid(3.5)였다. 이상의 결과는 조기낙엽이나 경고사가 유리아미노산을 감소시키지 아니하므로 유리아미노산이 내백과 관계되지 아니함을 강력히 시사한다. 보고된 모든 경우에 arginine의 함량이 가장 높으므로 질소 대사에 중요한 역할이 있을 것이다. 본 조사결과가 기타 보고된 것과 유리아미노산 조성 유사도에서 arginine을 제외한 경우 유의성이 없는 것을 주로 alanine, phenylalanine, glycine및 proline의 변화 때문이다.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1990년도 Proceedings of International Symposium on Korean Ginseng, 1990, Seoul, Korea
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• pp.175-189
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• 1990

Nitrogen compounds of Panax ginseng and their biological activities in plant and animal were reviewed. Major nitrogen compounds found in P. ginseng are free amino acids. Water solilble proteins, indouble proteins and peptides. Minor nitrogen compounds are dencichine. Glycolyroteins, amines, alkaloides, methoxy or alkyl pyrazine derivatives, free nucleosides and nucleic acid bases. 4-methyl-i-thiazoltethanol and pyroglutamic acid the contents of total nitrogen and protein in root Increased until 13 years old which was the highest age tinder investigation. Soluble protein content increased with the root weight and was higher in xylem pith than cortex-epidermis indicating the close relation with root growth. Arginine, which covered 58% of total free amino acids, may serve as storage nitrogen. Arginine seems to be changed into proline in rhizome. threonine in stem and again threonine and arginine in leaf. The greater the root weight the higher the polyamine stimulated Polyamine stimlllated the growth of root callus. Physiological roles of other minor nitrogen compounds are unknown although content is relatively high ((1.if) 6.w). Biochemical and pharmacological activities of some nitrogen compounds for animal were more investigated than physiological role there plant itself. Radiation and U.V protective function (heat stable protein). insulin-like activity in lipogenesis and livolysis (adenosine and pyroglutamic acid), depression of blood sugar content (glycopevtide). htmostatic and nellrotoxic activity (dencichine) and, sedative and hypnotic activity (4-methyl-i-thiazoleethanol) are reported. Heat stable protein increased with root age. The traditional quality criteria appear to be well in accordance with biological activities of nitrogen compounds. Chemical studies of nitrogen compounds seem relatively rare, probably due to difficulty of isolation, subsequently the investigations of biological activities are little.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.317-331
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• 1990

Nitrogen compounds of Panax ginseng and their biological activities in plant and animal were reviewed. Major nitrogen combounds found in P. ginseng are free amino acids, Water soluble teins, insoluble proteins and peptides. Minor nitrogen compounds are dencichine. glycol)roteins. amines, alkaloides, methoxy or alkyl pyrazine derivatives. free nucleosides and nllrleir arid bases. 4-me- thymi-5-thiazoleethanol and pyroglutamic acid. The contents of total nitrogen and protein in root increased until 13 years old rvhich was the highest age tinder investigation. Soluble protein content increased With the root weight and was higher in xylem pith than cortex-epidermis indicating the rlosc relation with root growth. Arginine which covered 58% of total free amino aroids may serve as a storage nitrogen. Arginine seems to be changed into proline in rhizome, threonine in stem and again threoning and arginine in leaf. The greater the root weight the higher the polyaminc content. Polyamine stimulated the growth of root callus. Physiological roles of other minor nitrogen compounds are unknown although dencichine content is relatively high (0.5% d.w.). biochemical and pharmatological activities of some nitrogen compounds for animal were more investigated than physiological roll iota plant itself. Radiation and U.V. protective function (heat stable protein), insulin-like activity in lipogenesis and lipolysis (adenosine and pyroglutamic acid), depression of blood sugar content (glycopeptide). hemostatir and nellrotoxic activity (denrichine) and. sedative and hypnotic activity (4-methyl-5-thiazoleethilnol) are reported. Heat stable protein increased with root age. The traditional quality critsria appear to be well in accordance with biological activities of nitrogen compounds. Chemical stlldies of nitrogen compounds seem relatively rare, probably dole to difficulty of isolation, subsequently the investigations of biological activities are little.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.211-217
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• 1982

경색정도(莖色程度)가 다른 자경종인삼근동체(紫莖種人蔘根胴體)의 표피일주피(表皮一周皮)(외부(外部))와 도관일수(導管一隋)(내부(內部))의 진세노사이드를 조사하였다. 진세노사이드의 양상(樣相), 다이올계와 트리올계의 비(比)(PT/PD) 및 총(總) 진세노사이드 함량은 두 부위간(部位間)에만 유의성(有意性) 있는 차이(差異)를 보였으며 경색도(莖色度)와는 관계(關係)를 보이지 아니하였다. 자색도(紫色度) 감소에 따른 총(總) 진세노사이드 함량(含量)의 증가경향(增加傾向)은 시료수(試料數)를 증대(增大)하여 조사(調査)할 필요(必要)가 있다. 진세노사이드의 함량(含量) 순서는 외부(外部)에서 $R_{b1}>R_{g1}>R_{e}>R_{c}>R_{g2}>R_{b2}>R_{f}>R_{d}$였고 내부(內部)에서는 $R_{g1}>R_{b1}>R_{g2}>R_{e}>R_{b2}>R_{c}>R_{f}>R_{d}$였다. PT/PD는 외부(外部)에서 1.08 내부(內部)에서 1.95였다. 총(總) 진세노사이드 함량(含量)은 외부(外部)가 내부(內部)보다 3배(倍) 높고 두 부위(部位)의 무게는 비슷하므로 동체(胴體)의 진세노사이드 함량은 외부(外部)의 함량에 의존된다.