• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.131-138
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• 2014

A close-copy stylization of intonation curve was used for an acoustical analysis of emotional speech. For the analysis, 408 utterances of five emotions (happiness, anger, fear, neutral and sadness) were processed to extract acoustical feature values. The results show that certain pitch point features (pitch point movement time and pitch point distance within a sentence) and sentence level features (pitch range of a final pitch point, pitch range of a sentence and pitch slope of a sentence) are affected by emotions. Pitch point movement time, pitch point distance within a sentence and pitch slope of a sentence show no significant difference between male and female participants. The emotions with high arousal (happiness and anger) are consistently distinguished from the emotion with low arousal (sadness) in terms of these acoustical features. Emotions with higher arousal show steeper pitch slope of a sentence. They have steeper pitch slope at the end of a sentence. They also show wider pitch range of a sentence. The acoustical analysis in this study implies the possibility that the measurement of these acoustical features can be used to cluster and identify emotions of speech.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.2-7
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• 2004

본 논문에서는 내용 기반 음악 정보 검색에 MPEG-7에 정의된 오디오 서술자를 적용하는 방법을 제안한다. 특히 Pitch 정보와 timbral 특징들은 음색 구분을 용이하게 할 수 있어 음악 검색뿐만 아니라 음악 장르 분류 또는 QBH(Query By Humming)에 이용 될 수 있다. 이러한 방법을 통하여 오디오 신호의 대표적인 특성을 표현 할 수 있는 특징벡터를 구성 할 수 있다면 추후에 멀티모달 시스템을 이용한 검색 알고리즘에도 오디오 특징으로 이용 될 수 있을 것이다. 본 논문에서는 방송 시스템에 적용하기 위해 영화나 드라마의 배경음악에 해당하는 O.S.T 앨범으로 검색 범위를 제한하였다. 즉, 사용자가 임의로 검색을 요청한 시점에서 비디오 컨텐츠로부터 추출한 임의의 오디오 클립만을 이용하여 그 컨텐츠 전체의 O.S.T 앨범 내에서 음악을 검색할 수 있도록 하였다. 오디오 특징 백터를 구성하기 위해 필요한 MPEG-7 오디오 서술자의 조합 방법을 제안하고 distance 또는 ratio 계산 방식을 통해 성능 향상을 추구하였다. 또한 reference 음악의 템플릿 구성 방식의 변화를 통해 성능 향상을 추구하였다. Classifier로 k-NN 방식을 사용하여 성능평가를 수행한 결과 timbral spectral feature 보다는 pitch 정보를 이용한 특징이 우수한 성능을 보였고 vector distance 방식으로는 특징들의 비율을 이용한 IFCR(Intra-Feature Component Ratio) 방식이 ED(Euclidean Distance) 방식보다 우수한 성능을 보였다.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.11-21
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• 1994

The vocal pitch is controlled by the tension, mass, and length of the vocal fold. It is well known that cricothyroid approximation raises the vocal pitch by simulating the contraction of the cricothyroid muscle, and there were so many reports that have noted a relationship between cricothyroid distance and pitch control, but there does not seem to be any single generally accepted theory to account for this connection. It is generally known that the strap muscles are active during low and falling Fo, and the suprahyoid muscles are active during high and raising Fo. These findings can be related to a general picture of the motion of the larynx during changes in Fo, the cricothyroid joint would tend to lengthen the vocal folds, as the larynx moves up and forward, and relax them as it moves back and down. In this study, we suggest that the relationship between anterior cricothyroid distance and fundamental frequency of the larynx was so complex according to the level of larynx and vertebral curvature. The higher the level of larynx, the wider the cricothyoid distance, but there is more greater fundamental frequency even though more wide cricothyroid distance. This phono-menon seems to be due to the multifactors, especially the vertical tension of the conus elasticus or the change of cricothyroid articulation. It is generally known that the crocothyoid and vocal is muscles are very closely related to pitch elevation, but sternohyoid muscle seems to be more closely related to pitch lowering. By this electromyographic studies, the sternohyoid muscle have dual activity to pitch control, increased activity during the low fundamental frequency and falling pitch, but also increased activity during the higher fundamental frequency and raising pitch at least in this study.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2015

This research mainly focuses on intonational characteristics of synchronous English speech. Intonation contours were extracted from 1,848 utterances produced in two different speaking modes (solo vs. synchronous) by 28 (12 women and 16 men) native speakers of English. Synchronous speech is found to be slower than solo speech. Women are found to speak slower than men. The effect size of speech rate caused by different speaking modes is greater than gender differences. However, there is no interaction between the two factors (speaking modes vs. gender differences) in terms of speech rate. Analysis of pitch point features has it that synchronous speech has smaller Pt (pitch point movement time), Pr (pitch point pitch range), Ps (pitch point slope) and Pd (pitch point distance) than solo speech. There is no interaction between the two factors (speaking modes vs. gender differences) in terms of pitch point features. Analysis of sentence level features reveals that synchronous speech has smaller Sr (sentence level pitch range), Ss (sentence slope), MaxNr (normalized maximum pitch) and MinNr (normalized minimum pitch) but greater Min (minimum pitch) and Sd (sentence duration) than solo speech. It is also shown that the higher the Mid (median pitch), the MaxNr and the MinNr in solo speaking mode, the more they are reduced in synchronous speaking mode. Max, Min and Mid show greater speaker discriminability than other features.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.79-90
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• 2014

An intonation curve stylization was used for an acoustical analysis of English speech. For the analysis, acoustical feature values were extracted from 1,848 utterances produced with normal and fast speech rate by 28 (12 women and 16 men) native speakers of English. Men are found to speak faster than women at normal speech rate but no difference is found between genders at fast speech rate. Analysis of pitch point features has it that fast speech has greater Pt (pitch point movement time), Pr (pitch point pitch range), and Pd (pitch point distance) but smaller Ps (pitch point slope) than normal speech. Men show greater Pt, Pr, and Pd than women. Analysis of sentence level features reveals that fast speech has smaller Sr (sentence level pitch range), Sd (sentence duration), and Max (maximum pitch) but greater Ss (sentence slope) than normal speech. Women show greater Sr, Ss, Sp (pitch difference between the first pitch point and the last), Sd, MaxNr (normalized Max), and MinNr (normalized Min) than men. As speech rate increases, women speak with greater Ss and Sr than men.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.713-721
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• 2022

LED 비디오월을 방송 현장에서 사용하기 위해서는 몇 가지 알아두어야 할 사항이 있다. 첫째, 픽셀이 촘촘히 배열되어 있기 때문에 짧은 배열 주기로 인한 무아레 현상이 나타날 수 있고, 둘째, 픽셀 간의 거리(픽셀피치)가 촬영하는 카메라 이미지 센서에 기록될 수 있다. 무아레 현상이 발생하거나 픽셀피치가 관찰되게 되면 시청자의 입장에서는 불편함을 느끼게 된다. 무아레 현상은 카메라의 촬영거리나 각도를 조정하면서 감소시킬 수 있지만, 픽셀피치가 이미지 센서에 녹화되는 걸 방지하기 위해서는 LED 비디오월과 카메라와의 거리를 충분히 확보하거나, 거리가 확보된 상태에서도 픽셀피치가 녹화되지 않도록 방송 현장에서 사용되는 줌렌즈의 배율을 적절하게 변화시켜 운용해야 한다. 원하는 화각을 얻기 위해 배율을 변경시켜 초점거리를 변동시키게 되면 의도치 않게 픽셀피치가 녹화되는 결과를 초래할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 비디오월과의 거리가 충분히 확보된 상태에서 줌렌즈의 배율을 변경하면서 픽셀피치가 관찰되지 않는 범위에 대해 알아보았다. LED 비디오월에 영상을 재생시켜 B4 마운트 줌렌즈를 장착한 HD 카메라와 서버를 사용해 LED 비디오월 상태를 녹화하였고, TV 화면으로 재생하여 픽셀피치가 관찰되는지 확인해 보았다.

• 품질경영학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.111-119
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• 2002

Gears are essential elements for mechanical power transmission. Geometric precision is the main factor for characterizing gear grade and qualify. Gear pitch is one of the crucial measurements, which is defined as a distance between two adjacent gear teeth. It is well-known that variability in gear pitches may causes wear-out and vibration noise. Therefore maintaining pitch errors at a low level plays a key role in assuring the gear quality to customers. This paper is concerned with a case study, which presents a computerized system for Inspecting pitch errors in a gear machining process. This system consists of a PC and window-based programs. Although the start and stop is manually accomplished, the process of measuring and analyzing pitch data is automatically conducted in this system. Our purpose lies in reducing inspection cost and time as well as Increasing test reliability. Its operation is briefly illustrated by example. Sometimes a strong autocorrelation is observed from pitch data. We also discuss a process monitoring scheme taking account of autocorrelations.

• Carbon letters
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.207-213
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• 2007

The properties and electrochemical characteristics of anode material using pitch-coated graphite residue compounds by heat-treatment at $600^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour were investigated. The distance of layers of pitch-coated graphite residual compounds was 3.3539 ${\AA}$, which was as same as that of graphite. Its electrochemical and charge discharge characteristics were tested according to different four types of carbon material, natural graphite, pitch-coated graphite, amorphous graphite and pitch-coated graphite residual compounds, respectively. So it was shown the best charge-discharge characteristics in all of the samples. For the electrochemical and charge-discharge characteristics, although pitch-coated graphite residual compounds had different carbon contents 70% and 80%, these two samples were shown good electrochemical and charge-discharge characteristics.

• Carbon letters
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.167-170
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• 2011

Petroleum pitch-based activated carbons (ACs) were obtained in this work from a combination of pretreatment with different amounts of potassium permanganate ($KMnO_4$) and chemical activation with potassium hydroxide. The surface characteristics of the pitch after the $KMnO_4$ pretreatment were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The structural characteristics of the pitch after the $KMnO_4$ pretreatment were determined by means of X-ray diffraction. The influence of the $KMnO_4$ treatment on the textural properties of the petroleum pitch-based ACs was investigated by means of $N_2$/77K adsorption isotherms. The investigation also involved the use of the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller equation and the Dubinin-Radushkevich method. The FT-IR results show that the pretreatment promotes the formation of surface oxygen functionalities and leads to an increase of the interplanar distance ($d_{002}$) of the functional groups induced between carbon layers. Moreover, the specific surface area of the pitch-based ACs increases in proportion to the amount of $KMnO_4$ pretreatment and reaches its highest value of 2334 $m^2$/g with 2 g of $KMnO_4$ because the surface oxygen groups of the pitch act as an active site during chemical activation.

• 융합신호처리학회논문지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.178-183
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• 2006

As a lot of researches on the speech signal processing are performed due to the recent rapid development of the information-communication technology. the pitch period is used as an important element to various speech signal application fields such as the speech recognition. speaker identification. speech analysis. or speech synthesis. A variety of algorithms for the time and the frequency domains related with such pitch period detection have been suggested. One of the pitch detection algorithms for the time domain. AMDF (average magnitude difference function) uses distance between two valley points as the calculated pitch period. However, it has a problem that the algorithm becomes complex in selecting the valley points for the pitch period detection. Therefore, in this paper we proposed the modified AMDF(M-AMDF) algorithm which recognizes the entire minimum valley points as the pitch period of the speech signal by using the rotation transform of AMDF. In addition, a threshold is set to the beginning portion of speech so that it can be used as the selection criteria for the pitch period. Moreover the proposed algorithm is compared with the conventional ones by means of the simulation, and presents better properties than others.