• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.682-688
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• 2017

Fresh japanese anise (Illicium anisatum L.) tree leaves were collected and ground after drying. The essential oils of the leaves were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using headspace (HS) and solid phase-microextra (SPME) methods. Volatile components of the leaves were identified 21 and 65 components in HS and SPME, respectively. The main components of the essential oils obtained by HS method were eucalyptol (36.7%), (+)-sabinene (15.61%), ${\delta}$-3-carene (6.87%), ${\alpha}$-pinene (6.07%), ${\gamma}$-terpinen (5.72%), ${\alpha}$-limonene (5.26%), ${\beta}$-myrcene (4.13%), ${\alpha}$-terpinene (4.04%) and ${\beta}$-pinene (3.73%). The other components were less than 3.5%. SPME method also showed that eucalyptol (17.88%) was main. The other were 5-allyl-1-methoxy-2 (13.29%), caryophyllene (6.09%), (+)-sabinene (5.60%), ${\alpha}$-ocimene (4.89%) and ${\beta}$-myrcene (3.73%), and the rest were less amounts than 3.5%. This work indicated that many more volatile components were isolated, comparing to the previous literature data and that SPME method was much more effective than HS method in the analysis of the volatile components.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.589-594
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• 2002

Changes in the content of volatile terpenoids were investigated with heat-treated carrot. As heat treatment temperature became higher, the amount of volatile terpenoids decreased significantly. According to heat-treatment period, the volatile terpenoids, a-pinene and total terpenoids, decreased drastically during the initial 30-minutes of heat treatment but the rate of decrease slowed down afterwards. When changes in the content of volatile terpenoids in carrot juice were investigated according to sterilization temperature and period, the content decreased quickly with higher sterilization temperature. According to sterilization period, the content of volatile terpenoids decreased drastically during the initial 20-minutes of sterilization but decreased gradually afterwards. The amount of total terpenoids decreased more when sterilization was done at 10$0^{\circ}C$ for 20 minutes compared to sterilization at 6$0^{\circ}C$ and 8$0^{\circ}C$ for 60 min. In order to reduce the amount of volatile terpenoids in carrot juice, sterilization at high temperature for a short period of time would be more effective compared with sterilization at low temperature for a long period of time.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.533-542
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• 2014

We extracted essential oils from four species (Pinus densiflora, Larix kaempferi, Pinus koraiensis, and Abies holophylla) in the family Pinaceae to investigate their antibacterial activities against respiratory tract bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophillus influenzae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumonia, and Neisseria meningitides). Among the tested oils, that from A. holophylla was showed strong activity based on disc diffusion and broth medium dilution (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC) assays. Qualitative analysis of A. holophylla oil was carried out by GC-MS; ${\alpha}$-pinene, camphene, ${\beta}$-pinene, 3-carene, limonene, bornyl acetate, borneol, ${\beta}$-caryophyllene, ${\alpha}$-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, and ${\alpha}$-bisabolol were identified as its major constituents. Fractionation by silica gel chromatography was performed to analyze the active constituents of the crude oil. In particular, one fraction containing caryophyllene oxide as the major constituent showed stronger antibacterial activity than the crude oil of A. holophylla. Growth rates of bacterial strains exposed to fraction D were explored by optical density (OD600) measurements while morphology was examined by optical microscopy observations ( ${\times}1000$). OD600 of K. pneumoniae decreased from 0.2582 to 0.005 in response to treatment with fraction D at a MIC value of $0.31{\mu}{\ell}/m{\ell}$.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.285-292
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• 2014

Essential oil yields and chemical compositions from 5 populations of Chamaecyparis obtusa with several environmental factors were investigated through essential oil extracted distillation apparatus and metabolite profiling by GC-MS analysis. Among the populations, content of essential oil at Gokseong was significantly higher than other populations. To compare the several environmental factors affecting on chemical composition and essential oil yields from C. obtuse at Gokseong, the environmental factors (soil condition, temperature, humidity, and moisture content) were measured during 1 year. The essential oils at Goksung based on humidity on March, July, and November was significantly different from other months. The essential oils at Goksung based on temperature on July and August was significantly different from other months. The essential oils at Goksung based on the moisture content on September were significantly different from other months. The percentage of T-N, OM, and yield of oil at Gokseong were significantly different on from other populations. The main constituents of C. obtusa at all populations were ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, ${\alpha}$-terpinene, ${\gamma}$-terpinene, terpinene-4-ol, isobonyl acetate, terpinyl acetate, and cedar acetate. Specially, Essential oil compositions (%) of ${\alpha}$-terpinene and cedar acetate were higher at Gokseong than at other populations. The chemical compositions of essential oils were variable depend on populations and environmental conditions. Therefore, this study might be used as fundamental research on study for selection of high productive terpenoids and for understanding about biosynthesis of essential oils in C. obtusa.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.137-140
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• 2001

The antifungal activity of chemical substances from Artemisia annua were examined. Antifungal activity of aqueous extracts from A. annua was higher than that of essential oils in Fusarium oxysporum, whereas that of essential oil was higher than that of aqueous extracts in Aspergillus nidulans. The GC/MS methods were employed for the analysis and identification of phytotoxic substances from A. annua. Essential oil of some components were identified including thujone, terpineol, β-pinene, cienole, 2,4-hexndienal, camphor, citronellal, (-)-menthone, (1R)-(-)myrtenol, (S)-(-)-perilla aldehyde, perilla alcohol, 4-tert-buthylaniline, eugenol, isosafrole, isoeugenol and α-humulene. These results suggest that the chemical substances from A. annua such as terphenoids seem to be responsible for the allelopathic effect.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.22-27
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• 2003

This study was designed to investigate the effects of main constituents of Nigella sativa (NS) seed on the survival and CNS responses in experimental animals. The toxicological investigations were conducted for the determination of median lethal doses $(LD_{50})$ of NS seed constituents [i.e. aqueous extract (AE), fixed oil (FO), volatile oil (VO)] and main components of its VO [i.e. thymoquinone (TQ), ${\alpha}-pinene$ (AP) and p-cymene (PC)]. A part of this study includes evaluation NS constituents in the induction of minimal neurological deficit (MND) as a parameter for neurotoxicity using chimney test. In this study, the i.p. $LD_{50}$ values of AE, FO, VO, TQ (suspended In 0.5%CMC), TQ (dissolved in corn oil), AP and PC, were 3020, 3371, 1853, 616.6, 90.3, 1726 and 1523 mg/kg, respectively. All the NS constituents can be considered moderately toxic ($LD_{50}$ ranged from 616.6 to 3371 mg/kg), except the oily solution of TQ, which was very toxic ($LD_{50}$ was 90.3 mg/kg). It appeared that the toxicity of the whole VO is mainly due to its content of TQ and to some extent PC. All the NS constituents induced different degrees of MND at certain dose levels. The median neurotoxic (or sedating) doses $(TD_{50})$ of AE, FO, VO, TQ (suspended in CMC) and AP and PC, were 950, 1403, 306, 88.1, >173 and 368 mg/kg, respectively. TQ was the most potent component in inducing MND, whereas the FO and AE were the least. Neurotoxicity induced by the VO in the chimney test may refer basically to its contents of TQ and to some extent PC and AP.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.148-154
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• 2007

Volatile components of the essential oils of Satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu), Dangyuza (C. grandis), Yuza (C. junos), Byungkyul (C. playtymamma), Jinkyul (C. sunki), and Hakyul (C. natsudaidai) grown in Jeju Island were isolated from the fruit peels by hydro distillation and determined by GC-MS. GC-MS analysis identified 58 compounds, with main components being d-limonene $(64.01{\sim}79.34%),\;{\beta}-myrcene\;(3.01{\sim}26.53%),\;{\gamma}-terpinene\;(0.11{\sim}12.88%),\;{\beta}-pinene\;(0.78{\sim}4.74%),\;and\;{\alpha}-pinene\;(1.01{\sim}2.55%)$. Differences in compositions and contents of the essential oils were observed among citrus varieties. Effects of citrus oils on growth inhibitions of Escherchia coli, Staphyllococcus epidermidis, and Candida albicans were investigated using disc diffusion assay and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. The essential oils inhibited growths of the test organisms, exhibiting higher levels of activity against Gram-positive S. epidermidis (MIC values $0.04{\sim}0.17mg/mL$), whereas Gram-negative E. coli was moderately resistant (MIC values $1.66{\sim}20.30mg/mL$). MIC of citrus essential oils ranged from $0.82{\sim}23.69mg/mL$ against C. albicans. The essential oils obtained from C. sunki, C. grandis, and C. playtymamma showed the highest antimicrobial activities against S. epidermidis and C. albicans, indicating their potential as natural antimicrobial agents.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.749-754
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• 1989

The essential oil was prepared by a gas co-distillation method from flavedo of Poncirus trifoliata and was analyzed by GC/ retention index (RI) and GC/MS. The essential oil prepared by a gas co-distillation gave a whole fragrance of Poncirus trifoliata. The identification of the flavor components was performed by multi-dimensional analysis using GC/RI and GC/MS. GC/RI and GC/MS were complementary to each other. In applying GC/RI for identification, it was more effective when two columns of different polarities were used. Thirty volatile flavor constituents were identified in Poncirus trifoliata. Limonene, myrcene, ${\beta}-caryophyllene,\;trans-{\beta}-ocimene$, ${\beta}-pinene$, 3-thujene and 7-geranyloxycoumarin were the major constituents and cis-3-hexenyl acetate, n-hexyl acetate, 2-methyl acetophenone, elixene and elemicine had not been reported earlier as citrus components.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.562-568
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• 1989

The essential oils from ripe fruit peel and leaf of Zanthoxylum piperitum DC were extracted by gas co-distillation method and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/ MS) and retention index matching. The experimental results revealed the presence of over 100 volatile components. Major components were 1,8-cineol (25.47%), limonene (11.91%), geranyl acetate (9.01%), myrcene (6.15%) in fruit peel and citronellal (23.11%), 1,8-cineol (18.38%), citronellol (6.04%) in leaf. Among the components identified were the following; in fruit peel, ${\alpha}-pinene$ and 13 hydrocarbons, linalool and 8 alcohols, citronellal and 3 aldehydes, carvone and 2 kotones, methyl salicylate and 7 esters, and 1,8-cineol and oxides, and in leaf, ${\alpha}-pinene$ and 7 hydrocarbons, linalool and 7 alcohols, citronellyl acetate and 5 esters, citronellal and 1 aldehyde, carvone, and 1,8-cineol and 1 oxide.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 2015

In previous study, VOC emission characteristics of coating materials for wood finishing were conducted and results showed that eco-friendly products has about 15~46% lower TVOC emission than typical products. In this study, lower TVOC emitted coating materials were applied on pine and then changes of VOC emission characteristics from pine with treatments were determined. Non-treated pine emitted $604.7{\mu}g/m^2h$ of TVOC that contained 66% of NVOC ($399.7{\mu}g/m^2h$). However, $V_2$ finished pine showed no NVOC emission rather than AVOC emission that consisted of Toluene, Ethylbenzene, m,p-Xylene, o-Xylene, 1,2,4- Trimethylbenzene. All coating materials inhibited ${\alpha}$-Pinene emission which originally from pine, but waterborne stain ($W_1$ and $W_3$) showed lower disruption of that emission. Moreover, $W_3$/wood showed higher NVOC emission such as ${\alpha}$-Terpinol, Terpinen-4-ol which are known as antioxidant substrates. Based on results, VOC emission characteristic of pine was significantly affected by coating materials with negatively in terms of ${\alpha}$-Pinene emission or positively in terms of NVOC emission. Therefore, coating material is important factor for indoor air quality when it would apply on wood products. For the future study, VOC emission characteristic of coated wood will be conducted continuously.