• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.583-599
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• 2008

Dokdo, small island located in the eastern end of the Korean Peninsula, has been an uninhabited island for long time due to long distance from the land. Moreover, the steep slope of volcanic tuff at Dokdo is well drained for high permeability and Dokdo has few plain areas, swamps and very thin soil layers. In this study, pollen analysis at Dokdo was attempted on the profile of organic sandy soil for the first time in Korea owing to the marine climate environment with high humidity and precipitation including snowfalls in spite of unprofitable condition geologically or geomorphologically. While many historical, political researches have been accumulated for territorial problem of Dokdo with Japan, natural scientific researches with field work are not sufficient, and few paleoecological researches have been done. As a result of pollen analysis, the ratio of the NAP(Non-Arboreal Pollen) and spore was higher than AP(Arboreal Pollen), and the vegetation change existed by showing dramatic decrease of AP at the upper layer. AP was composed of almost Pinus, and a little Alnus, Quercus, Betula, Carpinus, Picea and Ulmus. NAP was composed of Gramineae, Compositae, Chenopodiaceae Cyperaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Liliaceae, Umbelliferae, Artemisia, Lobelia, Rumex, Polygonum. Increase of the NAP such as Gramineae, Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae, they would mostly have been transported from the other areas because agricultural activity is impossible at Dokdo. While one reason of Pinus thunbergii decrease could be regarded as environmental change, the other reason would be lumbering of pine trees by human activity which is adapted to Dokdo environment.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.101-110
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• 2015

Parameters of mating system and pollen flow of a Pinus densiflora population in Buan, South Korea, were estimated using seven nuclear microsatellite markers. The expected heterozygosity ($H_e$) was 0.614 in mother trees and 0.624 in seeds. Fixation index (F) was 0.018 and 0.087 in each generation. There was no significant genetic difference between the generations (P > 0.05). From MLTR, the outcrossing rate ($t_m$), the biparental inbreeding ($t_m-t_s$), and the correlation of paternity ($r_p$) were 0.967, 0.057, and 0.012, respectively. tm was larger but $t_m-t_s$ and $r_p$ were smaller than those of allozyme markers in Pinus densiflora. These values were similar to those of microsatellite markers in other pine species. The optimal pollen dispersal model from TwoGener was the normal dispersal model with the effective density of 220 trees/ha and its level of genetic differentiation in pollen pool structure (${\Phi}_{ft}$) was 0.021. The average radial distance of pollen flow (${\delta}$) was calculated as 11.42 m, but no correlation between the pairwise-${\Phi}_{ft}$ and the geographical distance among mother trees was at Mantel test (r = -0.141, P > 0.05). Although the effective pollen dispersal in the population seems to be restricted, the amount of genetic variation might be maintained in each generation without a loss of genetic diversity. It might be because the genetic diversity in pollen pool was high but the genetic difference between pollen donors was small under the complete random mating condition in the Pinus densiflora population in Buan.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.99-107
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• 2012

There has been increasing number of patients with asthma, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis due to the atmospheric pollution and global warming. In this study, we investigated daily observed number of pollens to establish a standardized method for the impact analysis of the climate changes on the number of daily pollens in Korea. Daily observed allergenic pollens of trees, weeds, and pine were analyzed during the period of 1998 to 2010 (except 2006) in Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Gwangju, Gangneung, and Jeju. They increased in large cities including Seoul during the last 12 years and the long-term trend may continue in the future. Daily concentration or amount of pollens was highly correlated with weather variables. Positive correlation was found between air temperature and the pollens although different relationships existed for different locations. Chill days were utilized to estimate the length of the flowering or pollen period. The pollen period of trees was shorter in the field when the winter temperature was low. This approach may be utilized to determine the quantitative change in length of the pollen season in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2005

This study presents the Mid-Lateglacial vegetation history of southwestern Korea. From the result of AMS dating and pollen analysis, four local pollen assemblage zones(BS) were recognized. The four local pollen assemblage zones are BS 1. 12,222cal BC$\sim$9,160cal BC: cool-temperate northern/altimontane mixed coniferous & deciduous broad-leaved forest, BS 2. 9,160cal BC$\sim$ 4,210cal BC: cool-temperate central/montane deciduous broad-leaved forest, BS 3. 4,210cal BC$\sim$125cal BC: cool-Temperate southern/submontane mixed coniferous & deciduous broad-leaved forest. BS 4. BC125cal ${\sim}$present: warm-temperate/cool-temperate southern/submontane coniferous forest. Pine forest expanded since 4,210cal BC and full-scale rice cultivation might started since 2,120cal BC. A radical expansion of Pinus densiflora forest after postglacial stage might be caused by human impacts including full-scale agriculture.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.69 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 1985

Pinus thunbergii ${\times}$ P. massoniana $F_1$ hybrids were made by pollinating 15 years old Japanese black pine (P. thunbergii) with Masson pine (P. massoniana) pollen, air-shipped from Taiwan. The crossability between two species were observed. Seedling height, morphological characteristics, and the composition of phenolic compounds of these hybrids and the open-pollinated progenies of P. thunbergii were investigated. The results of the observation were as follows; 1) Number of the hybrid seeds per cone was 2.3, while open-pollinated Japanese black pine produced 26 seeds per cone. 2) All hybrid seedlings outgrew P. thunbergii, averaging 151% of mean height of Japanese black pine seedlings. The growth of hybrids was much variable, ranging from 120% to 208% of mean height of the open-pollinated progenies of P. thunbergii. 3) With regard to needle characteristics, the hybrid needles were longer and softer than those of P. thunbergii. The color of hybrid needles showed yellowish green. The positions of resin ducts in P. thunbergii observed medial, while those of hybrids showed medial and external. 4) No large difference in phenolic compound composition between hybrid and P. thunbergii was found, but phenolic compound of unknown 4 and 6 were observed only in hybrid. Further intensive work is recommended in this area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 2001

Genetic differentiation of populations is resulted from the environmental and the genetic effects, and the interactions between them. Whereas, the major factors influencing to the genetic differentiation within populations are the gene flow induced by seed or pollen dispersial, the microsite heterogeneity, and the density-dependent distribution of individuals. For the purpose of studying spatial genetic structure and the distribution pattern of Korean pines(Pinus koraiensis), we set up one $100{\times}100m$ plot at a Korean pine stand in Quercus mongolica community on Mt. Jumbong in Korea. To estimate the coefficient of spatial autocorrelation as Moran's index and an analogue, simple block distance, isozyme markers were analyzed in 325 Korean pines. For 11 polymorphic loci observed in 9 enzyme systems, the average percentage of polymorphic loci, the observed and expected heterozygocity were 72.2% 0.200, and 0.251, respectively. It was revealed the excess of homozygotes was observed in the plot, which suggests that here may be more number of consanguineous trees than expected. On the basis of isozyme genotypes observed in this study, 325 trees were classified into 147 groups in which the maximum number of trees for one group was 34. From the distance class of 24-32m, the genetic heterogeneity began to increase. The variation of simple block distance against the growth performance by tree height and diameter also showed the same trend at 24~32m class. According to high fixation index(F=0.204), the spatial genetic structure within a stand, the analysis of the growth performance, and the distribution patterns of identical genotypes, we inferred that the genetic structure of a Korean pine stand in Mt. Jumbong has been maintained rather density-dependent mechanism than the gene flow, such as the pollen dispersial or the heavy input of seeds following the forest gaps. The genetic patchy size was determined between 24~32m, which suggests that the selection of individuals for the ex situ conservation of Korean pine in Mt. Jumbong may be desirable to be made with the spatial distance over 37 meters between trees.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.281-296
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• 2022

This study is designed to compensate for the lack of children's clothing relics from the early 18th century and to reproduce young upper-class girls' costume as hanbokcontent. The shapes and materials of costumes are based on the record of 『Sukjong-silrok』 in 1701 and the characteristics of adult ladie's costume relics in this period, but reproduced as miniatures of these relics as like Joseon children's clothing of another period. The reproduced costumes are formal wear for 3~4 year-old girls, consisting of yeoui [女衣], long unlined skirts, and lined skirts. Sizes were set at a height ratio of approximately 155:95. Yeoui is sam-hoejang-jeogori using pine pollen-colored damask with a grape-squirrel pattern and a purple damask with flower-treasure pattern. The full length of yeoui is 24.5cm. It has a square-dangko outer collar with square inner collar. The long unlined skirt is a six-width overskirt that is 82cm long, made with lotus patterned sa. The lined skirt is a five-width skirt that is 61.3cm made with flower-treasure patterned red damask and ju. Several long pleats on both sides of these two skirts have been omitted. The result provides meaningful content for children's clothing in the early 18^th century and will be used as costume for an educational trial performance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.1443-1449
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• 2005

Quality characteristics and functional properties of Korean wheat noodle with brassica oleracea L. powder were investigated to develop health promoting and high quality product. Brassica oleracea L. powder was extracted with water and $70\%$ ethanol, and the extracts were tested its electron donating ability (EDA) and nitrite scavenging ability (NSA). Quality characteristics of the noodle were evaluated by its color, flavor, moisture, softness, texture and taste evaluation. Microbiological Quality was also tested counting total viable cells. EDA was highest at 1000 ppm of both water extract ($64\%$ of EDA) and ethanol extract ($76\%$ of EDA). NSA was highest pH 1.2 of both water extract ($42\%$ of NSA) and ethanol extract ($46\%$ of NSA). In antimicrobial activity test, Korean wheat noodle with $3\%$ pine pollen powder displayed $0.5{\~}1$ log cycle of total viable cell counts lower than that of control at 5 days of storage. Sensory evaluation of Korean wheat dried and cooked noodles with $3\%$ Brassica oleracea L. powder showed significantly higher scores in overall.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.112 no.2
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• pp.157-172
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• 2023

Controlled pollination (CP) is an important method in tree breeding programs because CP quickly generates desirable genotypes and rapidly maximizes genetic gains. However, few studies have evaluated the efficiency and success rate of CP in the breeding program of Pinus densiflora. To evaluate CP and the management of control pollinated progenies, we used 159 individuals in CB2 × KW40 or KW40 × CB2 populations that were established in 2015. After genotyping microsatellite loci, we estimated whether the number of primers was sufficient or not. Then, we performed pedigree analysis. The result showed that the number of primers was sufficient. By pedigree analysis, we found out that 60 of 159 individuals had been generated by the mating between CB2 and KW40. In the maternity analysis, there was evidence to indicate the possibility of management problems. Therefore, we excluded 54 individuals and repeated the pedigree analysis. In the second analysis, 47 of 105 individuals were generated by the mating between CB2 and KW40. To increase the efficiency of CP in tree breeding programs, several precautions are required. It is necessary to identify the exact clone names of the mother and father trees. In addition, CP processes should be performed properly, including deciding on the schedule of CP and the isolation of female strobili or flowers. Finally, the monitoring of hybrid progenies management after mating is important. Molecular markers should be used to identify the clone names of the mother and father trees and for monitoring post hoc management. This study provides a reference for tree breeding programs for the future control pollination of pine species.