• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.589-596
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• 2010

We investigated antimicrobial activities of various pine (Pinus densiflora) needle extracts against antibiotic resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Hot water extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity against normal and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), however, it exhibited no antimicrobial activity against penicillin resistant S. aureus (PRSA). Hot water-hexane (HWH), hot water-ethanol (HWE), hexane, and ethanol extracts showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, PRSA and MRSA. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of HWH, HWE, hexane, and ethanol extracts were 0.05, 0.05, 0.5 and 5 mg/ml, respectively, and HWH and HWE extracts showed the strongest antimicrobial activity among these extracts. Antimicrobial activities of pine needle extracts were stable after heating at $121^{\circ}C$ for 20 min. These results suggested that pine needle extracts can be used as an effective natural antimicrobial agent for food and medical industries.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.111-116
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• 2011

This study was carried out to examine Electron donating ability (EDA), nitrite scavenging, tyrosinase inhibition, ACE inhibition activity and fibrinolytic activity of culture extracts from Phellinus linteus which was grown added rice bran, pine needles and turmeric in brown rice. Electron donating ability of Phellinus linteus extract (PLE) was lower in the water extract than the ethanol extract. Nitrite scavenging activity was the highest in PLE from ethanol extract than water extract. Especially, when the pine needles was addition treatment, the nitrite scavenging activity was about 70% at pH 1.2 by ethanol extract. Tyrosinase inhibition activity of PLE was highest in the water extract than ethanol extract, and inhibition rate was the most higher in the extract by hot water added pine needles. ACE inhibition activity were very low effective at water and ethanol extract. Fibrinolytic activities were similarly strong in rice bran, pine needles and turmeric powder. Especially, when rice bran was added, showed the activity was increased about 5% than plasmin. Therefore, It may be used for the food industry as natural source of bioactive compound after further investigation, such as in vivo experiment.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.395-400
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• 2019

Contemporary society, the era of the 4th industrial revolution, has been enjoying a boom in the cosmetics industry due to the launch of cosmetics through new technology development due to the interest in the beauty industry. However, the cosmetics industry is booming, but dry eye syndrome, skin trouble, Hormonal disturbances, and many other side effects. In order to prove the universal use value of pine needles as a natural cosmetic material that can complement the side effects of existing chemical ingredients cosmetics harmful to human body, and to propose a roll model of desirable natural cosmetics, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS assay, and flavonoid content were studied. The results showed that both the DPPH radical and ABTS radical scavenging activity increased in both the $70^{\circ}C$ and $100^{\circ}C$ pine water hot water extracts. The extracts from the pine tree extracts at $70^{\circ}C$ and $100^{\circ}C$ showed $32.0{\pm}2.5mg\;QE/ml$ and 116.8 A total flavonoid of ${\pm}5.5mg\;QE/ml$ was detected. Therefore, it is considered that the pine needle hydrothermal extract having a large amount of antioxidant which is advantageous to human body is highly applicable as a natural cosmetic material harmless to the human body.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the phenolic acid, proanthocyanidin (PAs), and flavonol glycoside contents, as well as the antioxidant activities of pine needle extracts from six species of young pine trees. The extracts were prepared from Section Pinus (Diploxylon): P. densiflora, P. sylvestris, P. pinaster and P. pinea, and Section Strobus (Haploxylon): P. koraiensis and P. strobus. Phenolics were extracted from pine needles with 80% acetone to obtain the soluble free fraction, and insoluble residues were digested with 4 M NaOH to obtain bound ethyl acetate and bound water fractions. Phenolics were analyzed by HPLC, and the hydrophilic antioxidant activity was measured using oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the soluble free fraction were higher than those of the bound ethyl acetate and bound water fractions. The main phenolics were monomers and polymers of PAs in the soluble free fraction, and phenolic acids and flavonol glycosides in bound ethyl acetate fraction. Flavonol glycosides found in different species of pine needles were qualitatively similar within fractions, but composition varied among Pinus sections. High levels of kaempferol arabinoside and an unknown compound were present in all Strobus species. The soluble free fraction had the highest antioxidant activity, followed by bound ethyl acetate and bound water fractions.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.78-84
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• 2002

While rice and corn were stored at room temperature for 90 days the degree of aflatoxin production was measured without humidity and temperature control. The amount of aflatoxin production of rice and corn after 30 days was 01.1 and 0.3 ppb, respectively. The degree of aflatoxin production increased rapidly with increasing storage temperature and humidity. The optimum conditions of aflatoxin production were 25 ∼30$\^{C}$ and 80% humidity. The degree of aflatoxin production in corn was higher than in rice under the same conditions. Rice and corn were treated with 0∼0.05%(w/w) of methyl alcohol (MeOH) extract and polyphenol (PP) group materials individually respectively under the optimum conditions. As the result, the inhibition effect of aflatoxin production increased with increasing the amount of treatment. It appeared as follows: catechin (CT)

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.473-480
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• 1999

This study was designed to investigate the effects of pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb et Zucc) needle extract (PNE) on membrane fluidity and oxidative stress in liver membranes of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats as a study on investigation of anti-aging effect and determination of chemical structures of PNE through the animal experiments. Male SD rats were fed basic diets (control group) and experimental diets (0.5% and 1.0%-PNE group) for 6 weeks. Administrations of 0.5% and 1.0%-PNE resulted in a marked decreases (15∼25% and 23∼26%, respectively) in cholesterol accumulations of liver mitochondria and microsomes compared with control group. Membrane fluidities were significantly increased (15∼25%) in liver microsomes of 0.5% and 1.0%-PNE groups compared with control group. Formations of basal and induced oxygen radicals (BOR and IOR) in liver mitochondria were significantly inhibited (11∼12% and 10∼15%, respectively) by administrations of 0.5% and 1.0%-PNE compared with control group. Lipid peroxide (LPO) levels were remarkbly decreased about 20% in liver mitochondria and microsomes of 0.5% and 1.0%-PNE groups compared with control group. Oxidized protein levels calculated with carbonyl group were significantly decreased about 15% in liver mitochondria of 1.0%-PNE group compared with control group. These results suggest that PNE may play a effective role in a attenuating a oxidative stress and increasing a membrane fluidity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.466-472
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• 1999

These studies were designed to investigate the effects of pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb et Zucc.) needle extract (PNE) on oxygen radicals and their scavenger enzymes in liver membranes of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats as a study on investigation of anti-aging effect and determination of chemical structures of PNE through the animal experiments. Male SD rats were fed basic diets (control group) and experimental diets (0.5% and 1.0%-PNE group) for 6 weeks. There were no significant differences in hydroxyl radical (·OH) formations of liver mitochondria and microsomes in 0.5%-PNE group, while ·OH formations were significantly decreased (10% and 18%, respectively) in liver mitochondria and microsomes of 1.0%-PNE group compared with control group. Microsomal hydrogen peroxides and cytosolic superoxide radicals were remarkably decreased (20% and 20∼25%, respectively) in 0.5% and 1.0%-PNE groups compared with control group. Mn-SOD activities in mitochondria were significantly increased about 10% in 1.0%-PNE group, while Mn-SOD activities in mocrosomes were remarkably increased (16∼20%) in 0.5% and 1.0%-PNE groups compared with control group. There were no significant differences in Cu, Zn-SOD activities of liver cytosol in 0.5% and 1.0%-PNE groups, while glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) and catalase (CAT) activities were significantly decreased (28∼30% and 15∼30%, respectively) in liver cytosols of 0.5% and 1.0%-PNE groups compared with control group. These results suggest that these PNE may play a effective role in a attenuating a oxygen radical formations and increasing a scavenger enzyme activities.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.582-588
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• 2006

The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the fermentation extract (PFE) and the 50 and 80% ethanol extracts (PE 50, PE 80) of Pinus densiflora pine needles were evaluated. Electron donating ability, superoxide dismutase (SOD) ability, and antimicrobial activity were observed in PFE; those abilities differed in PE 80 and PE 50, depending on the ethanol concentration used for the extraction. PFE had the highest electron donating ability with a value of 92.20%, while PE 80 and PE 50 had values of 74.66 and 53.47%, respectively. For SOD activity, PE 80 exhibited a slightly higher value of 31.11% compared to that of PFE and PE 50, which were 29.65 and 25.43%, respectively. PFE, PE 50, and PE 80 were all found to inhibit bacteria, and the effectiveness of this inhibition was strongly related to the type of extracts used. PFE showed good antimicrobial effects for all of the tested Gram-positive strains and for most of the tested Gram-negative strains. These results suggest that PFE has superior functionality compared to the ethanol extracts (PE 80, PE 50), in terms of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. On the basis of these results, pine needle fermentation extracts can be used for industrial applications as a functional material.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.684-691
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• 2003

This study was designed to investigate the effects of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb et Zucc) needle extract on membrane fluidity (MF), basal and induced oxygen radical (BOR and IOR), lipid peroxide(LPO) and oxidized protein (OP) as an oxidative stress, and lipofuscin(LF) in liver membranes of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were fed basic diets (control) and experimental diets (EtOAc-25, EtOAc-50 and EtOAc-100) for 45days. MFs were significantly increased (about 10%) in mitochondria of EtOAc-100 group compared with control group. BOR and IOR formations in mitochondria were significantly inhibited (about 12∼18% and 9 ∼l2%, respectively) in EtOAc-50 and EtOAc-100 groups, while BOR and IOR formations in microsomes were significantly inhibited (about 9∼l3% and 18∼19%, respectively) compared with control group. LPO levels were significantly inhibited (about 10% and 12∼13%, respectively) in mitochondria of EtOAc-100 and microsomes of EtOAc-50 and EtOAc-100 groups, whereas OP levels were significantly inhibited (about 13∼14%) in mitochondria of EtOAc-50 and EtOAc.-100 groups compared with control group. LF formations were significantly inhibited (about 10∼14%) in these three EtOAc groups. These results suggest that ethyl acetate fraction of pine needle may play an effective role in attenuating an oxidative stress and increasing a membrane fluidity.

• Journal of Food and Nutrition Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.228-234
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• 2022

Korea has entered the aged society, with those aged over 65 years accounting for 14~20% of its population. Interest in the quality of life, nutrition, and health of the elderly is increasing. Since the energy intake of the elderly is lower than the estimated required amount, nutrient intake ratio of the elderly is related to mastication. Yanggaeng is a high-energy food made from agar, sugar, and red bean paste. Since it has a soft texture, it is highly utilized as a snack for the elderly who have inconvenience in mastication. Pinus koraiensis needle is known to possess antioxidant and antibacterial effects. The purpose of this study was to develop a functional snack added with Pinus koraiensis needle extract powder known to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antibacterial effects for the elderly that would be easy for them to chew. In this study, yanggaeng was manufactured with 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, or 8% of Pinus koraiensis needle extract powder, white sediment, and agar. In the experiment, moisture contents, color values texture characteristics, antioxidant activities, and sensory preference results were evaluated. Moisture content was the highest in the group added 6% of the extract powder. It was the lowest in the group added 8% of the extract powder, showing a significant (p < 0.001) difference between the two. Hardness, cohesiveness, and springiness of texture characteristics were decreased significantly (p < 0.001) while the adhesiveness and chewiness of texture characteristics were increased significantly (p < 0.001) as the amount of addition increased. Regarding antioxidative activity measurements, levels of polyphenols were the highest (p < 0.001) in the group added with 8% of the extract powder. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were increased as the amount of addition increased (p < 0.001). Overall sensory preference was the highest for the 2% addition group. It decreased as the amount of addition increased (p < 0.001). Results of this study indicate that Pinus koraiensis needle extract powder with antioxidant and antibacterial effects can be used to manufacture yanggaeng to make functional snacks with improved quality characteristics for the elderly.