• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.487-497
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• 2020

The study examined the effects, strength, and weakness of chemical peeling and physical peeling, which are some types of peelings that are commonly used for cosmetic skin management for women. For this study, of which the study period was from November 1 to December 27, 2011, 20 female subjects with the compound skin type were investigated. Ten women were assigned to the chemical peeling group, and the other 10 were assigned to the physical peeling group. The experiment continued for six weeks, with one test session per week, totaling six tests. During each session, a skin measurement instrument was used to measure the oil, keratin, pore, wrinkles, and pigments. The results of the tests showed that, in the case of chemical peeling, both glycolic acid peeling and lactic acid peeling were effective in preserving the skin moisture. With physical peelings, crystal peeling was more effective on wrinkles, while diamond peeling was more effective in keratin and pigment improvement. A comparison of the peeling with different media revealed physical peelings to have more effect on more items, but chemical peeling was more effective in moisture and oil changes.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.330-343
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• 1997

Extraoral maxillofacial prostheses are essential for restoring facial structures that are lost as a result of congenital missing, injuries from accidents, surgical treatments of head and neck cancer. Recently, silicone is the most useful material for this purpose and is more advantageous than other maxillofacial prosthetic materials. However, there are some problems for long-term usage of silicone prostheses due to tear and color change. These are major contributing environmental factors to those problems that are such as ultraviolet light, cleansing agents, changes in humidity and successive adhesion and removal. The aim of this study is to evaluate the physical properties and color changes of maxillofacial prosthetic silicone material by those environmental factors using A-2186 silicone material (Factor II, USA) and two pigments, cadmium yellow medium and cosmetic red. Aluminium molds were fabricated according to the ASTM No. D412 & D624 specifications and resulted specimens from molds were fabicated and treated as follows. Control group and experimental I group were fabricated with 0.1% wt. pigment mixing in silicone elastomer and II-1 group, II-2 group of experimental II group were fabricated with 0.2%, 0.3% wt. pigment mixing in silicone elastomer, respectively. Control group was kept in darkroom at room temperature, I-1 group was kept under natural sunlight during 1week, I-2 group was soaked in 20% soap water during 1wk. I-3 group was successively adhered and removed 200 times on inner region of arm using Daro adhesive-33. Experimental II groups were kept in darkroom at room temperature. Instron universal testing machine was used to measure the % elongation, tensile strength, tear strength of control, experimental I, II groups and reflectance spectrophotometer(COLOR EYE-3000, Macbeth, USA) was used to measure the color differences between control group and experimental I group. The results were as follows : 1. When compared with control group, natural weathering group and 20% soap-water soaking group had no significant differences in % elongation(p>0.05). 2. 200 times successive adhesion and removal group, 0.2% wt. pigment group and 0.3% wt. pigment group had significant decreases in % elongation(p<0.05). 3. Natural weathering group, 20% soap-water soaking group and 200 times successive adhesion and removal group had no significant differences in tensile strength (p>0.05). 4. 0.2%, 0.3% wt. pigment groups had significant decreases in tensile strength(p<0.05). 5. Values of all experimental groups were decreased in tear strength. and 200 times successive adhesion and removal group had significant decrease in tear strength(p<0.05). 6. Natural weathering group and 20% soap-water soaking group had significant color differences(${\Delta}E$) and it could be detectable to naked eye(p<0.05). 7. Color differences between control group and 200 times adhesion and removal group were not detectable to the naked eye (${\Delta}E<1.0$).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.352-358
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• 2020

Red yeast rice has been extensively used as a food and traditional medicine for thousands of years in Korea. Monascus produces many secondary metabolites during its growth, including pigments, monacolins, and γ-aminobutyric acid. Some metabolites, specifically monacolin K, γ-aminobutyric acid, and dimerumic acid, have been reported to lower cholesterol and blood pressure because of certain antioxidant effects. This study investigated the total phenolic content of ethanol extract from red yeast rice fermented with Monascus sp. BHN-MK and its anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. To assess its anti-inflammatory effect, the inhibitory activity of the ethanol extract on LPS-induced NO production and expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 proteins in macrophage cells were measured. Its total polyphenol content was higher than that of ordinary non-fermented rice. Its NO production inhibition activity was comparable to that of the negative control group treated with LPS at a concentration of 400 ㎍/ml. Western blot revealed a significant decrease in the inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 protein expression at concentrations of 400 and 800 ㎍/ml, respectively. Red yeast rice ethanol extracts exerted the strongest anti-inflammatory effects. The results indicate that red yeast rice could be used as a functional cosmetic and anti-inflammatory material.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 2000

To analyze the photodegradation mechanism of materials for fisheries facilities which stand for considerable time immediately under or even partly above the water surface, such as cage collar, cage net, stationary fishing gear, egc. after 900 hours exposure, weathering experiments on 3 kinds of netting twines like dyed polyethylene(PE) and nylon, and non-treated high strength PE(Hi-PE) were carried out by using xenon light source. The results obtained are as follows : It was observed by scanning electron micrograph(SEM) that a good protection by pigments was obtained in PE and nylon specimen, while crack was rapidly progressed at the surface of Hi-PE one owing to etching by UVR. There was a little increase in density resulting from reorientation of polymer chain, chain scission, etc. in Hi-PE specimen. A wide angle X-ray diffraction showed that 3 kinds of specimens had no fundamental changes in polymer crystalline structure considering each 2$\theta$ of diffraction peak. Remaining tenacity of netting twines was in order of PE, nylon, and Hi-PE after having been exposed to the effect of 900 hours. PE and nylon treated with stuffs were shown to be more resilient than non-treated Hi-PE as confirmed by SEM.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.336-342
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• 1994

Changes in physicochemical characteristics were investigated for immature barley kernels roasted at $160{\sim}220^{\circ}C$ for $1{\sim}12$ min. Only small differences in chemical constituents including starch, protein, fat, ash, total dietary fiber, and ${\beta}-glucan were observed between immature and mature barley kernels. The amounts of 75% ethanol-soluble sugars and amino acids present in immature barley kernels were considerably higher than those in mature kernels, and gradually decreased in the process of roasting. Of free sugars, sucrose, raffinose, glucodifructose($GF_{2}$) and maltose were reduced by roasting. Glucose and fructose, simple reducing sugars, decreased at the early stage of roasting, followed by a slight increase at the later stage. Starch and nitrogen contents decreased slowly, while TDF(total dietary fiber) had a tendency to increase slightly. Stacking volume of immature barley kernels increased markedly, especially at the higher temperatures. L value of immature barley decreased throughout roasting, and a, b values increased at the early stage of roasting but b value decreased with continued roasting. The degree of roasting was strongly affected by the roasting temperature. Darkness of immature barley kernel, depending on the degree of roasting, was highly associated with concentrations of brown pigments extracted from roasted immature barley kernels.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2007

Indoor airborne bacterial and fungal concentrations were examined at classrooms and corridors of 3 elementary schools in Ulsan. Airborne microorganisms were collected with an impaction-type air sampler using plate count agar and dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol agar. During the semester, concentrations of bacteria ranged $168{\sim}3,887 MPN/m^3$ at classrooms and $168{\sim}6,339 MPN/m^3$ at corridors, while those of fungi ranged $34{\sim}389 MPN/m^3$ at classrooms and $91{\sim}507 MPN/m^3$ at corridors. The bacterial concentrations showed larger variations between situations and schools compared to those of fungi. When airborne bacteria were isolated and identified, 84% were observed as Gram-positive, and Micrococcus spp. was the most abundant group with 61% of tested isolates, followed by genus Staphylococcus with 10%. The Micrococcus spp. isolates, of which 75% were identified as M. luteus, appeared to be from human origins. The protective pigments and substantial cell wall of Micrococcus may provide selective advantage for their survival in the air. We also isolated and identified 15 genera of filamentous fungi. The most common culturable fungi were Cladosporium, Aspergillus and Penicillium, and these 3 genera were 69% of fungal isolates. Genus Stachybotrys, of which S. chartarum is a well known producer of many potent mycotoxins, was also detected from one of the schools. further systematic studies are necessary with an emphasis on species identification and mycotoxin production of isolated fungal genera, including Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Stachybotrys.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.23
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• pp.71-90
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• 2020

The scientific analysis of a 'F-51D Mustang Fighter'(Registered Cultural Heritage 666), one of the War Memorial of Korean collections, was carried out. The paint layer and canopy were discolored due to a constant outdoor exhibit. The results obtained through the scientific survey and analysis processes were intended to be used as basic data for the future dismantling and restoration of the fighter. The analysis results for the pigment components have confirmed red oxide of iron, Fe₂O₃ organic pigments, such as Cobalt Blue, phthalocyanine blue, etc., yellow PbCrO₄, white TiO₂, black Fe₃O₄, and gray Fe₃O₄ + TiO₂. It has been also confirmed that Alkyd resin was mainly used for painting. The fighter's canopy was Poly methyl methacrylate(PMMA), and Al was detected as the main component of the fighter body, wings, and tails.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.397-405
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• 2018

Currently, there are very few studies on Korean wall paintings. Therefore, this study discusses the current conditions of wooden paintings and the characteristics of the adhesive agent in the painting layer separation. Korean land pine was chosen as the support, while white oysters shells, orpiment, red ocher, Noerok, and azurite were used as pigments. With four adhesive agents, including animal glue, Gelidium, methyl cellulose, and PVAc (caparol binder), a comparative experiment was conducted, by dividing them into two concentrations, of 0.5% and 1.5%. The temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet rays, which are contributing environmental factors in cultural assets after fixing, were artificially investigated. After deterioration, observed color difference, fixing, and the surface. Results showed that the animal glue strongly fixing all the colored layers compared to the other adhesives; however, azurite had a partial change when used outdoors. With Gelidium, which functioned similar to animal glue, the azurite was affected by the ultraviolet rays; nevertheless, despite the variations in temperature and humidity, it had the best gripping force compared to the other adhesive agents. Methyl cellulose was glossy at a high concentration, and was relatively strong against rapid changes in temperature and humidity. PVAc significantly reduced the binding force, compared to other adhesive agents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.16 no.3 s.43
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• pp.197-207
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• 1992

Expressionism, is as diverse as the artists invo)ved, in a very broad sense two main tendencies may be noted. The first is that of the Action painters, concerned in different ways with the gesture of the brush and the texture of the paint. It included such major artists as Arshile Gorky, Jackson Pollock, Willem De Keening, and Franz Kline. The other group consisted of the Color Field painters, concerned with the statement of an abstract sign or tranquil image in terms of a large, unified color shape or area. Here must be included Mark Rothko, Barnett Newman, Ad Rdinhardt, as well as, to a degree, Adolph Gottlieb, Robert Motherwell, and Clyf(ord Still. In this paper, 1 selected two artists Arshile Gorky and Jackson Pollock independent charac-teristics and studied the influence of their Action painting on the fabrics of modern fashion. However, it should be noted it was never the intention of the critic Harold Rosenberg, in coining this term, to imply that Action painting was a kind of athletic exercise. Nor is it true that the furious and seemingly haphazard scattering of the paint involved a completely uncontrolled, intuitive act. There is no question that, in the paintings of Jackson Pollock, Arshile Gorky and many of the other Abstract Expressionists, the element of intuition or the accidental plays a large and deliberate part; this was indeed one of the principal contributions of Abstract Expressionism which had found its own inspiration in surrealism's 'psychic automaton'. However, nothing that an experienced and accomplished artist does can be completely accidental. Aside from their intrinsic quality, the spun-out skeins of poured pigments contributed other elements that changed the course of modern painting. There was the concept of the all-over painting, the painting seemingly without beginning or end, extending to the very limits of the canvas and implying an extension even beyond. The feeling of absorption or participation is heightened by the ambiguity of the picture space. The colors and lines, although never punctur-ing deep perspective holes in the surface, still create an illusion of continuous movement, a billowing, a surging back and forth, within a limited depth. To study the influence of Abstract Expressionism on the fabric of modern fashion, 1 selected and examined four fashion magazines: Collezioni published in France, Bazaar in Italy, Gap in Japan and Vogue in the U.S.a. froim January 1989 to June 1991. As a result of this review I found that some fabrics used in modern clothing are printed in a dripping, pouring and splashing style without any meaning or form. Slides included in the presentation show that modern fabrics which are printed in such a style were influenced by Abstract Expressionism. The slides also show that these abstract prints are well suited to modern fashion design.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.357-372
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• 1997

To study the age-related morphological differences of the retinal pigment cells and Bruch's membrane of mouse, retinae of one week-old, five weeks-old, eight weeks-old, six months-old, twelve months-old, eighteen months-old, twenty-four months-old and thirty months-old ICR mice were dissected out under anesthesia. Pieces of the tissue taken from the posterior region of the retina were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde (0.1 M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH 7.3), and 1% osmium tetroxide (0.1 M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH 7.3), and embedded in araldite mixture. The ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and were observed under a JEM 100 CX-II electron microscope. Observed results were as follows: 1. Retinae of one week old mouse exhibit that some parts of the pigment cell provided with basal foldings, whereas other parts of the one contain without basal foldings. After (ive weeks-old, all retinal pigment cells have the basal infoldings. 2. In the one week-old, stage 1 and stage 2 melanosomes were observed in the retinal pigments cells, but after five weeks-old, most of the retinal pigment cells contain some matured stage melanosomes (stage III and stage IV). 3. The phagosomes in the retinal pigment cells were increased during aging. 4. After eighteen months-old, electron dense materials are observed within the basal infoldings. 5. After eighteen months-old, the thickness of the Bruch's membrane is prominently increased. The thickness of the basal laminae of the pigment cell and the choriocapillary endothelium is more prominently increased as compared with that of the other components of the Bruch's membrane. 6. The thickness of the basal lamina of the pigment cell is more prominently increased as compared with that of the choriocapillary endothelium on aging. From the above results, it was suggested that the pigment cell and Bruch's membrane matures structurally In five weeks, and the function of the pigment cell is prominently suppressed around eighteen months-old, and thereafter the functional suppression is continued on aging.