• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2007

The toxicities of contaminated soils with 8 consecutive year applications of three levels (12.5, 25.0, and $50.0t\;dry\;matter\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$) of four organic sludge [municipal sewage sludge (MSS), industrial sewage sludge (ISS), alcohol fermentation processing sludge (AFPS) and leather processing sludge (LPS)] on earthworm (Eisenia fetida) were examined by using microcosm container in the laboratory. Results were compared with those of pig manure compost (PMC) treated soil. In tests with three treatment levels (12.5, 25.0, and 50.0 t per plot), ISS treated soil showed higher contents of Cu (18.9~26.2 fold), Cr (7.7~34.7 fold), and Ni (14.8~18.8 fold) at 8 years post treatment, than PMC treated soil. LPS treated soil showed higher contents of Cr (35.7~268.0 fold) and Ni (4.5~7.6 fold) than PMC treated soil. There were no great differences in heavy metal contents among MSS, AFPS, and PMC treated soils. In these contaminated soils, earthworm mortalities of MSS and AFPS treated soils at 8 weeks post-exposure were similar to those of PMC treated soil regardless of each treatment level. Toxic effect (26.7~96.7 mortality) on the ISS and LPS treated soils was significantly higher than one of PMC treated soil, with an exception of LPS soil treated with 25.0 t per plot. At 16 weeks post-exposure, earthworm mortalities of AFPS' 12.5 and 25.0 t treated soils were similar to those of PMC treated soil. Toxic effect (53.3~100 mortality) on the 12.5, 25.0, and 50.0 t treated soils of MSS, ISS and LPS, and AFPS' 50.0 t treated soils was significantly higher than those of PMC treated soil. The data suggested that the 12.5, 25.0, and 50.0 t of MSS, ISS and LPS, and AFPS' 50.0 t treated soils were evaluated to have toxicity on earthworm.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.123-130
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• 2011

Objectives of this study were to compare the environmental effects of digestates produced in bioenergy village on the rice paddy field for recycling. Digestates were applied to the soils and the soil properties and the crop responses were analyzed according to the standard methods of soil evaluation. Plant height and the number of tiller showed similar results in both the conventional and digestate treated field, and the yield of rough rice was higher in the field treated with digestates than that with chemical fertilizer. The amounts of nitrogen absorbed in straw and grain were larger in the digestates-treated field than chemical fertilizer-treated one, and efficiency of nitrogen applied was shown to be the highest in 100% treated digestate of the pig manure. Exchangeable cation and pH increased in the soil treated with digestate after harvesting, but salt was not accumulated. With these results, it was concluded that resource recycling in green town can be facilitated through the securement of arable lands for the application of digestates and the proper use of these fertilizers. Long-term effects of digestate application on the soil environment should be sustainingly studied.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.97-105
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• 2011

A wide diversity of liquid fertilizers and composts produced from the livestock manure in Korea is commonly applied to agricultural lands as an alternative of chemical fertilizers. However, their effects on the crop production and environmental impacts are still vague. The current study was investigated the property changes of paddy soils in sandy loam and silty loam treated with 1) control (no treatment), 2) chemicals, 3) storage liquid fertilizer and 4) SCB liquid fertilizer located in Gyeong-gi province, Korea. The chemical properties of soils in sandy loam and silty loam before the treatment were similar with the ones in the average paddy fields in Korea. Contrary to this, the amount of available phosphorus in sandy loam was higher than the one in the average paddy fields. The number of living organisms in sandy loam and silty loam treated with storage liquid fertilizer and SCB liquid fertilizer were higher than the ones in sandy loam and silty loam with no-treatment and chemicals. Significant difference (P<0.05) among the treatments and no-treatment was observed in sandy loam rather than in silty loam. The amounts of heavy metals were the highest in both sandy loam and silty loam treated with storage liquid fertilizer and SCB liquid fertilizer. The comparison of heavy metals showed that the ones in silty loam were little bit higher than sandy loam. The leaf lengths and dry weights of rices were increased over time, however, no significant difference was observed among each treament. In addition, the rice yield in sandy loam treated with SCB liquid fertilizer was higher than the ones in sandy loam. The highest rice yield was obtained from sandy loam treated with chemicals, but there was no significant difference between storage liquid fertilizer and SCB liquid fertilizer. While the rate of nutrient absorption by rices was the highest in sandy loam and silty loam treated with chemicals, there was no significant difference in sandy loam and silty loam treated with livestock liquid manure.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1079-1087
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• 2021

To analyze gut microbiota of livestock in Korea and compare taxonomic differences, we conducted 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis through next-generation sequencing. Fecal samples from broiler chickens, pigs, and cattle were collected from domestic feedlots randomly. α-diversity results showed that significant differences in estimated species richness estimates (Chao1 and ACE, Abundance-based coverage estimators) and species richness index (OUTs, Operational taxonomic units) were identified among the three groups. However, NPShannon, Shannon, and Simpson indices revealed that abundance and evenness of the species were statistically significant only for poultry (broiler chickens) and mammals (pigs and cattle). Firmicutes was the most predominant phylum in the three groups of fecal samples. Linear discriminant (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) analysis was conducted to reveal the ranking order of abundant taxa in each of the fecal samples. A size-effect over 2.0 on the logarithmic LDA score was used as a discriminative functional biomarker. As shown by the fecal analysis at the genus level, broiler chickens were characterized by the presence of Weissella and Lactobacillus, as well as pigs were characterized by the presence of provetella and cattele were characterized by the presence of Acinetobacter. A permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) showed that differences of microbial clusters among three groups were significant at the confidence level. (p=0.001). This study provides basic data that could be useful in future research on microorganisms associated with performance growth, as well as in studies on the livestock gut microbiome to increase productivity in the domestic livestock industry.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.200-206
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• 2019

Korea is introducing new animal welfare rearing standards for swine farmers in order to improve the breeding environment of livestock on Korean farms, Korea is establishing a policy to apply to all new farms in 2019 and to all existing farms in 2025. These guidelines are limiting stall breeding of sows after 4 weeks of pregnancy, the light intensity should be above 40lux, the ammonia level should be below 25ppm and the breeding density area should be increased from $1.4m^2$ to $2.25m^2$. In Europe, where animal welfare has been studied and applied for nearly 100 years, the facility specifications and management manuals are available and provided to farmers to introduce proper animal welfare for pigs and to enhance the convenience and utility of farmers who are converting to raising pigs. The EU has established independent standards for each country, and the EU has set the standards for floor facilities to improve animal welfare on pig farms and as applied by farmers. Yet in Korea, there are no methods and techniques for breeding methods that do not use an ordinary stall, except on a few leading farms. There has been no research on the welfare of sows so that farmer could improve sows' living conditions. Thus, farmers can minimize the difficulty of implementing the changing government policies, and they must develop farm turnover policies and specification management manuals to cope with the introduced regulations on sow group housing. We suggest that conducting research and evaluating the level of sows' welfare are important for farmers.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2019

This experiment was conducted to select an optimum application rate of blended biochar pellet as slow release fertilizer during cabbage cultivation. The blended biochar pellet made with a combination(4:6) of biochar and pig manure compost with unloading N, P, K solutions for adjusting about 9% of total nitrogen(TN). The treatments were consisted of the control as recommended application rates for cabbage cultivation in National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, N 40%, N 40% and 0.07M MgO and N 60 % of the blended biochar pellet, respectively, based on nitrogen application of recommended rates to cabbage cultivation. Changes of $NH_4-N$, $NO_3-N$, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ concentrations in the soil and growth characteristic and yield components were investigated and observed during the cabbage cultivation. The experimental result shown that contents of $NH_4-N$, $NO_3-N$ and $K_2O$ of soil in the N 40% were significantly difference(p<0.01) with the control. $P_2O_5$ concentrations of soil in the N 40% were highest among the treatments. The fresh weight per cabbage in the N 40% was not significantly different(p>0.05) from the control, but in the N 40% and 0.07M MgO and N 60% was lower than that of the control. It was considered that an optimum blended biochar application rate for cabbage cultivation was 40% of recommended nitrogen application.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.81-88
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• 2018

This study analyzed the characteristics of 6 recyclable bulking agents which can replace sawdust and rice hulls that are commonly used in livestock manure composting. The content of all the hazardous chemicals found in the bulking agents used in this experiment was between 0.0 and 34.1 ppm, which was noticeably lesser than the maximum content levels of hazardous substances 5.0~900.0 ppm prescribed by the Rural Development Administration(RDA), which means that the bulking agents would be able to replace sawdusts and rice husks. The water content of the bulking agents ranged from a minimum of 12.4% to a maximum of 16.6% in the original state, which was much less than 60%, the optimal moisture content. These results indicate that they would be able to function fully as bulking agents. Their water absorption rate was in the range of minimum 31.9% ~ maximum 600.0%, which showed huge differences among the types of bulking agents. The most appropriate bulking agent in terms of water absorption rate was wood pellets. It was the highest in the wood briquette manufactured by A, which was followed by C and B in the order. The shear strength of the 5 types of bulking agents in the original state was 271.7 N on an average, the highest figure of all, except for the oak briquette whose shear strength could not be measured and the wood pellets in the absorption state. The shear strength in the dry and absorption states then followed, and were 78.0 N and 27.7 N on an average, respectively. The wood briquette of A recorded considerably lower shear strength than that of B and C. Overall, shear strength tended to increase according to lower water absorption rates. Since pine wood chips and oak cuts have relatively greater shear strength even in the absorbing state than the other materials, they will be able to endure some power in the case of stirring with pig droppings.

• ANNALS OF ANIMAL RESOURCE SCIENCES
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.172-182
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• 2018

The present study was undertaken to examine if the carcass and pork quality of finishing pigs reared on a low plane of nutrition (LPN) could be improved compared with that of the pigs finished on a high plane of nutrition (HPN). Sixty-eight crossbred (LYD) barrows and 68 LYD gilts weighing approximately 50 kg were fed a diet containing 3.54 Mcal DE/kg with 1.00% lysine (HPN) or 3.02 Mcal DE/kg with 0.68% lysine (LPN) in eight pens up to approximately 120 kg and slaughtered. The belly, loin, ham, and Boston butt were cut out from a total of 20 carcasses, after which physicochemical and sensory quality attributes of the belly and the representative muscle of each of the loin, ham, and Boston butt were evaluated. The ADG, gain:feed ratio, and backfat thickness were less for LPN than for HPN (p<0.05). The cooking loss, hardness, and chewiness values for the Boston butt were less for LPN vs. HPN. In sensory evaluation for fresh meat (muscle), the subjective quality scores were greater for LPN vs. HPN in color, marbling, and acceptability for the loin, the muscle:fat balance score for the belly tending to be greater for LPN (p<0.10). In addition, LPN was superior to HPN in the flavor and juiciness in sensory evaluation for cooked ham. In conclusion, the present results suggest that the carcass and pork quality of finishing pigs could be improved with reduced growth performance by using LPN.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.116-125
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• 2018

This study was carried out physicochemical and sensory evaluation to compare the quality characteristics of pork loins from Yorkshire, Duroc, Pietrain, and Duroc ${\times}$ Pietrain (DP). A total of 79 pigs from Yorkshire(22), Duroc(22), Pietrain(17), and DP(18) was used for the experiment. After 24 hours of cooling, pork loins were gathered and vacuum-packed from left carcasses and then the physicochemical traits and sensory evaluation were conducted. The pH of the loins from breed Pietrain was lower than those of the other breeds (p<0.01). While the moisture content of loins was higher in Pietrain than in the other breeds (p<0.01). The fat content of loins was higher in Duroc and DP than in the other breeds and lower in Pietrain than in the other breeds (p<0.01). Pietrain loins had the lowest drip loss (p<0.01) and the highest water holding capacity (p<0.01). There were no significant differences in the cooking loss and shear force of the loins among 4 breeds (p>0.05). There was a significant difference in the CIE color L*, a* and b* values of the loins from 4 breeds (p<0.01). Sensory scores of the loins were ranked lower in Pietrain in overall. The results of this study indicate that meat quality could be altered according to the breeds.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.203-212
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• 2024

The purpose of this study is to examine the validity of Hidden Stems (支藏干) in the Four Pillars of Destiny with regard to the use of human governance periods in the hidden stems (人元用事). First, there is a theory of assigning period of governance for designated constituents (司令論) in the Hidden Stems of the Earthly Branch. Second, there is a theory that determines the structure of the Four Pillars by the Exposed Constituent from the Hidden Stems (透出論) in the Month Earthly Branch. Since these two theories conflict with each other and cause confusions, this study examined the theory of Hidden Stems in the Four Pillars Classics and examined the historical development of governance period for constituent hidden stems and their validity. The results of the study are as follows: Firstly, the number of dates assigned to respective constituents does not correspond to the calendarical principle, and the assignment of the governance dates for each constituent does not correspond to the principles proposed in ancient books of Four Pillars. Second, though it is said in the Classics that 72 days are equally assigned to each of the Five Elements, actual distributed days for the five elements was 65 days for Wood, 55 days for Fire, 100 days for Earth, 65 days for Metal, and 65 days for Water. Third, though it is said that 7 days should be designated to Yang Earth Mu for the months of Tiger 寅, Monkey, Snake, and Pig, it is logically more legitimate to assign those days to Yin Earth Ki since the month before Tiger is Ox, and the month before Monkey is Goat. Lastly, rationale behind assigning Ki Earth only to Horse Oh as constituting Hidden Stem while disregarding months of Rat, Rabbit, and Rooster is considered not reasonable. Looking at these results comprehensively, it is concluded that the Exposed Constituent theory is logically more appropriate than Assigned Governance theory.