• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2003

High dietary phytate is a known factor in reducing the bioavailability of minerals such as zinc and calcium which are already chronically low in the Korean diet. This study was conducted to develop methods for reducing dietary phytate through the addition of phytate and/or the substitution of high phytate foods with low phytate foods. Ten units of phytase per 100g of uncooked brown rice were added to brown rice gruel resulted in a 16.2% phytate reduction after a 3-hour incubation period; an 18.2% reduction was produced after a 6-hour incubation period. The addition of ten units of phytase per 100g of soybean curd residue at 45$^{\circ}C$, followed by refrigeration for 3 hours, resulted in a 19.1% phytate reduction. The addition of 20 units of phytase under the same conditions reduced phytate content by 24.6%. In this study, two typical Korean meals consisting of legumes and unrefined cereals were prepared as high phytate meals; these were then compared to low phytate meals that had been prepared by treating the foods with phytase and substituting unrefined with refined cereals (i.e., brown rice with white rice, whole wheat bread with white bread). The phytate content of the two high phytate meals was 1878.2mg and 1811.8mg. After the addition of phytase and the food substitution, the phytate content of the low phytate meals was reduced to 788.9mg and 606.0mg. The phytate to zinc molar ratio of high phytate diets was 22.4 and 21.3 and 9.4 and 7.9 for the low phytate meals. These results indicate that the nutritional status of Koreans in terms zinc and other minerals can be improved by phytate reduction. This can be accomplished through the change of milling process for some cereals and/or the enzyme treatment of some high phytate food items.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권10호
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• pp.986-994
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• 1995

This study was to examine the effect of phytate on the protein digestibility and calcium, iron and zinc availability in phytase treated soymilks digested with pepsin and pepsin-pancreatin in vitro. Also, the bending between phytate and protein in soymilks was investigated by means of SDS-PAGE. The content of phytate in soymilk was reduced by phytase treatment. As the content of phytate decreased, the protein digestibility increased in soymilk treated with the digest enzymes in vitro. The reduction of phytate content in soymilk improved the availability of all calcium, iron and zinc. Although the availability of calcium increased, the amount of change was small. The phytate reduction increased most the availability of iron. A number of bands of high molecular weight protein in soymilk disappleared in SDS-PAGE by lowering the phytate content with phytase treatement on soymilk.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.154-154
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• 1993

A factorial experiment was conducted to determine the influence of phytate(0 or 10g/kg diet) and calcium (Ca)(3 or 10g/kg diet) intakes on Ca, P and Zn metabolism by growing female rats. Food intake and weight were similar for the all groups, however, phytate ingestion for six weeks depressed femur growth. The low Ca plus phytate group showed the lowest Ca content of total femur and this was related to a significant decrease of Ca retention. Phytate intake depressed zinc(Zn) absorption in the first metabolic collection. This inhibitory effect of phytate on Zn absorption was improved in the low Ca plus phytate group after several weeks. Impared Zn absorption however remained in the high Ca plus phytate group which was reflected in the lowest Zn content of femur, phytate intake with high Ca also depressed phosphorous(P) absorption and serum and urinary P. These adverse effects of phytate on Zn and P absorption when the dietary Ca was high could explain reduced femur weight despite the highest concentration of femur Ca(mg/g ash) in this group. Results suggest that phytate can adversely affect not only Ca metabolism but Zn and P utilization. Thus, for the normal bone growth when phytate intake is high, the ingesion of Ca, P, Zn and other minerals should be enhanced.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.406-414
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• 1997

It has been known that dietary phytate decreases the absorption of body zinc pool which is composed of the dietary and endogenous zinc in the body. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of phytate on the absorption of total bodyzinc in Zn-depleted rats. Rats were Zn-depleted with either low(0.8%) or high(1.6%) Ca diet containing sodium phytate for 4 weeks. After zinc depletion, rats were assigned into phytate or non-phytate dietary groups within each low-or high-Ca dietary group. ant feces were collected for 2 weeks of the initial collection and 1 week after dietary crossover, during which the phytate and the non-phytate diet was switched over within the same Ca group. The content of Zn and Ca measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and phytate content was analyzed. food intake was higher in the high Ca group than in the low Ca group(p <0.0001), and was also higher in the non-phytate group than in the phytate group(p <0.0001). Food intake and phytate level affected body weight gain in rats(p <0.0001). Zinc excretion in the total feces was higher in the phytate group than in the non-phytate group at both low and high Ca level(p <0.0001), except during the crossover collection period in high Ca group. Calcium, however, didn't show any synergistic effect on phytate effect(p <0.05). This study showed that phytate decreased the absorption of total body zinc at both low and high Ca levels in Zn-depleted rats. A large portion of total body zinc originated from the endogenous zinc pool in these rats. The results of the present study showed the same effect of phytate on the endogenous zinc in Zn-depleted rats as in a previous study, confirming that phytate adversely affects zinc bioavailability, especially under marginal and poor zinc nutrition.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.35-44
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• 2003

This study investigated the effects of dietary phyate reduction on the apparent absorption and biochemical parameters of iron status in young Korean women. Fourteen healthy, young women consumed low and high phytate diets for ten days of each experimental period. Duplicate diet samples, a fasting blood sample on day 9, and complete fecal samples for five consecutive days starting from day 5 of each diet period were collected. The iron content of diet and fecal samples were analyzed to calculate apparent absorption. Serum samples were analyzed for iron, ferritin, transferrin receptor and TIBC; transferrin saturation was also calculated. The apparent absorption of iron tended to increase in the low phytate period (32.51%) compared to the high phytate period (17.91%), but the difference was not significant (p=0.06). Serum ferritin decreased and serum transferrin receptor increased significantly during the low phytate diet although the mean values were within the normal range. Serum iron and transferrin saturation did not change significantly. In conclusion, the results indicated that reducing dietary phytate for ten days negatively affected iron nutritional parameters, but it moderately and positively affected apparent iron absorption in young Korean women. Further research on the long-term effects of a low phytate diet with an adequate iron content for vows Korean women is necessary.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.145-155
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• 1993

A factorial experiment was conducted to determine the influence of phytate(0 or 10g/kg diet) and calcium (Ca)(3 or 10g/kg diet) intakes on Ca, P and Zn metabolism by growing female rats. Food intake and weight were similar for the all groups, however, phytate ingestion for six weeks depressed femur growth. The low Ca plus phytate group showed the lowest Ca content of total femur and this was related to a significant decrease of Ca retention. Phytate intake depressed zinc(Zn) absorption in the first metabolic collection. This inhibitory effect of phytate on Zn absorption was improved in the low Ca plus phytate group after several weeks. Impared Zn absorption however remained in the high Ca plus phytate group which was reflected in the lowest Zn content of femur, phytate intake with high Ca also depressed phosphorous(P) absorption and serum and urinary P. These adverse effects of phytate on Zn and P absorption when the dietary Ca was high could explain reduced femur weight despite the highest concentration of femur Ca(mg/g ash) in this group. Results suggest that phytate can adversely affect not only Ca metabolism but Zn and P utilization. Thus, for the normal bone growth when phytate intake is high, the ingesion of Ca, P, Zn and other minerals should be enhanced.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.231-237
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• 2000

한국산 소맥 고유의 무기질에 관한 특성을 조사하기 위하여, 한국산 소맥 5품종과 외국산 소맥 3가지 품종의 회분함량과 밀가루 및 반죽의 색깔, 무기질 조성과 phytate 함량을 조사하였다. 한국산 밀 품종은 수입 소맥보다 회분 함량이 많으며 통밀의 회분 함량이 많을수록 밀가루의 회분 함량도 증가되었다. 또한 통밀의 회분 함량이 중가하면 밀가루의 적색도가 높아지며 따라서 백색도가 저하되는 상관관계를 볼 수 있었다. 한국산 통밀의 무기질 조성은 Mg, Fe과 P 등이 수입소맥들과 비교하여 많이 함유되어 있으며, 제분된 밀가루에서는 Fe의 함량이 수입소맥들과 비교하여 특히 많이 함유되어 있었다. Fe은 통밀과 밀가루 모두에서 한국산 소맥에 월등히 많은 양 함유되어 있는 것으로 미루어 Fe은 제분과정에서 제거되지 않으며, 겨와 호분층 이외에 배유에도 분포되어 있기 때문에 제분된 뒤에도 Fe은 밀가루에서 많은 양 검출되는 것으로 생각된다. 무기질의 흡수를 제해하는 phytate는 한국산 소맥이 수입소맥들과 비교하여 많은 양 함유되어 있었으나, 제분된 밀가루에서는 함량에 있어서 큰 차이를 나타내지 않고, 밀가루와 통밀의 phytate 함량간에 유의적 상관관계가 없는 것으로 보아 많은 양의 phytate가 제분과정에서 제거되는 것으로 생각된다. 또한 통밀의 phytate 함량과 통밀의 P 함량간에는 유의적 상관관계가 확인되며 밀가루의 phytate 함량과 밀가루의 P의 함량간에도 유의적 상관관계가 확인되어 한국산 소맥의 P는 phytate 내에 존재하는 P가 상당부분 차지하며, phytate가 제분과정에서 제거되기 때문에 많은 양의 P도 제거되는 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.603-608
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• 1994

대두식품의 가공 및 발효에 따른 phytate 함량의 변화, 그 함량이 pepsin과 pancreatin에 의한 단백질 소화에 미치는 영향, 그리고 전기영동법에 의한 단백질 분획의 변화를 조사하였다. 황색콩의 phytate 함량은 2.4%이었고 가공 및 발효에 따라 감소하여 두유 0.2%, 두부 0.7%, 비지 0.4%로, 청국장 0.9%, 메주 1.4%, 간장 0.2%, 된장 1.0%로 나타났다. Phytate/protein 비율은 pepsin에 의한 단백질 소화율과 상관성이 없었으나 pancreatin에 의한 단백질 소화율과는 부(負)의 상관관계를 나타냈다(p<0.01, r= -0.73). 전기영동 결과 콩을 물에 불리면 수용성 분획이 변화되었고 두유 제조시 비지에는 주로 저분자량 밴드들이 새로이 나타났다. 발효 과정에서는 단백질이 분해되어 밴드가 거의 나타나지 않았다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.279-283
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• 1992

식물성 식품중의 영양 저해 인자로 알려진 phytate를 제거한 분리 유채단백(low-phytate rapeseed protein isolate)을 제조하여 pH 및 phytate 첨가량이 이들 분리 유채단백의 용해성과 소화율에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 분리 유채단백의 phytate 함량은 1.5%로서 탈지 유채분말보다 66%가 감소되었으며 protein : phytate ratio는 58 : 1이었다. 분리 유채단백의 용해도는 pH 2.0과 pH 11.5에서는 매우 높았으나 pH 5.0에서는 매우 낮았다. 그 용해도에 미치는 phytate 첨가량의 영향을 보면 pH 5.0과 pH 11.5에서는 별 차이가 없었으나 pH 2.0에서는 phytate 첨가량이 많을수록 그 용해도가 감소하였다. 분리 유채단백의 pepsin 소화율에 미치는 phytate의 저해적 영향은 phytate 함량이 증가할수록 더 커졌다. 소화기간 초기에는 그 영향이 매우 컸으나 소화시간이 길어짐에 따라 그 영향은 점점 감소되었으며 평균소화율은 24%가 감소하였다. 따라서 유채단백을 식품소재로 이용하기 위해서는 phytate 함량이 낮은 제품을 제조함으로써 그의 기능성과 영양가를 향상시킬 수 있을 것이다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.32-38
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• 1996

대두에 함유된 영양저해인자의 하나인 phytic acid를 감소시키기 위해 일정시간 침지시킨 대두를 microwave로 가열처리하여 phytic acid 및 phosphorus의 함량 변화를 관찰하였다. 단원콩, 만리콩 및 Amsoy의 phytic acid 함량은 각각 탈지대두 1 g중에 19.19 mg, 18.38 mg 및 16.73 mg 함유되어 있었다. 가열시간이 길어짐에 따라 콩에 함유된 phytic acid 및 phytate phosphorus 함량은 감소하는 경향을 보여서, 5분 가열시에 단원콩, 만리콩 및 Amsoy의 phytic acid 감소율은 각각 26.29%, 24.85%, 23.72%이었다. 단원콩을 12에서 30분간 autoclaving 처리하였을때 phytic acid 및 phytate phosphorus의 감소율은 18.62%와 16.95%로 microwave로 5분 처리하였을 때가 훨씬 효과적이었다. 대두의 수분함량과 microwave 가열효과와의 관계는 수분함량이 낮을수록 phytic acid의 감소 효과가 컸다. 몇가지 염용액에 12시간 침지시킨후 4분간 가열처리시 phytic acid의 감소율은 2.5% NaCl에서 24.52%, 2% $NaHCO_3$에서 26.62%, 혼합 염용액(M.S.S.)에서 28.47%로 증류수의 21.53%보다 약간 높게 나타났으며, phytate phosphorus 감소율 또한 위의 세가지 염용액에서 26.17%, 24.64% 및 26.60%로서 증류수의 19.73%보다 약간 더 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.