• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.586-596
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• 1992

To investigate the role of vitamin E in protection against lipid per-oxide formation and to monitor the changes in the status of vitamin E. A and reduced glutathione(GSH) in fish oil feeding male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. Control group was fed soybean oil and fish oil groups(FO, FI, FII) fed menhaden oil and soybean oil(9:1) mixture at the level of 10% (w/w) respectively. Dietary vitamin E levels were 30 T, E for control and FI, 2 T.E. for FO and 140 T. E for FII Feeding periods were 4, 8, and 16 weeks. Throughout all periods plasma vitamin E levels(either per ml or per mg lipid) of FO group were extremely low and liver and adipose tissue vitamin E levels were also the lowest among four groups, Plasma vitamin E levels per ml were lower in FI and FII than control but per mg lipid were in the order of FII>FI$\geq$control but vitamin E level per mg lipid did not differ in liver and adipose tissue. As feeding prolonged vitamin E levels in plasma and other tissue were decreased in FO but increased in the other groups. Plsama and liver thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance(TBARS) values were elevated in FO. but increased in the other groups. Plasma and liver thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance(TBARS) values were elevated in FO. While plasma TBARS values as per ml plasma were similar or lower in FI and FII as compared to control plasma TBARS values as per mg lipd and liver TBARS values were in the order of $FI\geqFII>control.$ Plasma and liver vitamin A blood GSH but not liver GSH appeared to be in the order of FII control>FI>FO and this was most significant in 8 weeks. This results suggests that both type of dietary oil and levels of vitamin E affect not only lipid peroxidation but also the status of other physiological antioxidants which have the potential to spare the role of vitamin E.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.851-858
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• 2016

The effective components of Schisandra chinensis are lignans (schizandrins and gomisins), which have various physiological functionalities such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. This study was carried out to determine the different parts of fruits in Schisandra chinensis to elevate their usefulness. Schisandra chinensis was separated into skin (epicarp), pulp (mesocarp), and seeds, and raw Omija and hot-dried Omija (HDO) were used as control. The most abundant component was nitrogen free extract (6.88~56.70%) followed by crude lipids (1.65~19.04%). The main mineral was K (383.10~2,024.10 mg/100 g), except in seeds where P was the main mineral. The main lignan in all parts of fruit was schizandrin, and the highest content of schizandrin was 9.46 mg/g in dried seeds. Total lignan content was 25.97 mg/g and 14.97 mg/g in dried seeds and HDO, respectively. A total of 17 components of fatty acids in seeds and HDO were detected, of which linoleic acid (72.66~73.78%), oleic acid (14.78~17.39%), palmitic acid (2.88~3.54%), and capric acid (1.70~4.93%) were determined as the major components. Main lignans and fatty acids of Schisandra chinensis fruit contain mainly seeds. Therefore, it is more efficient to use seeds than pulp and extract of fruit itself to use the components of Omija.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.1
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• pp.105-115
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• 2000

This study was conducted to test a hypothesis that sensitivity of trees to ozone exposure was related to their growth rates. Two cultivars of Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa with different genetic growth potential were used for the comparison. Two clones(72-30, 72-16) of cultivar No. 4 with fast growing potential and three clones(71-28, 72-27, 72-19) of cultivar No. 2 with slow growing potential were propagated in early spring by cutting in $2-{\ell}$ plastic pots. They were grown outdoor for 5 months and exposed in late August for 30 days to 70 and 130ppb ozone in a open-top chambers(2.5m in diameter and 2m in height). Ozone concentration in a control chamber was maintained below 30ppb by filtering with activated charcoal. Each treatment was replicated twenty times. In a control chamber, cultivar No. 4 grew 73%, 64%, and 38% faster than cultivar No. 2 in leaf weight, root weight, and total dry weight, respectively. Visible injury was observed only in cultivar No. 4 in 130ppb treatment. Ozone treatment at both 70 and 130ppb decreased height growth, dry weight of leaf, root, and entire plants in all five clones. Particularly root growth was reduced by 39.7% and 13.8% in cultivar No. 4 and No. 2, respectively, in 70ppb treatment. Consequently, shoot/root ratio of cultivar No.4 was increased by 63.4%, while that of cultivar No.2 was increased by 22.1%. Stomatal conductance decreased more in cultivar No.4 than in cultivar No.2. Net photosynthesis of cultivar No.4 at 130ppb ozone decreased by 69.5%, while that of cultivar No.2 decreased by 31.5%. Above mentioned physiological responses of two cultivars to ozone strongly suggested that fast growing cultivar No.4 was more sensitive to ozone than slow growing cultivar No.2. It was concluded that sensitivity of trees to ozone exposure was closely related to their growth rates.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.4
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• pp.101-126
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• 1990

At early Cheong (淸) dynasty, in medical aspect by dependent on practical studying attitude that must found a theory only by an evidence, there had been a tendancy that hoped direct research of sages' mind-eye by escaping the theory of individual classes since Geum-Won (金-元) dynasty. Yoo Chang (喩昌), born in Man-Ryeok (萬曆) 12th year of Myung (明) dynasty (A.D.1583) and dead in Gang-Hee (康熙) 3rd year of Cheong (淸) dynasty (A.D.1664). The results were as follows after studying his practical idea of medicine. 1. Yoo Chang, by recognizing the ${\ll}$Sang-Han-Ro${\gg}$ has lost its true meaning after commented by Wang Hee (王熙), Lim Eog (林億), Seong Moo-I (成無巳), etc. according to Bang Yoo-Jip's (方有執) Chak-Gan-Jung-Jeong (錯簡重訂) theory, he diversified the protocal of ${\ll}$Sang-Han-Ro${\gg}$ 397 method and arranged under Six Meridian part. (六經) 2. The theory of Sam-Gang-Jeong-Rip (三綱鼎立) can be summerized Gye-Ji (桂枝) syndrome which is the case of Wind (風) has injured Wi (衛) stage, Ma-hwang (麻黃) syndrome which is the case of Cold (寒) has injured Yeong (榮) stage, Dae-Cheong-Ryong (大靑龍) syndrome which is the case both of Wind-Cold (風寒) has injured Yeong-Wi (榮衛) stage, and there has been Sam-Gang-Jeong-Rip theory by anterior medical practitioners already but the person who formally used its Sam-Gang-Jeong-Rip term is Yoo Chang. 3. Yoo Chang seized the On Byeng (溫病) by dividing three category and in Byon-Jeung-Si-Chi (辨證施治) he influenced to many aspect of establishment of later Byon-Jeung system On-Byong (溫病의 辨證體系) pertaining to Triple-Warmer by O-Dang (吳瑭) introducing Triple-Wanner Theory. (三焦理論) 4. At Chu-Jo-Ron (秋燥論) of ${\ll}$EUi-Moon-Beop-Ryo${\gg}$, while ${\ll}$Nae-Gyeong${\gg}$ describing if humidity injury Lung, then occur a disorder in it, Yoo Chang recognized that of au tuam when dryness injure Lung there occure a disorder is it so he insisted that at this case, must use Cheong-Joe-Goo-Pye method (淸操救肺法) withherbs, pertaing to Gam-Yoo-Ja-Yoon(甘柔滋潤性) property and he invented Cheong-Joe-Goo-Pye-Tang. (淸操救肺湯) 5. Yoo Chang', so called, Dae-Gi (大氣) indicates Yang-Gi (陽氣) of chest, he insisted that man's creation and every physiological activity depends on maintainence of Dae-Gi, and it integrate Yeong-Gi (榮氣), Wea-Gi (衛氣), Jong-Gi (宗氣), Jang-Boo-Ji-Gi (臟腑之氣), Gyeong-Rak-Ji-Gi. (經絡之氣) 6. Yoo Chang's expression about partical function and character of stomach, not only bolster its theory of historical physician's expression, that is stomach is. foundatness of postnatal period, but also it has corresponding aspect with modern medicine and clinic. 7. Yoo Chang emphasized "if one cure a disease, be must understood the character of disease first and use drugs later" (先議病 後用藥) phrase about of drug usage, and his theory of Geup-Rew-Man-Joo method (急流挽舟) and three therapy of Simple Ascite (單腹腸) are all unique opinion based upon this phrase mentioned above. 8. Yoo Chang's practical idea of medicine greatly influenced to Jang Ro (張璐), Hwang Won-A (黃元御), Oh Eui-Rak (吳儀洛), Joo Yang-Joon (周揚俊), etc. and theory of Sam-Gang-Jeng-Rip (三綱鼎立), Triple Warmer Theory of On Byong (溫疫의 三焦論治), Chu-Jo-Ron (秋燥論), Dae-Gi-Ron (大氣論) etc. became important object to student of Sang-Han (傷寒) and On-Byeng. (溫病) 9. Yoo Chang's Writings has more practical meaning than other physician's, especially, later the idea of Sang-Han (傷寒) and On-Byong (溫病) greatly contributed to development of Sang-Han theory and formation of On-Byong theory.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.153-164
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• 2010

To determine the clinical target volumes considering vascularity and cellularity of tumors, the software was developed for mapping of the analyzed biological clinical target volumes on anatomical images using regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) maps and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps. The program provides the functions for integrated registrations using mutual information, affine transform and non-rigid registration. The registration accuracy is evaluated by the calculation of the overlapped ratio of segmented bone regions and average distance difference of contours between reference and registered images. The performance of the developed software was tested using multimodal images of a patient who has the residual tumor of high grade gliomas. Registration accuracy of about 74% and average 2.3 mm distance difference were calculated by the evaluation method of bone segmentation and contour extraction. The registration accuracy can be improved as higher as 4% by the manual adjustment functions. Advanced MR images are analyzed using color maps for rCBV maps and quantitative calculation based on region of interest (ROI) for ADC maps. Then, multi-parameters on the same voxels are plotted on plane and constitute the multi-functional parametric maps of which x and y axis representing rCBV and ADC values. According to the distributions of functional parameters, tumor regions showing the higher vascularity and cellularity are categorized according to the criteria corresponding malignant gliomas. Determined volumes reflecting pathological and physiological characteristics of tumors are marked on anatomical images. By applying the multi-functional images, errors arising from using one type of image would be reduced and local regions representing higher probability as tumor cells would be determined for radiation treatment plan. Biological tumor characteristics can be expressed using image registration and multi-functional parametric maps in the developed software. The software can be considered to delineate clinical target volumes using advanced MR images with anatomical images.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2005

A few studies have shown that the function of fusiform face area is selectively involved in the perception of faces including a race difference. We investigated the neural substrates of the face-selective region called fusiform face area in the ventral occipital-temporal cortex and same-race memory superiority in the fusiform face area by the event-related fMRI. In our fMRI study, subjects (Oriental-Korean) performed the implicit distinction of the race while they consciously made familiar-judgments, regardless of whether they considered a face as Oriental-Korean or European-American. For race distinction as an implicit task, the fusiform face areas (FFA) and the right parahippocampal gyrus had a greater response to the presentation of Oriental-Korean faces than for the European-American faces, but in the conscious race distinction between Oriental-Korean and European-American faces, there was no significant difference observed in the FFA. These results suggest that different activation in the fusiform regions and right parahippocampal gyrus resulting from superiority of same-race memory could have implicitly taken place by the physiological processes of face recognition.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.125-154
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• 2009

This paper describes the possibility of human physiological data, especially brain-wave activity, to detect cognitive overload, a phenomenon that may occur while learner uses an e-learning system. If it is found that cognitive overload to be detectable, providing appropriate feedback to learners may be possible. To illustrate the possibility, while engaging in cognitive activities, cognitive load levels were measured by EEG (electroencephalogram) to seek detection of cognitive overload. The task given to learner was a computerized listening and recall test designed to measure working memory capacity, and the test had four progressively increasing degrees of difficulty. Eight male, right-handed, university students were asked to answer 4 sets of tests and each test took from 61 seconds to 198 seconds. A correction ratio was then calculated and EEG results analyzed. The correction ratio of listening and recall tests were 84.5%, 90.6%, 62.5% and 56.3% respectively, and the degree of difficulty had statistical significance. The data highlighted learner cognitive overload on test level of 3 and 4, the higher level tests. Second, the SEF-95% value was greater on test3 and 4 than on tests 1 and 2 indicating that tests 3 and 4 imposed greater cognitive load on participants. Third, the relative power of EEG gamma wave rapidly increased on the 3rd and $4^{th}$ test, and signals from channel F3, F4, C4, F7, and F8 showed statistically significance. These five channels are surrounding the brain's Broca area, and from a brain mapping analysis it was found that F8, right-half of the brain area, was activated relative to the degree of difficulty. Lastly, cross relation analysis showed greater increasing in synchronization at test3 and $4^{th}$ at test1 and 2. From these findings, it is possible to measure brain cognitive load level and cognitive over load via brain activity, which may provide atimely feedback scheme for e-learning systems.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.31-42
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• 2014

Purpose: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the physical properties of RGP lens induced by lens polishing on the actual wearer's subjective comfort, the tear film break-up time and the blinking rate as a follow-up study that revealed the relationship between the lens physical properties during lens manufacturing and lens wearer's factors. Methods: RGP lenses made from the three different polishing conditions (25, 50 and 100 seconds) were applied on 28 eyes of 17 subjects, aged 20 to 29 years, without any known disease and surgical history in the eyes. While the subjects were asked to wear the RGP lenses longer than a week, the questionnaire for the comfortability was administered everyday. Subjective and objective tear break-up time and blinking rate of the wearers were further measured. Results: The wearer's subjective comfortability showed some difference in the type of discomfort and satisfaction score according to the polishing status when wearing RGP lenses made from different polishing conditions longer than a week, and a bigger difference in satisfaction score induced by polishing condition was especially shown in experienced RGP lens wearer rather than un-experienced wearer. In the case of RGP lens wearer compared with the ones without the wearing experience, as the wearing time increased subjective and objective tear break-up time were increased and the blinking rate was decreased. However, subjective and objective tear break-up time were tended to decrease with even longer wearing time when wearing the RGP lens made from the polishment for 100 seconds. Conclusions: These results confirmed that the optimization of physical properties of the lens may not give the same effect on the wearer's subjective and objective symptoms and other factors when actual wearing. From the results, it can suggest that the success rate of RGP lens wear may be changed by physiological factors such as the stabilization of wearer's tear film, comfortability and lens wearing experience when wearing RGP lens based on 'The manufacturing standard for soft contact lens/hard contact lens' provided by Korea Food and Drug Administration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1536-1544
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• 2005

We have investigated physiological effects of soy ice cream with oligosaccharide on oxidative stress and fecal microflora in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Parched soybean powder (7.6$\%$, w/w) substituted skimmed milk and cream, soybean oil (7.6$\%$, w/w) for milk oil, and fructooligosaccharide (9.5$\%$, w/w) for sucrose. Five types of ice cream were prepared: regular, oligosaccharide-supplemented regular, soy, oligosaccharide - supplemented soy, and oligosaccharide - supplemented black soybean ice cream . Freeze - dried ice cream was supplemented to AIN93-based diets at 30$\%$ (w/w) containing 6.5$\%$ soy and 4.5$\%$ fructooligosaccharide. Diabetes was induced by intramuscular administration of streptozotocin, and experimental diets were given for 4 weeks. Plasma concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was significantly increased in the diabetic rats compared with the normal rats, then was significantly decreased with feeding soy ice cream containing diet compared with regular ice cream containing diet among the diabetic groups. The levels of TBARS in liver were decreased in the rats that were fed either soy or oligosaccharide ice cream compared with the rats that were fed regular ice cream. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity was significantly increased in the rats fed soy ice cream compared with the rats fed regular ice cream. Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities were significantly increased in the rats fed black soybean ice cream. Fecal concentrations of Lactobacilli were significantly higher in the rats fed soy ice cream and oligosaccharide- supplemented soy ice cream than that of the rats fed regular ice cream. Fecal concentrations of Bifidobacteria were significantly higher in the rats fed oligosaccharide- supplemented soy ice cream than that of the rats fed regular ice cream. In conclusion, oligosaccharide- supplemented soy ice cream suppressed lipid peroxidation and improved the got microbiota in diabetic rats compared with milk-based regular ice cream.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.271-277
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• 2006

A mechanically pressed juice of Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miq.) extract was prepared using 70% ethanol solution. The extract was subjected to gamma-irradiation treatment (20 kGy) and investigated for its change of color and biological activities. Hunter $L^*$ values of the irradiated Bokbunja extract were increased in comparison with the non-irradiated extracts, and the $a^*\;and\;b^*$values decreased by the irradiation treatment. The content of the total phenolic compounds in the non-irradiated and irradiated extracts were 58.4 and 56.5 mg/g, respectively. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical scavenging activities of non-irradiated and irradiated extracts at a 250 ppm level were 80% and 79%, respectively. Lipid oxidation was retarded by addition of Bokbunja powder. Nitrite scavenging activity was the highest in the Bokbunja powder at pH 1.2 and the effect was not changed by irradiation. The Bokbunja powder showed antimicrobial activity against Salmonella Typhimurium and Bacillus cereus. However, irradiation of Bokbunja did not affect any physiological functions (p>0.05). A Salmonella mutagenicity assay indicated that the irradiated Bokbunja extract did not show any mutagenicity. Therefore, Bokbunja extract could be used in various applications as a functional material, such as ingredients of food and cosmetic, compositions with functions.