• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.144-152
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• 2001

In order to improve functionality of kochujang which is one of the traditional foods of Korea, sea tangle powder(2, 4, 6 and 8% sea tangle powder on the glutinous rice weight basis) was added to the raw material of kochujang and then investigated the change of physiochemical properties with control kochujang during the fermentation at 3$0^{\circ}C$ for 120 days. During 120 days fermentation, moisture and crude protein contents were gradually decreased with fermentation time, whereas crude fat content NaCl were slightly increased with fermentation time. The contents of reducing sugar of sea tangle kochujang was rapidly increased until 60 days of fermentation after that it was increased slightly up to 90 days of fermentation to the highest value and then reduced slightly or not changed approximately until 120 days. pH was reduced up to 60 days of fermentation after that it remained 4.63~4.91 in 90~120 days. Acidity was increased with fermentation time, and it was the highest value of 11.5~12.4$m\ell$ in 120 days of fermentation. Viscosity was increased with increased with fermentation time. Especially a case of additional sample of 8% sea tangle powder was highly increased until 60 days. A case of color difference value, in initial time of preparation of kochujang was distinct difference of value for additional samples respectively but as the fermentation progressed, among the samples not found consistent change of color difference value. L value was gradually decreased during fermentation. A value was decreased up to 30 days of fermentation and it was increased again totally at 60 days of fermentation. B value was decreased totally at initial time of fermentation and a case of control was increased again at 90 days of fermentation, the other samples increased again 60 days earlier than 30 days.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.55-64
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• 2019

This study identified key patents on U.S. underground water technology through patent network analysis. As a result, there were many technologies that used the technology to remove heavy metals to prevent contamination of groundwater. While patents between groundwater technology patents were in charge of intermediaries, the connectivity between groundwater technologies is not high. The patented technologies related to groundwater were largely distinguishable by pumping, monitoring, and decontamination. Monitoring includes techniques that enable identification of physical and biological properties, such as the type of contaminants, as well as geographic characteristics for analysis of groundwater flow, flow or water quality. Pollution purification technology refers to the process of physiochemical and biological purification for soil and groundwater. U.S. technology cases showed that the U.S. had high technology in water treatment area. And patent protection were also needed to cope with water shortages caused by climate change.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.15-28
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• 2020

Urbanization and industrialization have caused increasing damage to national lands, and ecological restoration has proceeded without any specific assessment of this damage. The purpose of this study is to select indices to assess damaged areas through literature review and panel discussions, and to derive the importance of damaged area assessment indices by analyzing them through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). This study has derived, via literature review, six types of damage and a total of 18 related assessment indices. A total of 51 responses were collected from surveys and given to experts, and an AHP analysis conducted. As a result of the analysis, "Landform change (0.268)" was of the highest importance, with associated damage types as follows: "Soil contamination (0.193)", "Vegetation damaged (0.149)", "Surface soil loss (0.143)", "Change in soil physiochemical property (0.125)", and "Vegetation decline (0.122)". The analysis determined that the item of the highest importance in the overall assessment of damage was "Slope occurred area (0.100)", and that "Conductivity (0.022)" was of the lowest importance. This study can be presented as a criterion in determining the type and degree of damage in setting priorities for future ecological restoration projects.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.219-225
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the amount of fat, vitamins and minerals in milk can be affected by hydrodynamic cavitation since cavitation is recently focused on as one of the sterilization methods. Vitamins (vitamin A, $B_2$), minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Zn) and fat contents were measured according to Ministry of Food and Drug Safety's Processing Standards and Component Specifications of Animal Product. Vitamin A & $B_2$ contents decreased approximately 23% & 19%, respectively after cavitation. Minerals content showed no change after cavitation. Also, P and Mg contents were reduced after cavitation to 2 mg/100g and 0.1 mg/100g, showing no change. Milk fat content was 3.46% before cavitation and 3.41% after cavitation, displaying no difference. Hydrodynamic cavitation process displays a possibility to replace existing pasteurizing method, as it does not change vitamin or mineral contents in milk. Therefore, a more clear and systematic research on hydrodynamic cavitation pasteurization is needed to distribute excellent quality milk and to emphasize physiochemical properties and quality change of existing heat pasteurization process.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.509-517
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to assess the applicability of device-type stream coagulation process which combines physiochemical, biological processing for efficient improvement of water quality in small, middle-sized urban streams. The stream purification facility of this study is compose of pressure flotation type Micro Bubble Process(MBP) to remove TSS and TP and conduit line type Attached Microbial Pipe System(AMPS) to remove BOD. Test conditions of each device were set by floating stay time and change of ultra fine bubble injection amount of MBP, and change of AMPS stay time. Also, removal efficiency of pollution sources of each process were assess by change of season. As result of continuous operation of each process, MBP showed a maximum of TSS 83.69%, TP 95.15% process efficiency and AMPS showed a maximum of 52.95% TBOD5 removal efficiency. Also as result of circular operation of each process, MBP showed a maximum of TSS 69.75%, TP 70.17% process efficiency and AMPS showed a maximum of 68.58% TBOD5 removal efficiency. Therefore, it is considered that this stream coagulation process is effective in improving the water quality of streams in urban areas.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.143-151
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• 2017

This study illustrates changes in the epilithic diatom assemblages in response to urban climatic conditions. We further assess the impact of abnormal urban climate to the urban stream environment. Epilithic diatoms, water chemical and physical variables were sampled every quarter, and assessed at 3 Oncheon stream sites, for a period of two years(from 2013~2014). The variation of physiochemical properties such as BOD, COD, T-N and T-P, show that the water quality was strongly influenced with long periods of drought and flood disturbance. Epilithic diatom assemblages were separated along the stream sites; however, the physical disturbance from urban drought and stormwater changed the composition of diatom assemblages instead of decreasing the taxonomic richness. Thus, our results suggest that epilithic diatom assemblages are altered in response to urban climatic changes, resulting in variations of stream conditions. Hence, strategies of climate change adaptation are required when considering urban stream environments.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.287-294
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• 2014

To improve the shelf life of low-salt Kochujang, Korean hot pepper paste, antimicrobial materials were added at different times before and after aging. The kochujang was then packaged and stored at $30^{\circ}C$ for 15 weeks, and changes in microbiological and physiochemical properties were evaluated. Hunter a- and b-values decreased considerably during storage. The total color difference (${\delta}E$) was greater in the ethanol-chitosan (EC) treatment than in the control and after pasteurization (A-P) treatment. Gas was produced until the seventh week of storage. The control and the A-P treatments produced more gas than the other treatments, and these had the largest number of yeasts and aerobic bacteria. The pH of the EC treatment was higher than that of the other treatments, and the A-P treatment had the highest level of titratable acidity. During storage, the oxidation-reduction potential was lower in the EC and ethanol-mustard-chitosan (EMC) treatments. The reducing sugar content decreased remarkably in the control and A-P treatments, with high production of ethanol. There was a significant change in the content of amino-type nitrogen in the control and A-P treatments, and the content of ammonia-type nitrogen was lowest in the EMC treatment. In the sensory test of kochujang, the ethanol-mustard (EM) and ethanol (E) treatments were significantly higher than the EC, control, and A-P treatments (p <0.05). EM or E alone was effective in extending the shelf life of kochujang when added before aging.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.221-235
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• 2011

This study focuses on the qualitative characteristics of mackerel marinated with herb extracts. By differentiating the amounts of garlic, ginger and basil, the optimal amount of each ingredient to he added has been found. According to the result of the experiment, the highest level of preference has been shown for the combination of 3% of garlic, 3% of ginger and 2% of basil, generating the optimal amounts to be added. Since the pH change shown by the mackerel marinated by adding the optimal combination of 3% of garlic, 3% of ginger and 2% of basil is included in the range of pH 6.2-6.4, which is the initial point of decomposition for red-fleshed fish, it can be considered to be appropriate for the qualitative characteristics of the product. According to the differences test, GA3 bas shown the lowest level of strength, making it soft. Also, GA3 has shown the highest level of elasticity together with the characteristic of being moist. As a result, it can be said that garlic is better than ginger and basil. According to the preference test, GA3 has shown the highest level of preference in terms of appearance, flavor, texture, taste and overall preference. By considering the above results of the experiment, GA3 (3% of garlic) can be regarded as the optimal amount to be added.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.174-180
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• 1995

The damage rate according to the age of black pine trees in the Black pine bast scale, Matsucoccus thunbergianae was high from 7 to 22 year old trees. According to damaged degree of damaged trees, it showed great difference in infection rate of saprophitic fungi. The period until the developmental degree of saprophitic fungi became maximized degree of 7 was required about 48 days in dead tree of 100 percent, about 54 days in one of above than 80 percent, about 75 days in one of 40~50 percent, but the dead tree less than 10 percent and health tree was retained the 3~4 developmental degree of saprophitic fungi, after 80 days. The ring width of damaged trees showed as follows. The non damaged trees was 3.52 cm, 0.77 cm in the damaged trees of 100 percent, 0.88 cm in the ones of 80 percent, 1.22 cm in the ones of 40~50 percent and 1.37 cm in the ones of les than 10 percent, respectively. Number of cells per unit area was smaller in the case of greater damaged trees, gradually. Also moisture content was very high in greater damaged trees, and bending strength was lower. Extracts by the one percent NaOH showed a small amount.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.255-261
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• 2010

Pluronic as pharmaceutical excipients are listed in the US and British Pharmacopoeia. In particular, Pluronics exist as different compositions and display abundant phases as self-assembling into polymeric micelles with various morphologies depending on the aqueous solvent quality, the composition of structure, and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB). Pluronics were also known as a P-gp modulator, which was exploited as a reversal molecule of multi-drug resistant (MDR) cancers. We selected a lamella forming Pluronic L92 which has high hydrophobicity and relatively long PEO block among L series of Pluronics. The dispersion of L92 showed great size particles and low stability. To increase the stability and to decrease the particle size, secondary Pluronics (F68, F88, F98, F127, P85, P105, and P123) with relatively long PEO chain were added into 0.1 wt% Pluronic L92 dispersion. The stability of binary systems was increased due to incorporated long PEO chain. Their particle sizes slightly decreased to over 200~400 nm and their solubilization capacity of binary systems didn't change except Pluronic L92/P123 mixtures. The L92/P123 systems showed ca. 100 nm sizes and lowest turbidity among the all systems. The solubilization capacity of 0.1 wt% L92/0.1 wt% P123 was slightly increased compared to 0.1 wt% L92 mono system and other binary systems. These nano-sized binary systems may have potential as alternative drug delivery systems with simple preparation method and overcome the drawbacks of mono systems such as low stability and loading capacity.