• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.77-83
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• 2010

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of particle size on the physicochemical properties of egg yolk-rice porridge. The pH of egg yolk-rice porridge was decreased when compared to that of the control, while the lightness and yellowness was increased as the rice particle size increased. The viscosity of whole particle egg yolk porridge was highest among the three porridges at $40^{\circ}C$. The protein content of the egg yolk-rice porridge was increased three-fold, when compared to that of the rice porridges. The total amino acid content of egg yolk-rice porridge was 1,500.6 mg/100 g, while that of rice was 1,147.5 mg/100 g. The Lys and Thr content of the amino acid content of egg yolk-rice porridge were also increased. Sensory evaluation results revealed that the half particle size rice egg yolk-rice porridge had the highest scores in color, taste and over-all preference. Based on these results, the half particle size egg yolk-porridge had good quality with respect to both the physicochemical and nutritional properties.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2017

Physicochemical properties of Fujian Yongchun aged vinegar (FYAV) and Shanxi mature vinegar (SMV) were compared in terms of the fermentation methods applied and aging periods (3, 5, 8, and 10 years), and combined E-nose/E-tongue analyses were performed to assess their flavors. Compared with submerged fermentation-derived FYAV, solid-state fermentation-derived SMV showed higher values of pH, brix, soluble solids, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity, but not total acidity or total organic acids. Aging period resulted in an increase in pH, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. Principal component analysis based on E-tongue/E-nose analyses was performed to distinguish between the vinegars produced by different fermentation methods and under aging periods. Solid-state fermentation and an aging process were considered good techniques for vinegar brewing, considering the various organic acids and high levels of total phenolics and antioxidant activity.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.390-393
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• 2011

The effects of differing baking ingredient formulations on physicochemical qualities and consumer preferences were investigated using sponge cakes incorporated with tomato powder, a healthy and beneficial food ingredient, as a model system. Tomato powder was incorporated into cake batter at four different amounts (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, w/w) by replacing equivalent amount of wheat flour. After appropriate mixing, sponge cakes were baked and cake quality attributes were evaluated after cooling. Specific volume decreased with an increase in the tomato powder substitution, although not significantly (p>0.05). On the other hand, baking loss increased from 10.3 (control) to 13.4 (30% sample) as the tomato powder level increased in the formulation. Lightness ($L^*$) decreased significantly from 79.5 to 74.1 whereas the firmness significantly increased with the higher incorporation of tomato powder (p<0.05). The consumer preferences on color, taste, and flavor, but not softness, were significantly affected by the amount of tomato powder incorporated in the sample (p<0.05). With respect to overall acceptability, the 20% sample received the highest mean score of 5.1, although this was not significantly different from the 10% sample or control (p>0.05). The incorporation of tomato powder, up to 20%, in the formulation of sponge cakes did not significantly influence the consumers' acceptability in all attributes tested.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.588-596
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• 2020

The seaweed Hizikia fusiformis is rich in protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. We investigated the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of yanggaeng made with agar, sugar, honey, oligosaccharide, cooked white bean paste, and different amounts (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%) of H. fusiformis powder. The proximate composition, pH, sugar content, color, texture, antioxidant activity, and sensory properties of the yanggaeng were investigated. The moisture and sugar contents of the yanggaeng did not change despite increasing the amount of H. fusiformis. The pH decreased with increasing H. fusiformis. The lightness decreased significantly, whereas the redness and yellowness increased with increasing amounts of H. fusiformis. In the texture profile analysis, the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness decreased with increasing H. fusiformis content. The antioxidant activity of the yanggaeng increased with the concentration of the H. fusiformis powder. The yanggaeng containing 2% H. fusiformis had the highest overall sensory acceptance score. The addition of H. fusiformis to yanggaeng appears to improve its quality and antioxidant activity.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.672-680
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• 2020

This study investigated the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of yanggaeng prepared from agar, sugar, honey, oligosaccharide, cooked white bean paste, and different amounts (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5%) of Pyropia yezoensis powder. The moisture, pH, sugar content, color, texture, antioxidant activity, and sensory properties of yanggaeng were investigated. The moisture content of yanggaeng did not change despite the increasing amount of P. yezoensis. The pH and sugar content decreased with increasing P. yezoensis concentration. The lightness decreased significantly, whereas the redness and yellowness increased with increasing amounts of P. yezoensis. Regarding texture profile analysis, the hardness, gumminess, chewiness, and cohesiveness decreased with increasing P. yezoensis content. The antioxidant activity of yanggaeng increased with increasing concentrations of P. yezoensis powder. Yanggaeng containing 2.5% P. yezoensis had the highest overall sensory acceptance score. Therefore, the addition of P. yezoensis to yanggaeng appears to improve its quality and antioxidant activity.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2007

The effects of drying methods on the physicochemical properties of chaga (Inonotus obliquus) mushroom powder were investigated. Scanning electron micrograph revealed that freeze drying produced smaller particle- sized samples which in turn resulted in higher porosity than did vacuum and hot-air drying. Samples prepared by freeze drying showed a significantly higher L*-value as compared with those prepared by hot-air drying and vacuum drying (p<0.05). The lightness (L*-value) significantly decreased with increasing relative humidity and storage temperature regardless of drying method (p<0.05). The yellowness (b*-value) increased significantly with increasing relative humidity (p<0.05). Browning index was significantly lower in samples prepared by freeze drying (p<0.05) but not significantly different between samples dried by hot-air and vacuum drying. Freeze dried sample exhibited a significantly higher degree of rehydration than other samples (p<0.05) probably due to the small particle size. Water solubility of the freeze dried sample was higher than those of the other methods while swelling ratio of the same sample appeared to be lower than those of others. Freeze dried chaga mushroom powder contained significantly lower amount of total phenolics and total sugar as compared to other samples (p<0.05).

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2011

Germination tests were conducted to determine the practical concentration levels at which plants can reproduce naturally during the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with a high concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals. The effects of humic acids on plant growth and soil physicochemical properties were also investigated. The results show that phytoremediation can be applied in soils contaminated by multiple contaminants at the former soil contamination potential level of Korean soil quality standards considering successful natural reproduction. It was observed that germination rates of Helianthus annuus and Festuca arundinacea were high after all treatments, and transplantation was more appropriate for Phragmites communis in phytoremediation. Humic acids had a positive effect on the growth of both aboveground and belowground biomass of herbaceous plants. Growth inhibition by multiple contaminants is more severe in the case of aboveground biomass. Germination and growth tests suggest that Helianthus annuus is a suitable phytoremediation plant for soils contaminated with a high concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals. The addition of humic acids also caused changes in the physicochemical properties of contaminated soils. An increase in the carbon and nitrogen content due to the addition of humic acids and a correlation between cation exchange capacity(CEC) and the organic matter content were observed.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.22 no.5 s.95
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• pp.712-719
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• 2006

Sugar cookies using various levels of citron powder were prepared and the physicochemical and sensory characteristics were investigated in this study. The pH of the dough was relatively lower in the groups with increased citron powder. The yellowness of dough color was significantly increased from value of 23.47 to 36.99 as the substitution levels of citron powder content was increased (p<0.05). The degree of gelatinization of the dough measured using DSC was reduced with increasing delayed with the increased amount of the powder content. Cookies with powders content of 4-6 g showed significantly lower water contents than compared to those with 0-2 g(p<0.05). The spread factor tended to decrease as the substitution levels of the sample groups were increased. The results of sensory characteristics showed significantly higher bitterness and lower sweetness with the 6 g substituted sample group at (p<0.05). Desired citron cookie was prepared with the group of a substitution levels of 4 g citron powder from the confounded viewpoint of the physicochemical and sensory properties that were investigated.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.564-571
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• 2006

In order to improve the quality and preservation of nabakkimchi, omija was added as an ingredient to determine its effect on the physicochemical characteristics of kimchi during fermentation, as well as the optimum level of omija extract. Omija extract was prepared from omija seeds by extraction with water for 9 hr at room temperature in concentrations (w/v) of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% for use as an ingredient in nabakkimchi. The physicochemical characteristics of nabakkimchi containing omija extract were analyzed during fermentation of the product for up to 25 days. Delayed fermentation was observed, particularly in the early stage of fermentation, and was dependent on the concentration of the omija extract, as shown by stabilization of pH decreases and increases in the total acidity. An increased concentration of omija extract also raised the initial total vitamin C content and the reducing sugar content, which both then stabilized thereafter. Delayed development of turbidity within the optimum fermentation period of 16 days, increased redness and total color difference, and an electron-donor effect were also promoted by the omija extract. However, the omija extract also triggered extra tannin production, which leads to an astringent taste, especially at the 1.5 and 2.0% treatment levels.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.98-110
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• 2022

Meat jerky is a type of meat snack with a long shelf life, light weight, and unique sensory properties. However, meat jerky requires a long manufacturing time, resulting in high energy consumption. In this study, beef jerky was prepared by injecting different concentrations of brine at different hot-air drying times (0-800 min). When the brine injection levels were increased to 30%, the drying characteristics of beef jerky, such as drying time and effective moisture diffusivity, were significantly improved owing to the relatively high water content and the formation of porous structures. The physicochemical properties (e.g. meat color, porosity, shear force, and volatile basic nitrogen) of the beef jerky injected with 30% brine were improved owing to the shortened drying time. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the beef jerky structure became porous and irregular during the brine injection process. Our novel processing technique for manufacturing beef jerky leads to improved quality characteristics and shortened drying times.