• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.58-63
• /
• 1999

Three kinds of papers were prepared from different beating degree of pulps. Physical and optical properties were examined to elucidate the deterioration mechanism of paper according to beating degrees. Changes of double folds, elongation, water retention value, DP, K/S value and visible, UV region light absorption spectra of those papers treated by UV light were studied. Double folds and brightness were decreased more rapidly by UV treatment with increasing of beating degree. The light absorption rates of pulps in visible and UV region were also increased with change of beating level. The formation of new hydrogen bonds and higher light absorption rate of pulps according to beating induced to absorb and interact with much UV light. These phenomena maybe brought about to accelerate paper deteriortion by UV treatment both optical and physical properties.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.827-834
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study is to provide scientific data to support policy making on core area management in national parks, particularly to resolve conflict regarding trail closure, by analyzing the physical characteristics of trails in the Seoraksan and Songnisan National Park on the Baekdudaegan mountains. For the analysis, we surveyed 112 points selected from three sections and one section of closed trails in Seoraksan and Songnisan, respectively (17.1 km in total). The surveyed trails had, on average, trail width of 0.98m, baresoil width of 0.84 m, maximum erosion depth of 11.6cm, and trail slope of 14.2%. Of 53 out of 112 surveyed points (47.3%), we found exposed roots. Only 47 points (42.0%) did not show any type of physical deterioration. The magnitudes of deterioration in the surveyed closed-trail are relatively lower than those in open-trail in other national parks and are similar to those of ridge trails on the Baekdudaegan mountains.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.24 no.11
• /
• pp.1431-1442
• /
• 2015

This study was carried out to systematically maintain and manage the trails by assessing the physical characteristics, the types of deterioration and impact rating class of trails located in Mt. Nam District of the Gyeongju National Park. The major trails followed 6 routes including Sambulsa-Geumobong(A), Yongjangsaji-Geumobong(B), Yongjanggol-Yiyoungjae-Gowibong(C), Cheonusa-Gowibong(D), Sangseojang-Forest road(E) and Tongiljeon-Forest road(F). The routes length of A was 2.2 km, 2.7 km of B, 3.4 km of C, 1.3 km of D, 2.0 km of E and 1.0 km of F. In the physical characteristics, A was the widest and F was the narrowest in the width and bared width of trail. In depth of erosion, B was the deepest and E was the shallowest. D was the steepest and E was the gentlest in the slope. In the results of analysing the types of deterioration, A were 13 types, 11 types of B, C and D, 10 types of E and 6 types of F. The times of appearance of deterioration types in A were 86 times, 75 times of B, 105 times of C, 48 times of D, 47 times of E and 13 times of F. In case of the impact rating class, trail erosion was II degree, I degree of trail expansion, root exposure, trail divergence and rock exposure.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.54 no.1
• /
• pp.137-150
• /
• 2021

The rock-carved standing Buddha triad in Seoak-dong is a large stone Buddha statue of the Unified Silla era (AD 676 to 935) in ancient Korea, built near the top of the southeastern side of mountain Seondosan in Gyeongju, is characterized by its locational importance, the powerful Amitabha and the gentle sculptural technique of the Bodhisattva. In particular, Amitabha Buddha in andesite rock slope with biotite granite pedestal and two Bodhisattva parallel made by alkali granites seems to express the dignity through the color and texture of the stones. In the Amitabha Buddha, deterioration characteristics are accelerating due to the combination of various joint systems, instability of the slopes and relaxation by the root pressure of plants occurring at the top. In addition, physical properties have deteriorated owing to the increase of discontinuous surfaces as joints, cracks and scalings, and the coverage of algae and lichen is also high. Therefore, deterioration degree in Buddha triad is accelerated due to the physical weathering characteristics from natural rock mass and various biological invasion.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.17.1-17.11
• /
• 2020

Dehydration, electrolyte disturbance, and acid-base imbalance are the most significant consequences of diarrhea in calves. We aimed to determine blood gas, hematological, electrolyte, and biochemical values and investigate the relationship between the physical status and blood parameters in Korean native calves (KNCs) with diarrhea. One hundred eighty KNCs with diarrhea (age < 75 days) were investigated. Blood samples were collected from the external jugular vein and analyzed using a portable clinical blood gas analyzer. The measured parameters were statistically compared according to the status of physical activity, dehydration, or prognosis. The mean values of parameters in the Calves with diarrhea showed metabolic acidosis, hyponatremia, and azotemia. The mean values of potassium, chloride, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were in the upper limit of their reference ranges. More than 75% of the calves had metabolic acidosis caused by bicarbonate loss, and 63.6% had high blood urea nitrogen (BUN) values. Moreover, BUN showed the highest correlation with the physical activity status and dehydration. pH, base excess of the extracellular fluid (BE), anion gap, potassium, hematocrit, bicarbonate, and hemoglobin were closely correlated with physical deterioration and dehydration (p < 0.001). BUN, pH, BE, and anion gap were closely correlated with physical deterioration and dehydration. These correlations between clinical symptoms and blood gas parameters can be clinically relevant in predicting the status of parameters according to clinical symptoms.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.50 no.6
• /
• pp.497-508
• /
• 2017

This study was carried out to document and diagnose the conditions of the seated stone statue of Buddhist Master Seungga in Seunggasa temple immediately after its conservation treatment, which was found to be long covered in surface of white materials. The stone Halo was researched along with the Statue, and basic data was secured through precisely examination and nondestructive diagnosis. The result from the surface deterioration evaluation shows that both the Statue and Halo had a little bit of physical deterioration, although their level of chemical deterioration was proportionally higher due to discoloration. The physical property diagnosis using ultrasonic measurements on the Statue and Halo showed that the average ultrasonic velocity was found to be 3,570 m/s and 3,373 m/s, respectively, which corresponds to grade III, an indication of a favorable physical property. The surface covered materials were detected to be Ca, Ti, Pb, Fe, Al and Si, emanating from Hobun (Oster shell powder; $CaCO_3$) or lime ($CaO{\cdot}Ca(OH)_2$) and silicate minerals. Furthermore, Ti and Pb seems to be the component of the white coloring pigments, titanium white ($TiO_2$) and white lead ($2PbCO_2{\cdot}Pb(OH)_2$). Therefore, the seated stone statue of Buddhist Master Seungga is presumed to be painted with Hobun or lime and thereafter painted over with titanium white and white lead.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
• /
• 2002.05a
• /
• pp.725-730
• /
• 2002

The durability of concrete involves resistance to freeze-thaw action, corrosion, permeation, carbonation, chemical attack and so on. Generally, properties of concrete have been well understood under the separate action of these deterioration mechanisms. However, in practice, the degradation of concrete usually is the result of combined action of physical and chemical attack and can be accelerated by the combined action of several deterioration mechanisms. In the present study, to evaluate the combined deterioration by freeze-thaw action and seawater attack, ground granulated blast-furnace slag or silica fume concrete with water or seawater as mixing water was exposed to 210 cycles of freeze-thaw action. Tests were conducted to determined the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity and compressive strength. Furthermore, The XRD, SEM and EDS analysis were performed on the deteriorated part of concrete due to freeze-thaw action and seawater attack.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
• /
• v.58 no.5
• /
• pp.211-231
• /
• 2008

To conserve historic textiles, analyses of textile materials, pollutants and deterioration are prerequisite steps. Based upon analytical results, guides for conservation of historic textiles are established. In analyses of textile materials, pollutants and deterioration, there are chemical methods(burning, solubility and staining), physical methods(microscopy and density) and instrumental analysis(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy(FT-Raman), Gas Chromatography(GC), Mass Spectroscopy(MS), X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF, WDXRF), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy(EDS), and X-Ray Diffraction(XRD), Tensile Testing Machine etc.). Combination of qualitative and quantitative analyses makes accurate diagnosis of textile condition possible. As examples of analyses and conservation of historic textiles, Chuninsan(19 century) similar to sunshade with handing down historic textile and golden decorative skirt(17 century) with excavated costume are taken.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
• /
• 2005.05b
• /
• pp.249-252
• /
• 2005

Chloride ingress is a common cause of deterioration of reinforced concrete structures. Modeling the chloride ingress is an important basis for designing reinforced concrete structures and for assessing the reliability of an existing structure. The modelling is also needed for predicting the deterioration of a reinforced structure. This paper presents an approach for the probabilistic modeling of the chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcement steel in concrete structures that takes into account the uncertainties in the physical models. The parameters of the models are modeled as random variables and the distribution of the corrosion time and probability of corrosion are determined by using Monte Carlo simulation. The predictions of the proposed model is very effective to do the decision-making about initiation time and deterioration degree.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
• /
• 2006.11a
• /
• pp.589-592
• /
• 2006

The durability of concrete involves resistance to freeze-thaw action, corrosion, permeation, carbonation, chemical attack and so on. Generally, properties of concrete have been well understood under the separate action of these deterioration mechanisms. However, in practice, the degradation of concrete usually is the result of combined action of physical and chemical attack and can be accelerated by the combined action of several deterioration mechanisms. In the present study, to evaluate the combined deterioration by freeze-thaw action and seawater attack, ground granulated blast-furnace slag or silica fume concrete with water or seawater as mixing water was exposed to 300 cycles of freeze-thaw action. Tests were conducted to determined the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity and compressive strength. Furthermore, The MIP analysis were performed on the deteriorated part of concrete due to freeze-thaw action and seawater attack.