• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.137-146
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• 1995

In this study, it was tested whether lead intoxication could change thiamine content and the thiamine related biochemical factor such as activity of transketolase in the brain, and whether the changes of the myelin composition :s well as the seizure threshold induced by lead intoxication in rats be related to these changes of thiamine status and thiamine related biochemical factors. In addition, it was also tested whether administration of excessive thiamine can reverse the toxic manifestation of lead in lead intoxicated animals. Five groups of Wistar rats were prepared: 1)Control group, 2)lead treated group, 3)thiamine treated group, 4)lead plus thiamine treated group and 5)thiamine deficiency group. Each group of animals was divided into three subgroups based on ages: 3, 7 and 10 weeks of age subgroups. Lead concentration, thiamine content, the activity of transketolase and myelin composition in brain areas and threshold of electric shock seizure were tested in each group. Lead concentrations in all brain regions of lead treated group were higher than those of control group, and those of lead plus thiamine treated group were significantly lower than those of lead treated group. Thiamine contents in the brain regions of lead treated group were significantly lower than those of control group, and those of lead plus thiamine treated group were recovered back to those of control group. Activities of transketolase of lead treated group were significantly lower than those of control group, while those of lead plus thiamine treated group were recovered back to those of control group. The cases of which was observed with the concomitant changes of thiamine content and transketolase activity in myelin content or constituent of all the brain regions tested were total amount of myelin protein in the cerebellum of 3 week old rats, and phospholipid in the cerebellum of 3 week old rats and the telencephalon of 16 week old rats. Thresholds of the electroshock seizure of lead-treated group and thiamine-deficient group in 3, 7 week old rats were significantly lower than those of control group, while those of the lead plus thiamine-treated group were similar to those of control group. Changes of the electroshock seizure threshold induced by lead intoxication were observed in 3 week and 7 week old animals with the concomitant decrement of thiamine content in all the brain regions tested. These observations were reversed by the supplementation with thiamine to those animals. However, the changes of seizure threshold induced by lead intoxication corelated with the changes of thiamine contents as well as. transketolase due to lead intoxication. The changes of myelin phospholipid as one of myelin composition and those of myelin Protein content only in the cerebellum of 3 week old rats correlated with the changes of the seizure threshold as well as thiamine content due to lead intoxication. The results from the present study may indicate that neurotoxicity of lead in rats may be mediated at least in part through the changes of thiamine status. Such changes of thiamine status may induce the changes of myelin composition such as myelin phospholipid and those of myelin protein content especially in the cerebellum of 3 week old rats which may eventually affect the threshold of seizure.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2000

Effects of high fat diet and/or endurance exercise training on hepatic total and phospholipid(PL) fatty acid compositions were evaluated in rats fed one of the following diets for 31 days. control diet(CD, 5 wt% corn oil) or high fat diet(HFD, 35 wt% corn oil). Half of the rats in each group were exercise-trained regularly on a treadmill for 90 minutes/day during the entire feeding period. Total and PL fatty acid compositions of hepatic lipid extracts were determined by a gas-liquid chromatograph),. Endurance exercise training did not change the daily food intake, but significantly reduced body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio of rats, which were most prominent in animals fed HFD. Exercise training did not significantly change the percentages of ∑saturated fatty acids (SFA) and ∑polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUEA), but decreased the percentage of ∑monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA) in hepatic total fatty acids, which might be associated with the decrease in (equation omitted) 9-desaturation index of hepatic total fatty acid metabolism. Exercise training significantly lowered the percentages of 16 : 0 and 22 : 5$\omega$3, and increased the percentages of 20 : 1 and 20 : 3$\omega$3 in both total and PL fatty acid compositions in rat liver. Both total fatty acid and PL fatty acid compositions of rat liver responded more sensitively to changes in dietary fat content than to endurance exercise training in this study. Feeding HFD, whoch contains high level of linoleic acid(LA, 18 : 2$\omega$6), significantly decreased the percentages of ∑SFA and $\Sigma$MUFA, and increased the percentages of ∑PUFA and ∑$\omega$6 fatty acids of hepatic total fatty acids. Hepatic total fatty acid composition was affected by dietary fat content and dietary fatty acid composition more sensitively than those found in hepatic PL fatty acid composition. HFD significantly decreased most of desaturation indices, while exercise training significantly decreased elongation index(20 : 5$\omega$3⇒22 : 5$\omega$3) of hepatic total and PL fatty acid metabolism in rats. (Korean J Nutrition 33(1) : 13-22, 2000)

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.7 no.1_2
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• pp.35-43
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• 1992

Mugwort has been used as a Korean folk medicine in treating liver diseases acting as an analgesics, sedative, diuresis, choleretics. This study was perfomed to evaluate the effect of mugwort extracts on the changes of enzyme activities, lipid accumulation of the serum and liver, when hepatotoxicity was induced by benzo(a)pyrene. The results are as follows: 1. Mugwort water extract administration prevented the increase of serum and liver AST, ALT, LDH, ${\gamma}$-GTP, liver ALP activities and bilirubin content caused by B(a)P injection. 2. The increase of serum and liver ALT, LDH, ${\gamma}$-GTP, serum AST activities and liver bilirubin contents in B(a)P treated group were decreased by mugwort methanol extract treatment. 3. Serum and liver total cholesterol, phospholipid, triglyceride level and serum HDL-cholesterol level were increased by B(a)P treatment. After combined treatment of mugwort water and methanul extracts, these lipid content were significantly decreased. 4. The hepatotropic effect of mugwort water extract and after-treatment against B(a)P induced hepatotoxicity was superior to that of methanol extract and pretreatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.386-392
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• 1998

Experiments were carried out to establish an effective artificial drying method of Pacific saury (Cololabis seira) to kwamaegi. Raw fish containing 67% moisture were dried up to containing less than 40% moisture by drying for 15 days. The fish lost moisture more rapidly during first 3 days of natural drying than artificial drying. Total lipid content increased from 16.1% to 30.3 and 29.8% by 15 days of natural and artificial drying, respectively. Neutral lipid occupying 91.63% of total lipid increased to 92~94% during 15 days of drying, while content of phospholipid and glycolipid decreased slightly. The values of peroxide and thiobarbituric acid increased up to 6 days of drying and then did not change. Peroxide levels were lower in artifically dried fish than in naturally dried ones.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.322-327
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• 1995

Tolerance of Mycobacterium sp. against organic solvents has been induced for the cholesterol side chain degradation by adding chemicals associated with synthesis of fatty acids or alcohols. Biotin of 300 .mu.g/1 and 0.5% aqueous ethanol solution were optima for the enhancement of ethanol tolerance of the microorganism. The induction of ethanol tolerance by biotin was found to be due to increase of degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids in membranous phospholipid of the cell, especially due to increase of oleic acid content. However when 0.5% of ethanol was added for the ethanol tolerance induction, there was an ambiguous correlation between ethanol tolerance and degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids, in spite of the fact that the induction increased the content of unsaturated fatty acids. Addition of 0.5% of ethanol induced several ethanol shock proteins having molecular weight similar to that of heat shock proteins.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.335-341
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• 2003

The physicochemical characteristics and chemical compositions of six Korean traditional soybeans were studied namely, cheongtae, seoritae, jinjoori, subaktae, yutae and huktae. The characteristics of imported soybean were also investigated for comparison. The average weight of one hundred-seed for huktae, which is normally used as nutritional supplement by adding to rice during cooking, was 43.1 g. The average whole length and long and short width for six varieties of the bean were $5.68{\sim}10.15\;mm$, $5.10{\sim}9.33\;mm$ and $4.30{\sim}7.48\;mm$, respectively. Color of cheongtae and subaktae were green, while that of seoritae, jinjoori, and huktae were black with yutae having yellow seed coat. Moisture, crude fat, crude protein and ash content of soybean seeds were all in the ranges of $8.5{\sim}11.5%$, $14.0{\sim}20.8%$, $38.0{\sim}49.2%$ and $4.2{\sim}5.0%$, respectively, showing differences among cultivars. Methionine, cysteine and histidine were the minor components of soybean protein and percentage of methionine to the total proteins showed significant varietal differences. Subaktae contained the highest content of methionine with 4.0 mg/g protein, while jinjoori the lowest with 1.8 mg/g protein. The main fatty acids of total lipid were linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids, which comprised over 80% of total fatty acids. Cultivar yutae had higher content of neutral lipid but lower content of glycolipid and phospholipid. Among the fatty acids, content of linoleic acid were the highest $(41.4{\sim}54%)$ and ratios of unsaturated fatty acid to the total fatty acid was $82.7{\sim}85.2%$. The main fatty acid of neutral lipid, glycolipid, and phospholipid was linoleic acid.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.367-375
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• 2006

The chemical components, lipid class, and fatty acid composition of muscle from male and female common squid, Todarodes pacificus, were examined to evaluate the potential utilization of muscle from fin, head, arms, and tentacles, which consumers usually like less than the mantle. The mantle was found to constitute 47-49% of the total muscle and the proportion was slightly higher in females than in males. For the remaining 51-53% of the muscle, the only gender difference was that the arms of males contained approximately 3% more muscle than those of females (P<0.05). The protein content was higher in the mantle, arms, and tentacles than in the fin and head in both males and females (P<0.05), and was slightly higher in males (15.7-20.7%) than in females (15.1-19.2%). By contrast, the lipid content was slightly higher in females (1.82-2.54%) than in males (1.01-2.37%), and the fins in both males and females contained the most lipids (2.37-2.54%) of all muscle. The prominent lipid classes in the muscles were free sterol (males 81.5-91.9% vs. females 84.9-91.8% for the non-polar lipid content), phosphatidylcholine (PC, males 59.3-62.4% vs. females 49.2-57.8% for the phospholipid content) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE, males 22.0-28.8% vs. females 25.6-33.8% for the phospholipid content). The percentage of PC was approximately 5-10% higher in males (P<0.05), especially in the fin, while that of PE was approximately 3-5% higher in female (P<0.05), especially in the head. All of the squid muscle contained 52.1-54.9% of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Males contained slightly more DHA, whereas female contained more EPA. The total percentage of n-3 PUFA differed little among muscles within the same gender.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.226-232
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• 1985

Changes in lipid and fatty acid composition in Korean native Meju were investigated at one week interval over 6 weeks of fermentation. For the systematically, salicic acid column chromatography and gas liquid chromatography were used. Following results were obtained. 1. The lipid fraction obtained from the soared soybean and the cooked soybean were mainly composed of $72.47%{\sim}92.35%$ of neutral lipid, phospholipid and glycolipid were 4.64% and 4.88%, respectively. During fermentation period, lipid content decreased to 80.59%, but glycolipid and phospholipid contents increased. 2. The triglyceride contents of nonpolar lipids prepared from the cooked soybean and the soaked sobean was 89.66% and 87.83% respectively. Free fatty acid, diglyceride and sterol contents increased during fermentation, whereas triglyceride content decreased. 3. Lipids extracted from the soaked soybean and the cooked soybean were composed of 54.58% linoleic acid, $22{\sim}20%$ oleic acid, $10{\sim}12%$ palmitic acid and $3{\sim}5%$ stearic acid. 4. During the Korean native Meju fermentation in palmitic acid decreased from the second week and stearic acid through $3rd{\sim}4th$ week. Oleic acid and linoleic acid content decreased gradually, but linolenic acid content increased. 5. During the fermentation, myristic acid content of glycolipid fraction increased. Lipase activity reached to the maximum at the 3rd week.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.349-352
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• 2001

The beekeeping pest insect Galleria mellonella larvae(greater wax moth) were reared on an artificial diet contaminated indipendently with cadmium chloride($CdCl_2$) at different concentrations(1.25, 2.50, 5.00, 10.0 20.0, 40.0 ${\mu}g/g$ food fresh weight). Results of these studies suggested that Cd exposure of G. mellonella may influence its whole body lipid contents. We decided, therefore, to analyze lipid content of G. mellonella exposed to different concentrations of Cd. Lipid concentrations were measured photometrically by phosphovanillin method. Significant decrease in the total lipid content was found in Cd-contaminated larvae and pupae. In this study, six kinds of lipids were separated, and they were phospholipid, monoglyceride, diglyceride, sterol, fatty acids, triglyceride. And fatty acids were proved to consist of palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and linolenic acid. Palmitic acid, linoleic acid and oleic acid were found high rate in all groups, but stearic acid was low. In conclusion, lipid contents decreased in Cd-contaminated groups in comparison to the control group.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.505-510
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• 1989

Red muscle and white muscle were separated from bovine, porcine and poultry skeletal muscles, respectively. Intramuscular lipids were extracted and fractionated to neutral-, glyco- and phospho-lipid by silica gel chromagraphy and then fatty acid composition were analyzed with gas chromatography. The results obtained were as follows; Total lipid content of red muscle was higher than that of white muscle in case of beef and chicken. In pork, however, total lipid content of white muscle was higher than red muscle The content ratio of neutral lipid to phospholipid revealed a number of distinctions between red and white muscle among animals. There were noteworthy differences in respect of polyunsaturated fatty acid. The intramuscular fat of pork had the higher content of highly polyunsaturated fatty acid such as arachidonic acid in contrast to beef.