• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.626-636
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• 2001

To compare the effect of three kinds of n-3 fatty acids-eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA), docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) and perilla oil (PO)-on serum and liver lipid levels and fatty acid composition of liver phospholipid(PL) at low fat level(5%, w/w), 4-weeks old Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with one of five different oil diets for 4 weeks. Beef tallow(BT) and corn oil(CO) was used as control for sturated or n-6 fatty acid respectively. Se겨m concentrations of cholesterol(TC) and phospholipid(PL) were lower in PO DHA and EPA groups than in BT and CO groups. HDL-cholesterol levels were higher in CO and PO groups than in EPA, DHA and BT groups. Liver PL concentrations were higher in DHA and EPA groups than in CO, PO and BT groups, but liver TC and heal PL and TC concentrations did not show any significant difference among groups. Hepatic fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), two major phospholipids in liver, reflected their dietary fatty acid composition. In PC and PE, total percentage own-6 series was higher in CO group than in any other groups, and that own-3 series was higher in DHA and PO groups than in EPA, CO and BT groups. Moreover, the ratio of 20 : 4/18 : 2 was lower in PO and DHA groups than in EPA, CO and BT groups. On the contrary, the percentage of C22 : 6 was lower in EPA, CO and BT groups than in PO and DHA groups. These results revealed that n-3 series(EPA, DHA and PO) were more effective in lowering um lipids than n-6 fatty acids or saturated fatty acid. Based on the results of fatty acid composition of hepatic phospholipid, we suggest that the dietary effect of PO and DHA on antiatherogenic characteristics seems to be similar extent. In addition, the effect of EPA might not be significantly different from that of BT or CO in the view of eicosanoids production from the precursor fatty acid. These difference of hepatic fatty acid composition might come from other characteristics of dietary oil as well as the type of unsaturation, not from the carbon chain length or the degree of unsaturation of n-3 fatty acid.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.889-894
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• 1997

The effect of lxeris sonchifolia H.(godulbaegi) on lipid metabolism were studied in S. D. rats. Twenty four rats were divided into four groups and fed diets containing 1 % cholesterol, 0.25% sodium cholate, 10% coconut oil and 5% lard(control group)f for 3 weeks. An experimental diet group was added with 5% leaf(PL group) or root powder(PR group) of godulbaegi. The lipid components and enzyme activites of serum and liver were assayed. The concentrations of total cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid were significantly lower in the PL and PR groups than in the control group. The levels of HDL-cholesterol were not significant but showed somewhat higher values in the PL and PR groups compaired with the control. The activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transminase(GPT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT) were significantly lower in the PL and PR groups compaired with the control. In view of these results Godulbaegi is expected to be an effective food in preventing and improving the hyperlipidemic state.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.291-299
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• 1993

The lipid components of the gonad of sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, ark shell Scapharca bro-ughtonii and "Gaebul" (Korea name, a worm) Urechis unicinctus were investigated. The total lipid (TL) contents of the sea urchin, the ark shell and the "Gaebul" were 6.10, 0.67 and 0.79%, respectively. The percentages of phospholipid (PL) in TL were higher in the "Gaebul"(72.4%) and ark shell(64.9%) compared to the sea urchin (41.7%). The major lipid classes of PL were phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, and the former was rich in the sea urchin (56.2%) and the latter in the "Gaebul"(34.4%). In the class of non-polar lipid (NL), the major lipid classes were different from species ; the sea urchin was rich in triglyceride(TG, 89.0%), the ark shell rich in TG (69.2%) and cholesterol (ST 26.8%) and the "Gaebul"rich in ST (70.7%). The prominent fatty acids of the sea urchin were 16 : 0, 14 : 0, 20 : 5n-3, 20 : 4n-6 and 20 : 4n-6 and 20 : 2NMID(non-methylene interupted dien). The percentage of 20 : 4n-6 was the highest of the investigated invertebrates, accounting for 19.8% in PL, but 22 : 6n-3 was not detected in the sea urchin. In case of the ark shell, the prominent fatty acids were 16 : 0, 18 : 0, 20 : 5n-3, 22 : 6n-3 and 22 : 2NMID, especially 22 : 6n-3(9.58%) was richer compared to that of the "Gaebul". The prominent fatty acids of the "Gaebul"were 20 : 5n-3, 16 : 0, 18 : 0 20 : 1n-9, 16 : 1n-7 and 14 : 0. The percentage of 20 : 5n-3 (22.0%) was highest in the PL of the "Gaebul"among the three invertebrates. These differences in the lipid components of all the sample is considered to be due to the different food habits and environmental condition of the invertebrates.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 1983

Weanling male rats were fed a semi - synthetic diet containing either 10% corn oil, or 10% hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO) for 5 weeks. They were analyzed for plasma, liver, heart, testis, kidney and adrenal lipid compositions ; total lipids, total cholesterol, phospholipid, and triglyceride. The rats fed essential fatty acids deficient diet grew comparably with corn oil group and did not any dermal symptoms of EFAs deficiency. The most remarkable changes found in lipids of rats in experimental groups were ; (1) an increase in the concentration of plasma TG and liver TG in HCO group. (2) a decrease in the concentration of plasma PL and an increase in the concentration of testis PL of HCO group. (3) A decrease in cholesterol level of testis, kidney and adrenal of HCO group. Although this study did not show the profound EFA deficiency in weanling rats, this study showed the possibility of early nutrition affecting subsequent development in various tissues.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.473-478
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• 1991

After the glycolipid(GL) and phospolipid (PL) of flint corn during a growth process were fractionated by silicic acid column chromatography (SACC), the GL and PL of polar lipids were separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC)and quantitative by TLC scanner and the fatty acid composition in polar lipids were determined by gas chromatography (GC). Of the GL in polar lipids were separated by TLC, monoglycosyl diacylglycerol (8.3~29.2%) was the major component, and monoglycosyl ceramide, monoglycosyl sterol were also found as minor components. Of the PL, phosphatidyl choline (27.2~29.5%) and phosphatidyl inositol (42.9~79.1%) were the major components, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine and cardiolipin were also persont in the PL. The major fatty acids in the GL were oleic(27.1~37.1%), linoleic (13.2~35.7%) and palmitic (22.5~25.6%) acids. The major fatty acids in the PL were palmitic (46.5~52.3%), heptadecanoic (23.0~25.1%) and oleic(7.2~14.6%) and GL contained a higher percentage of unsa-turated fatty acids, but PL presented that of the saturated fatty acids.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2007

The heterotrophic marine algae Thraustochytrium aureum ATCC 34304 produces substantial amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In this study, changes in the lipid and fatty acid compositions of Thraustochytrium aureum ATCC 34304 were investigated according to the growth stage. The major lipids of Thraustochytrium aureum ATCC 34304 were found to be composed of triacylglyceride (TAG), phospholipid (PL), and sterol (ST). The content of triacylglyceride increased during the exponential phase of cell growth, but the content of phospholipid decreased. The composition of total polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased from 60.3% to 45.3% and that of docosahexaenoic acid from 42.1% to 33.9% in the triacylglyceride. The composition of total saturated fatty acids, however, increased from 24.9% to 27.8%. The content of total polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased greatly from 48.0% to 17.5% but the decrease in the content of saturated fatty acids was slight in phospholipid.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.147-151
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• 1993

In diabetes, the abnormal increase of the membrane cholesterol/phospholipid ratio (C/PL) is consdered to be the main reason for the decreased membrane fluidity, which then results in impaired erythrocyte deformability and subsequent microcirculatory disturbances. In this study, we examined the effects of brazilin on lipid and phosphatidyl fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Treatment of brazilin (10mg/kg or 100 mg/kg for 2 weeks, i.p) altered and cholesterol contents in diabetic erythrocyte membranes. The C/PL ratio of brazilin treated groups decreased compared with that of diabetic control group while no change was observed in normal erythrocytes. In streptozotocin induced diabetic rats, alterations in phosphatidyl fatty acid compositioin of erythrocyte membranes were observed and brazilin could reverse these alterations. Arachidonic acid level reumed to a normal level while linoleic acid level remained unchanged by the treatment of brazilin. The results suggest that brazilin might increase erythrocyte membrane fluidity which plays a key role inregulating erythrocyte deformability, thereby it could exert positive effects on microdiculatory disturbances.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.356-361
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• 2009

Lipid oxidation and contents of tocopherols and phospholipids (PL) in soy-added fried products during storage in the dark were studied. Flour dough containing soy flour at 0, 10, 20, and 30% on a weight basis was fried in corn oil at $180^{\circ}C$ for 2.5 min. The fried products were stored at $60^{\circ}C$ for 11 days in the dark. Lipid oxidation of the fried products was evaluated by conjugated dienoic acid (CDA) and p-anisidine values (PAV). Tocopherols and PL were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). CDA contents and PAV of the fried products were increased during storage, and addition of soy flour improved lipid oxidative stability of the fried products, which was partly related to increased amount of tocopherols and PL in the soy-added fried products. Tocopherols and PL were degraded during the dark storage of the fried products. Soy flour addition to the dough did not affect the rate of tocopherols degradation during storage of the fried products; however, PL degradation was higher in the soy-added fried products. Residual amounts of $\alpha$-tocopherol and phosphatidylinositol showed high correlations with the lipid oxidation of the fried products during storage in the dark.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1538-1544
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of kale (Brassica oleracea acephala) juice supplementation on serum lipid levels and phospholipid (PL) fatty acid compositions in hypercholesterolemic men. Thirty-two men with hypercholesterolemia (>200 mg/dl) were recruited among the faculty and staff at Y University after annual health examinations. The subjects consumed 150 ml of kale juice per day for a 12-week intervention period. Dietary and anthropometric assessments were performed before and after supplementation, respectively, to ensure that the subjects maintained their usual diet and lifestyle throughout the intervention. Serum concentrations of HDL-cholesterol and the ratio of HDL-cholesterol to LDL-cholesterol were significantly increased (p<0.001) after intervention. Serum LDL-cholesterol concentration and atherogenic index were significantly reduced (p<0.001). Levels of 12:0, 14:0, $18:1{\omega}9$, $18:3{\omega}6$, and sum of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in serum pholspholipid (PL) were significantly increased, while $22:4{\omega}6$ level was significantly reduced (p<0.05). It can be speculated that kale juice, containing large amounts of antioxidant nutrients, contributes to changes of serum-PL-fatty acid compositions and the improvements of serum lipid profiles. This study demonstrates the supplementation of regular meals with kale juice may favorably affect serum lipid profiles and serum-PL fatty acid compositions and, hence, could lower the risks of coronary artery disease in men with hypercholesterolemia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.291-300
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• 1990

The lipid compositions including fatty acid sterol lipid class and the lipid component of the total lipid extracted from the flesh of some fresh water fishes I. e. mandarin cornet cat fish and Korean perch were compared. The levels of total lipid of flesh tissues from the fresh water fishes were high(7.4%) in cat fish but low(1.4-2.2%) in mandarin fish Korean perch and cornet fish. On the contrary the content of unsaponifiable matters found in total lipid was low(2.6%) in cat fish but high(6.0%-6.5%) in mandarin fish Korean perch and cornet fish. Total lipids were mainly composed of triglyceride(74.6-86.5%) as major component in each sample and the other lipid components of total lipid e. g. polar lipid free fatty acids and free sterol were the minor components, The major fatty acids in total lipid of each sample were{{{{ {C }_{16 { }:_{ }0 } }}}}(19.6-29.2%) {{{{ {C }_{16 { }:_{ }1 } }}}}(17.3-30.7%) and {{{{ {C }_{18 { }:_{ }1 } }}}}(16.8-29.2%) and additionally it chiefly consisted of {{{{ {C }_{14 { }:_{ }0 } }}}} and {{{{ {C }_{18 { }:_{ }2 } }}}} Particularly the contents of polyenoic acids in total lipid of cat fish were higher than those of the other fish samples. The level of cholesterol in total lipid was low (8.3mg/g) in cat fish but were high(36.9-59.9mg/g) in mandarin fish Korean perch and cornet fish. The contents of fractionated neutral lipid(NL) were higher than those of polar lipid(PL) in each sample. Particularly phospholipid content in PL was low(6.0%) in cat fish but were high(23.1-36.3%) in mandarin fish Korean perch and cornet fish. Neutral lipids were mainly consisted of triglyceride(84.5-93.4%) as amjor component in each sample and the other lipid components of neutral lipid e, g, free fatty acids and free wterol were exhibited as a minor components, The fatty acid compositon of neutral lipids was very resembled to total lipids. The phospholipid in mandarin cornet and cat-fish were mainly composed of phosphatidyl serine(23.1-49.8%) and phosphatidyl choline(20.8-45.3%) The relatively higher amounts of phosphatidyl serine were observed in mandarine cornet and cat-fist than in Korean perch, But phosphatidyl ethanolamine(42.3%) and phosphatidyl choline (49.9%) were the main phospholipid in Korean perch. The extraordinary high content of phos-phatidyl ethanolamine compared to other fishes was characteristics in phospholipid composition of Korean perch. The major fatty acids in phospholipid of each sample were {{{{ {C }_{16 { }:_{ }0 } }}}} (38.3-46.5%) {{{{ {C}_{18 { }:_{ }0 } }}}}(14.2-21.7) and C16:1(11.6-13.8%) and additionally it chiefly consisted of C18:2, C18:0 and C17:0 The major fatty acids in glycolipid of each sample were C16:0(28.8-40.1%) C18:1(5.4-29.9%) C18:0(5.1-28.9%) and C16:1(8.2-20.1%) and additio-nally it chiefly consisted of C14:0 and C20:1.