• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.104-109
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• 2017

Objectives: Epicardial fat is true visceral fat that is known to be associated with metabolic syndrome, high abdominal fat, insulin resistance, coronary artery diseases, low coronary flow reserve and subclinical atherosclerosis. Dampness-Phlegm pattern is one of the pattern diagnosis of traditional Korean medicine. Previous studies showed that Dampness-Phlegm pattern is associated with hypertension, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome. This study is intended to find association between Dampness-Phlegm pattern and epicardial fat thickness. Methods: This study was a community-based single center trial. Ischemic stroke patients within 30 days after their ictus were enrolled. Epicardial fat thickness was measured using transthoracic echocardiography. Other measured and obtained variables are medical history, weight, height, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerol, high density lipoprotein, lipid and low density lipoprotein. Results: Three hundred sixty six were enlisted, and one hundred forty were diagnosed with the Dampness-Phlegm pattern. Dampness-Phlegm pattern group had significantly thicker epicardial fat. Binary logistic regression also showed statistically significant result. Conclusions: This study showed close association between epicardial fat and Dampness-Phlegm pattern. This result suggests a clue to standardization of pattern identification.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.237-252
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was done to investigate clinical frequency and correlation among the indicators of dampness-phlegm pattern identification settled by tentative Korean Standard Differentiation of the Symptoms and Signs for Stroke. Methods : The subjects were 147 hospitalized patients with stroke, and a list of registry was made for each of them. Among the five types of pattern identification, fire-heat, dampness-phlegm, blood-stasis and deficiency of Qi and of Yin, those that have shown a high frequency in dampness-phlegm type were categorized as the dampness-phlegm pattern group. Frequency of dampness-phlegm indicators was compared with those from the non-dampness-phlegm pattern group. Correlations among dampness-phlegm indicators were also studied. Results : 1. Dampness-phlegm pattern group included 26 patients out of 147. 2. Among the indicators of dampness-phlegm pattern. those, in order of highest frequency, were 'tiredness or sluggishness', 'white Coated tongue' and 'sputum'. 3. In comparing dampness-phlegm pattern group with non-dampness-phlegml group, the indicators such as 'lightheadedness', 'nigrescence', 'sputum', 'dermatic dysaesthesia' showed significantly high frequency. 4. Among the indicators, 'sputum' and 'tiredness or sluggishness', 'sputum' and 'yellow coated tongue', and 'white coated tongue' and 'yellow coated tongue' showed significant correlation. 5. In investigation of the correlation of scale in symptoms, various results such as positive correlation and negative correlation were obtained. Conclusion : In this study, more sensitive indicators of dampness-phlegm pattern identification were found. Based on these results, it is suggested that a more practical Korean Standard Differentiation of the Symptoms and Signs of Stroke would be established through continuous clinical studies by giving weight on each specific type of pattern identification.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.752-762
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• 2010

Objective : In the present study, we investigated genetic distribution of eight single nucleotide polymorphisms of PON1 between Dampness and Phlegm and non Dampness and Phlegm pattern identification(PI) among Korean stroke patients. Materials and Methods : One hundred forty stroke subject without Dampness and Phlegm and fifty eight stroke subjects with Dampness and Phlegm were participated in this study. After informed consents, eight single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in PON1 of each subjects were identified by DNA sequencing and primer extension method and statistical analysis was performed to determine the significant difference between Dampness and Phlegm and non Dampness and Phlegm groups. Results : Among anthropometric characteristics and blood parameters, waist circumference and total cholesterol were significantly higher in Dampness and Phlegm. Among 8 SNPs of PON1, frequency of M allele and subjects with M allele in L55M SNP were significantly higher in Dampness and Phlegm group (p=0.0032 and p=0.0053, respectively) but subjects with T allele in C-2033T SNP were lower in Dampness and Phlegm group(p=0.0302). Effect of L55M and C-2033T on Dampness and Phlegm were 3.07% and 1.75%, respectively. Conclusion : Our results suggest that L55M SNP in exon and C-2033T in promoter region of PON1 maybe affect to Dampness and Phlegm pattern identification. However, further study should be carried out to find out the detailed mechanism how L55M and C-2033T can affect Dampness and Phlegm stroke patients.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.177-186
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• 2010

This study is about researching DongEuiBoGam by analysing with pattern identification of modern Traditional Korean medical patholgy as more logical, systematic and standardized theory. Disease pattern mechanisms of essence, spirit, qi and blood in NaeGyungPyeb of DongEuiBoGam are these. In Essence, this explain mechanism of disease patterns those are seminal emission, dream emission, spermatorrhea, white ooze. These disease pattern's mechanisms are kidney yang deficiency, kidney yin deficiency, heart yang deficiency, heart yin deficiency, heart qi deficiency, spleen qi deficiency and so on. On viewpoints of viscera and bowels they are related with heart, kidney, spleen. And most of them are deficiency from deficiency-excess Pattern Identification. Classifying disease pattern of qi is about upward, downward movement and more concentrated deficiency than excess pattern. Fright palpitations can be classified heart deficiency with timidity, heart blood and qi deficiency, heart qi deficiency, heart blood deficiency, heart qi movement stagnation, water qi intimidating the heart, phlegm-fire harassing the heart, phlegm clouding the pericardium, and so on. Palpitations can be classified heart blood deficiency, heart yin deficiency, heart deficiency with timidity, heart spleen blood deficiency, spleen qi deficiency, phlegm-fire harassing the heart, intense heart fire, and so on. Forgetfulness can be classified heart spleen blood deficiency, heart spleen qi deficiency, kidney essence deficiency, heart qi deficiency, non-interaction between the heart and kidney, etc. for deficiency pattern, phlegm clouding the pericardium for excess pattern. In Blood just say inside bleeding pattern's category, there are nose bleeding, flopping syncope, qi counterflow, blood vomiting, hemoptysis, spitting of blood, bloody stool, hematuria, and so on. Like these, this study identify pattern of disease in DongEuiBoGam by mechanism of disease theory.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.55-60
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• 2017

Objectives : This study was conducted to analysis correlation of pattern identification and body mass index (BMI) in obese adolescents. Methods : A total of 228 middle school students, 226 students were agreed and included study and two were excluded because of disagreement. It was conducted cold-heat pattern questionnaire, phlegm pattern questionnaire and after height and weight were measured. Firstly, out of 24 who did not respond to all of questionnaires. Secondary, out of 159 who are normal range on international obesity standard(BMI < $30kg/m^2$) Results : The average height and weight of 43 subjects was $159.65{\pm}9.45cm$, $70.10{\pm}8.47kg$ respectively. The average score of pattern identification was cold pattern score(CPS) was $2.70{\pm}1.61$, heat pattern score(HPS) was $3.30{\pm}1.99$, phlegm pattern score(PPS) was $3.95{\pm}5.02$. There was no significant correlation with BMI and CPS, HPS, PPS. Conclusions : In this study, there was no significant correlation of pattern identification and BMI in obese adolescents.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.563-582
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• 2020

Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop a Phlegm Pattern Questionnaire for Functional Dyspepsia (PPQ-FD) by modifying a previously developed Phlegm Pattern Questionnaire (PPQ) and to verify its reliability and validity. Further objectives were to obtain the optimal cut-off value for the PPQ-FD for standardization and for clinical use. Methods: The PPQ-FD was developed by extracting the major symptoms of the phlegm pattern in functional dyspepsia and by using the Delphi method to administer a requested importance survey to experts. The reliability, validity, and optimal cut-off value of the PPQ-FD were analyzed by enrolling a total of 60 subjects in this study. Thirty patients were diagnosed with both functional dyspepsia and phlegm pattern and thirty patients were diagnosed with only functional dyspepsia. All participants were requested to fill out the PPQ-FD. Results: No statistically significant differences were detected in the two groups for sex distribution, age, or body mass index. Five of the survey questions negatively affected its reliability; therefore, we decided to exclude those five questions on further inspection. The Cronbach's α coefficient of the revised PPQ-FD was 0.853, and clinical validity was verified. Construct validity was analyzed by factor analysis and identified four factors. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between the revised PPQ-FD and other dyspepsia scales, such as the SQDQ, SSQD, VAS, NDI-K, and FD-QoL scales. The VAS had particularly strong positive correlations with the PPQ-FD. Conclusions: The PPQ-FD developed in this study has fundamental reliability and validity for use as a pattern-diagnosis questionnaire. The PPQ-FD can help to diagnose the phlegm pattern in patients with functional dyspepsia.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.318-326
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• 2013

This study was performed to investigate relationship between each pattern identification and heart rate variability(HRV) indices. We analyzed 201 subjects who participated in stroke check up. We classified the subjects into four groups of pattern identifications; Fire-Heat pattern(FH), Yin Deficiency pattern(YD), Qi Deficiency pattern(QD) and Dampness-Phlegm pattern(DP) that based on Korean Standard Pattern Identifications for Stroke-III. We investigated significance of HRV indices between each pattern identification and heart rate variability indices. The total number of the subject group was 201, whereas the groups were divided into four groups; Fire-Heat pattern group(n=47), Yin Deficiency pattern(n=65), Qi Deficiency pattern(n=33), and Dampness-Phlegm pattern(n=56). SDNN, TP, Ln(TP), VLF, Ln(VLF), LF, Ln(LF) and HF were significantly higher in the Fire-Heat pattern(FH) group than other groups of pattern identifications, but there was no differences among the Yin Deficiency group, the Qi Deficiency group and the Dampness-Phlegm group. Ln(HF), LF(NORM), HF(NORM) and LF/HF ratio were significantly higher in the Fire-Heat group than in the Qi Deficiency group. However, there was no significant differences among the Dampness-Phlegm group, the Yin Deficiency group, Fire-Heat group and the Qi Deficiency group. Through this study, we found out some significant relationships between each pattern identification group and HRV indices. The result of this study demonstrates that sympathetic nerve was more active in the Fire-Heat group than other groups.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.215-221
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between pathological patterns and hyperventilation syndrome, using pathological pattern and Nijmegen questionnaires. Methods: 33 healthy adults were asked to complete the Cold-Heat-, Phlegm-, Yin deficiency, and Lao Juan (勞倦)-pattern questionnaires, the Chalder fatigue scale, and the Nijmegen questionnaire at Kyung Hee University Hospital. We performed Pearson correlation analyses between the pathological pattern questionnaires and the Nijmegen questionnaire. The questionnaires were composed of several factors. Therefore, each factor and Nijmegen questionnaire score were also analyzed. Results: All of the pattern questionnaire scores had a positive correlation with the Nijmegen questionnaire score. The phlegm pattern, in particular, and the LaoJuan (勞倦) questionnaire scores had high correlation coefficients. The coefficient for the phlegm pattern was 0.856 and the coefficient for the LaoJuan (勞倦) pattern questionnaire was 0.855. Conclusions: The results mean that the pathological pattern questionnaires could be one of the reference materials to evaluate hyperventilation syndrome. Furthermore, improvement of pathological patterns may be helpful for treating hyperventilation syndrome, together with conventional therapies including breathing training.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 2011

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of diagnostic pattern questionnaire associated with Body Mass Index in premenopausal women. Methods We studied 41 patients visiting Gangdong Kyung Hee University Hospital from 1st April 2011 to 25th May 2011. The subjects were categorized in two groups, overweight & obesity group (n=12) and low weight & normal group (n=29). We studied the difference of diagnostic pattern questionnaire scores between two groups by Independent samples T-test and correlation between diagnostic pattern questionnaire scores of overweight & obesity group by Pearson's correlation coefficient test using SPSS for windows (version 13.0). Results Blood stasis, retention of undigested food, cold pattern scores of overweight & obesity group were non-significantly higher than low weight & normal group. Heat pattern score of overweight & obesity group was significantly higher than low weight & normal group. Cold-heat, phlegm-cold, blood stasis-cold, phlegm-blood stasis, phlegm-retention of undigested food significantly showed positive correlation coefficient in overweight & obesity group. Conclusions The results suggest that obese women tend to show heat pattern. It seems to be that multiple factors such as phlegm, blood stasis, retention of undigested food are causative of obesity.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.83-93
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• 2017

This study covers pattern differentiation based on Korean medical references, research trend and modern clinical applications about Sleep-Wake disorders of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-V) published by American Psychiatric Association. Insomnia disorder is mostly caused by yin deficiency of liver-kidney or liver qi depression and main patterns are heart-kidney non-interaction, deficiency-excess complex pattern containing phlegm-heat due to qi stagnation and blood stasis. Hypersomnolence disorder is more due to yang deficiency rather than yin deficiency and it's major pattern is spleen-kidney yang deficiency. Cataplexy is main feature in narcolepsy and corresponds to depressive psychosis or fainting in terms of Korean Medicine and narcolepsy is assumed to be relevant to liver wind. Breathing-related sleep disorders are related with phlegm-fluid retention brought on spleen deficiency with dampness encumbrance. Pattern of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders is combined with yin deficiency of liver-kidney or liver qi depression of insomnia disorder and spleen-kidney yang deficiency or dampness-phlegm of hypersomnolence disorder. Yin deficiency with effulgent fire brought on drugs or alcohol is one of main patterns of substance/medication-induced sleep disorder and combined patterns with yin deficiency of liver-kidney and blood stasis or dampness-phlegm-heat are mostly applied clinically. This study drew major and frequently applied patterns of sleep-wake disorders based on Koran medical literature and modern clinical applications. And that can be the groundwork for the task ahead like clinical practice guideline of sleep-wake disorders containing pattern differentiation, diagnosis and prescriptions.