• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제41권
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• pp.48.1-48.7
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• 2019

Background: Soft tissue asymmetry such as lip canting or deviation of the philtrum is an important influencing factor for unbalanced facial appearance. Lip canting could be improved by the correction of the occlusal canting or positional change of the mentum. Although there are many studies about changes of lip canting, however, postoperative changes of philtrum deviation have not been yet reported. In this study, we investigate the positional change of the philtrum after orthognathic surgery and influencing factors. Methods: Positional change of the philtrum was evaluated in 41 patients with facial asymmetry who underwent bimaxillary surgery, in relation to other anatomical soft tissue landmarks using a frontal clinical photo. The surgical movement of the maxillary and mandibular dental midline and canting were measured in postero-anterior cephalogram before and 1 day after surgery. The same procedure was repeated in patients with more than 1.5 mm perioperative change of the mandibular dental midline after bimaxillary surgery. Results: Maxillary dental midline shifting and canting correction did not have a significant correlation with lateral movement of the philtrum midline. However, the mandibular shift had a statistically significant correlation with a lateral movement of the philtrum (p < 0.05) as well as other linear parameters and angle values. Conclusion: The horizontal change of the philtrum is influenced by lateral mandibular movement in patients with facial asymmetry, rather than maxillary lateral movement.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.62-65
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• 2013

The philtrum plays a key role in the appearance of the upper lip and nostril sill. Therefore, construction of the philtrum is crucial for attaining a natural appearance of the upper lip. We used a flipping myoplasty of the orbicularis oris muscle on a patient with a flat philtrum in order to effectively reconstruct the philtral dimple and column. A 35-year-old female presented to our department with the complaint of a flat upper lip. A superficial layer of the orbicularis oris muscle on the median aspect of the upper lip was vertically incised and elevated to a thickness of 2 mm. Both sides of the elevated muscle flap were then folded to the lateral sides so that the border could be sutured onto the outer portion of the orbicularis oris muscle. The patient was observed for one year postoperatively. Her philtrum deepened by 1.25 mm, with the central angle of her Cupid's bow improving from a preoperative measurement of $146^{\circ}$ to $128^{\circ}$ postoperatively. In a patient with an indistinct philtrum, a flipping orbicularis oris myoplasty was performed to attain a definite philtral column and a philtral dimple. Natural upper lip movement was maintained, and an aesthetically and functionally satisfactory reconstruction was achieved.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.27-30
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• 1984

This investigation was performed to study the relationship of the dental midline(an imaginary line between the centeal incisors) to the philtrum. 2,400 subjects with natural dentitions were examined. The group of the subjects was composed of 1,560 men and 840 women who had all of the upper and lower six anteriors and 0 to 4 missing teeth. Ages of the subjects ranged from 18 to 27 years. The obtained results were as follow: 1. The rates of the subjects whose philtrum and maxillary dental midline coincided was 64.92% and that of the subjects whose upper and lower dental midlines coincided was 29.17%and these rates are statistically significant, when compared respectively with those of the subjects whose philtrum and maxillary dental midline, and whose upper and lower dental midline's didn't coincide. 2. The difference between rates for the two sexes is not statistically significant. 3. Tooth missing significantly decreases the rates of the coincidence of the upper and lower dental midlines but its influence on the rates of coincidence of the dental midline to the philtrum is not significant.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제36권2B호
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• pp.168-175
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• 2011

현대 사회에서 인간관계는 사회생활은 물론 개인의 성공여부를 판단하는 중요한 요소로 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 이러한 시대적 변화에 대응하기 위해 상대방의 성격을 미리 예측하고 적절한 관계를 유지하기 위해 다양한 방법들이 이용되고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 면접 시스템 적용을 위해 20대 남성의 얼굴 영상에서 인중, 입 및 귀의 형태를 추출하여 5대 성격 유형별 특정과의 상관성 분석 연구를 수행하고자 한다. 이를 위해 안면 및 측면 영상을 수집하여 Visual C++을 통해 인중, 입, 귀의 영역을 추출하고 인중 비율, 입의 크기 및 귀의 형태에 따른 결과값을 도출하여 5대 성격 유형별 집단과의 비교, 분석을 수행하였다. 결과적으로 5대 성격 유형에 따라 인중 비율, 입의 크기 및 귀의 형태적 결과값을 통해 유의성을 도출하였다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.185-196
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• 2000

입술의 돌출을 해소하고자 하는 환자들은 자신의 안모 개선을 안모의 측면보다는 거울로 볼 수 있는 정면을 통하여 느끼는 것이 보편적이다. 안모의 정면에서 평가가 이루어질 때에는 입술이 후방으로 들어간 정도와 함께 입술과 그 주위 조직의 수직적 변화에 의해서도 큰 영향을 받을 수 있으므로 교정치료 진단이나 치료 후 평가를 위한 측모두부방사선 사진 분석 시 전통적으로 중요시되고 있는 입술의 시상적 이동뿐만 아니라 흔히 간과하기 쉬운 수직적인 변화에 관해서도 평가가 이루어져야 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 입술 돌출을 주소로 내원한, 성장이 완료된 성인 여성 61명을 대상으로 측모두부 방사선 사진을 촬영하여 전치의 후방견인 시 나타나는 입술과 주위 연조직의 수직적 변화를 계단식 다중 회귀분석법을 이용하여 조사한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 상,하순의 philtrum길이 (SnLs, LiB') 는 전치의 후방견인 후 증가하였고, 상,하순의 vermilion height (LsStms, StmiLi) 와 vermilion length (LsLi) 는 감소하였다. 2. 상,하순의 길이 (SnStms, StmiB')와 연조직의 하안면 고경 (SnMe')은 치료 후 유의성 있는 변화를 보이지 않았다. 3. 상순의 philtrum길이 증가에 상악 전치의 정출 ${\Delta}U1V$이 가장 큰 영향을 주었으며 하순의 philtrum길이 증가에는 치료 전 overjet이 가장 큰 영향을 주었다. 4. 상,하순의 vermilion height감소에 상순의 두께 감소가 가장 큰 영향을 주었다.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.107-110
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• 2010

Purpose: Chondroid syringoma is a rare mixed tumor of the skin that was first described by Hirsch and Helwig (1961). Characteristically, it is composed of the proliferation of epithelial cells in a myxoid and chondroid matrix. Most lesions occur on the head and neck region, and their size may range from 0.5~3 cm. Since a chondroid syringoma presents similar characteristics to other masses on the head and neck region, it is significantly important to distinguish with other masses by a surgical biopsy. Methods: A 51-year old woman presented with a painless nodular mass ($0.5{\times}0.5{\times}0.5cm$) on the philtrum, which appeared during the previous year. The mass was treated with a laser without a surgical biopsy. However, the size of the mass showed no changes. Surgical excision under local anesthesia was performed and sent for histopathology. Results: Gross examination showed a mass surrounded by a well developed capsule within the dermal layer. After complete excision without injury to the orbicularis oris muscle, the wound was covered with a local flap. The histology examination revealed numerous cuboid epithelial cells with tuboalveolar structures and keratinous cysts within a chondroid stroma. No recurrence or metastasis was observed at the follow-up visits. Conclusion: Chondroid syringoma is a rare mass on the face. An accurate diagnosis is essential for optimal treatment. This paper reports a case of a chondroid syringoma on the philtrum with a brief review of the relevant literature.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.178-185
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• 2013

Objective: To standardize the facial soft-tissue characteristics of South Korean adults according to gender by measuring the soft-tissue thickness of young men and women with normal facial profiles by using three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed models. Methods: Computed tomographic images of 22 men aged 20 - 27 years and 18 women aged 20 - 26 years with normal facial profiles were obtained. The hard and soft tissues were three-dimensionally reconstructed by using Mimics software. The soft-tissue thickness was measured from the underlying bony surface at bilateral (frontal eminence, supraorbital, suborbital, inferior malar, lateral orbit, zygomatic arch, supraglenoid, gonion, supraM2, occlusal line, and subM2) and midline (supraglabella, glabella, nasion, rhinion, mid-philtrum, supradentale, infradentale, supramentale, mental eminence, and menton) landmarks. Results: The men showed significantly thicker soft tissue at the supraglabella, nasion, rhinion, mid-philtrum, supradentale, and supraglenoid points. In the women, the soft tissue was significantly thicker at the lateral orbit, inferior malar, and gonion points. Conclusions: The soft-tissue thickness in different facial areas varies according to gender. Orthodontists should use a different therapeutic approach for each gender.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.95-102
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• 1990

The distances from the center line between maxillary right and left central incisors(the dental midline) to the various anatomical landmarks were measured. Fifty five students(thirth four males and twenty one females) who have at least natural teeth including maxillary and mandibular incisors and bicuspids were examined. 1. There was statistically significant difference between the dental midline and the center line of maxillary labial frenum(p<0.05). 2. There was no statistically significant difference between the dental midline and the point of incisive papilla, philtrum line, the center line between two mandibular central incisors, and the median palatine suture line(p>0.05). 3. There was no statistically significant sexual difference among data. 4. The philtrum line showed the highest value of correspondence to the center line between two maxillary central incisors followed by the center point of incisive papilla, the center line of two mandibular central incisors, median plaltine suture line and the center line of maxillary labial frenum at the decreasing rate.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.488-489
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• 2020

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.311-319
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the vertical changes of the lip and perioral soft tissue, following orthognathic surgery in skeletal class III patients by a cephalometric analysis of a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: A total of 20 skeletal class III patients, who had bimaxillary surgery with Le Fort 1 osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy, were included in this study. The surgical plan for maxilla was posterosuperior impaction with the anterior nasal spine, as the rotation center. Further, the surgical plan for mandible was also posterosuperior movement. The soft tissue changes between lateral cephalogram and CBCT were compared. And the correlations between independent variables and dependent variables were evaluated. Results: There were no significant differences of the soft tissues changes between lateral cephalogram and CBCT. Upper lip philtrum length (SnLs), nasolabial angle increased and upper lip vermilion length (LsStms), lower lip length (StmiB'), lower lip vermilion length (StmiLi), lower lip philtrum length (LiB') and soft tissue lower facial height (SnMe') decreased after surgery. Change of SnLs (${\Delta}$SnLs) was influenced by vertical change of menton (${\Delta}$MeV), and change of LsStms (${\Delta}$LsStms) was influenced by upper lip thickness (ULT). Change of StmiLi' (${\Delta}$StmiLi') were influenced by preoperative overjet. Change of StmiB' (${\Delta}$StmiB') were influenced by preoperative overjet, vertical change of lower incisor (${\Delta}$L1V) and horizontal change of posterior nasal spine (${\Delta}$PNSH). Change of LiB' (${\Delta}$LiB') was influenced by ${\Delta}$L1V and ${\Delta}$PNSH. Change of SnMe' (${\Delta}$SnMe') was influenced by ${\Delta}$MeV, horizontal change of upper incisor (${\Delta}$U1H) and horizontal change of lower incisor (${\Delta}$L1H). ${\Delta}$Nasolabial angle was influenced by change of ULT (${\Delta}$ULT). Conclusion: Both soft tissues and hard tissues can be evaluated by CBCT. Posterosuperior rotation of maxillomandibular complex resulted in increase of upper lip philtrum length and nasolabial angle, while the upper lip vermilion length, lower lip philtrum length, lower lip vermilion length, and soft tissue lower facial height showed a decrease.