• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.43-49
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• 1996

Modulation of the catabolic PEP-pathway of Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens was tried using some enzymatic inhibitors such as gases and chemicals in order to enhance succinic acid production. 10$\%$ CO increased the succinic acid/acetic acid (S/A) ratio but inhibited growth as well as production of succinic and acetic acid. Hydrogen gas also increased the S/A ratio and inhibited the synthesis of pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase when used in mixture with $CO_2$, Catabolic repression by acetic, lactic and formic acid was not recognized and other modulators such as glyoxylate, pyruvate derivatives, arsenic salt, phosphate and sulfate were shown not to be effective. Magesium carbonate was shown effective for repressing acetate production. Palmitic acid, myristic acid and phenylalanine did not affect acetate production but carprylic acid completely inhibited growth.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.1791-1801
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• 2013

Diketopiperazine is produced by various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and animals, and has been suggested as a novel signal molecule involved in the modulation of genes with various biological functions. Vibrio vulnificus, which causes septicemia in humans, produces cyclo($\small{L}$-phenylalanine-$\small{L}$-proline) (cFP). To understand the biological roles of cFP, the effect of the compound on the expression of the total mRNA in V. vulnificus was assessed by next-generation sequencing. Based on the transcriptomic analysis, we classified the cFP-regulated genes into functional categories and clustered them according to the expression patterns resulted from treatment with cFP. From a total of 4,673 genes, excepting the genes encoding tRNA in V. vulnificus, 356 genes were up-regulated and 602 genes were down-regulated with an RPKM (reads per kilobase per million) value above 3. The genes most highly induced by cFP comprised those associated with the transport and metabolism of inorganic molecules, particularly iron. The genes negatively regulated by cFP included those associated with energy production and conversion, as well as carbohydrate metabolism. Noticeably, numerous genes related with biofilm formation were modulated by cFP. We demonstrated that cFP interferes significantly with the biofilm formation of V. vulnificus.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.601-606
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• 2023

The edible sweetener aspartame is formed from the synthesis of asparagine, one of the amino acids, and phenylalanine. It is a protein ingredient that produces sweetness 200 times higher than sucrose, and is used as a diet product because it is a substance that can replace sugar. Although the effects on animals and humans have been well studied, no studies have been conducted on plant metabolism. In this study, the effect of aspartame metabolism was tested using germinated onion, bean sprouts, and Kalanchoe. The three types of plants with germinated roots showed rapid growth in the early stage of treatment with 1mM aspartame, and showed a nutrient supply effect due to the effect of amino acids, which are constituents. However, when treated for 4 weeks, symptoms similar to lateral roots appear in the form of lignification in onions, the effect of quickly withering is seen in bean sprouts, and senescence of roots appears in 12-week-old Kalanchoe. All of them show accelerated aging after the growth phase. This shows that, among the two amino acids, asparagine is related to auxin generation that induces rapid growth, and it is thought to be the result of lignification due to the effect of phenylalanine.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 1961

Ethanol extracts of Mung Bean seeds and seedings were analysed by 2-dimensional and circular paper partion chromatography for Nitrogen compounds as a part of the study on the Amino acids metabolism. In the seeds, 18 ninhydrin positive substances were present, before germination, but the number increased to 21 after germination. There were 3 unknown substances and one of it formed newly after germination. After 2-days germination, the amount of amides, such as Asparagine and Glutamine. where increased very large which were very small amount before it. Those were accumulated more in dark place than in light and the amount of Asparigine were more than that of Glutamine. Through the germination, there were large amount of Glutarmic acid, Aspartic acid and Alanine which seems to be concerned in transamination reaction in seedings. Valine, Leucine, and Phenylalanine increased to considerable amount after germination. This is very remarkable fact as those Amino acids were reported to be concerned in transamination reaction recently. ${\gamma}$-amino butyric acid was detected in both Cotyledon and Embroy through the germination. It seemed that there is no any Nitrogen Metabolism in the unbroken seed even if it is preserved very long period.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.406-416
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• 2019

Strawberry, an important fruit crop, is susceptible to a large number of pathogens that reduce fruit quality and productivity. In this study, the effect of a biostimulant prepared from Ascophyllum nodosum extract (ANE) (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%) was evaluated on powdery mildew progression under greenhouse and field conditions. In the greenhouse, application of 0.2% ANE showed maximum reduction in powdery mildew progression as compared to the control. Forty-eight hour post-inoculation, foliar spray of 0.2% ANE reduced spore germination by 75%. Strawberry leaves sprayed with ANE showed higher total phenolic and flavonoid content in response to powdery mildew infection. Furthermore, application of ANE elicited defense response in strawberry plants by induction of defense-related enzymes, such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase activity. In field conditions, foliar spray of 0.2% ANE showed a reduction of 37.2% of natural incidence of powdery mildew infection as compared to the control. ANE sprayed plant also reduces the severity of powdery mildew infection under natural conditions. These results indicate that application of ANE induces the strawberry plant's active defense against powdery mildew infection by induction of secondary metabolism and regulating the activities of defense-related enzymes.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권2호
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• pp.263-275
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• 2020

Studies on promoting milk protein yield by supplementation of amino acids have been globally conducted. Nevertheless, there is a lack of knowledge of what pathways affected by individual amino acid in mammary epithelial cells that produce milk in practice. Phenylalanine (PHE) and valine (VAL) are essential amino acids for dairy cows, however, researches on mammary cell levels are still lacking. Thus, the aim of this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of PHE and VAL on milk protein synthesis-related and energy-mediated cellular signaling in vitro using immortalized bovine mammary epithelial (MAC-T) cells. To investigate the effects of PHE and VAL, the following concentrations were added to treatment medium: 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 mM. The addition of PHE or VAL did not adversely affect cell viability compared to control group. The concentrations of cultured medium reached its maximum at 0.9 mM PHE and 0.6 mM VAL (p < 0.05). Therefore, aforementioned 2 treatments were analyzed for proteomics. Glucose transporter 1 and mammalian target of rapamycin mRNA expression levels were up-regulated by PHE (166% and 138%, respectively) (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, sodium-dependent neutral amino acids transporter type 2 (ASCT2) and β-casein were up-regulated by VAL (173% in ASCT2, 238% in and 218% in β-casein) (p < 0.05). A total of 134, 142, and 133 proteins were detected in control group, PHE treated group, and VAL treated group, respectively. Among significantly fold-changed proteins, proteins involved in translation initiation or energy metabolism were detected, however, expressed differentially between PHE and VAL. Thus, pathway analysis showed different stimulatory effects on energy metabolism and transcriptional pathways. Collectively, these results showed different stimulatory effects of PHE and VAL on protein synthesis-related and energy-mediated cellular signaling in MAC-T cells.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.697-708
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• 2024

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of dietary supplementation of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract (ELE) on muscle metabolism and meat quality of pigs with and without pre-slaughter transportation. Methods: In a 43-day feeding experiment, a total of 160 pigs with an initial body weight 60.00±2.00 kg were randomly assigned into four groups in a completely randomized design with 10 replicates. Pigs in groups A and C were fed a basal diet and pigs in groups B and D were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.5% ELE. Pigs were slaughtered with (group B and D) or without (group A and C) pre-slaughter transport. Muscle chemical composition, postmortem glycolysis, meat quality and muscle metabolome were analyzed. Results: Dietary ELE supplementation had no effect on the proximate composition of porcine muscle, but increased free phenylalanine, proline, citruline, norvaline, and the total free amino acids in muscle. In addition, dietary ELE increased decanoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, but decreased heptadecanoic acid, oleic acid, trans-oleic acid, and monounsaturated fatty acids in muscle. Meat quality measurement demonstrated that ELE improved meat water holding capacity and eliminated the negative effects of pre-slaughter transport on meat cooking yield and tenderness. Dietary ELE reduced muscle glycolytic potential, inhibited glycolysis and muscle pH decline in the postmortem conversion of muscle to meat and increased the activity of citrate synthase in muscle. Metabolomics analysis by liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric showed that ELE enhanced muscle energy level, regulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, modulated glycogenolysis/glycolysis, and altered the metabolism of carbohydrate, fatty acids, ketone bodies, amino acids, purine, and pyrimidine. Conclusion: Dietary ELE improved meat quality and alleviated the negative effect of pre-slaughter transport on meat quality by enhancing muscle oxidative metabolism capacity and inhibiting glycolysis in postmortem muscle, which is probably involved its regulation of AMPK.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.1657-1670
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• 2023

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Limosilactobacillus fermentum and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum isolated from human feces coordinating with inulin on the composition of gut microbiota and metabolic profiles in db/db mice. These supplements were administered to db/db mice for 12 weeks. The results showed that the Lactobacillaceae coordinating with inulin group (LI) exhibited lower fasting blood glucose levels than the model control group (MC). Additionally, LI was found to enhance colon tissue and increase the levels of short-chain fatty acids. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the abundance of Corynebacterium and Proteus, which were significantly increased in the MC group compared with NC group, were significantly decreased by the treatment of LI that also restored the key genera of the Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Lachnoclostridium, Ruminococcus_gnavus_group, Desulfovibrio, and Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006. Untargeted metabolomics analysis showed that lotaustralin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and 13(S)-HpODE were increased while L-phenylalanine and L-tryptophan were decreased in the MC group compared with the NC group. However, the intervention of LI reversed the levels of these metabolites in the intestine. Correlation analysis revealed that Lachnoclostridium and Ruminococcus_gnavus_group were negatively correlated with 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and 13(S)-HpODE, but positively correlated with L-tryptophan. 13(S)-HpODE was involved in the "linoleic acid metabolism". L-tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were involved in "tryptophan metabolism" and "serotonergic synapse". These findings suggest that LI may alleviate type 2 diabetes symptoms by modulating the abundance of Ruminococcus_gnavus_group and Lachnoclostridium to regulate the pathways of "linoleic acid metabolism", "serotonergic synapse", and" tryptophan metabolism". Our results provide new insights into prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-4
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• 1964

A comparative study of free amino acid content in healthy and virus diseased tobacco leaves was carried out by author throughout the gorwing season from June to November of 1963. The methods of qualitative analysis of free amino acids applied in this experiment is followed by Moore and Stein. 1,2 Free amino acids determined in this experiment are shown in Fig. Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Table Ⅰ. As the figure and the table are shown, four more amino acids such as a spartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine and phenylalanine are detected in the healthy leaves; these four additional amino acids in the healthy leaves are conspicuous. More quantities of asparagine and alanine are detected in the diseased leaves than the healthy leaves and more quantities of tryptophan is detected in the healthy leaves. It is presumed that such amino acids as tyrosine and phenyllanine are decreased by the incooperation of free amino acid to TMV protein in the process of the process of the leaf protein metabolism which is caused by TMV-RNA trapping action in the diseased leaf protoplasm. It is thought that the decrease of asparagine and the increase of asparic acid in the healthy leaves are the results of in incooperaton of NH2, produced by the protein dissimilation in the diseased leaves, to aspartic acid; it's reaction is caused by the respiration of the diseased leaves accelerated by TMV attack. It is presumed, consequently, that the check of the diseased tobacco leave growth is influenced by the reduction of such amino acids as tryptophane and glutamic acid, which reduction may be due to the abnormal protein metabolism and the action of certain enzyme caused by TMV attack on host protoplast.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.179-189
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• 2021

Plants need essential mineral elements to favorably develop and to complete their life cycle. Despite the irreplaceable roles of microelements, they are often ignored due to the relative importance of macroelements with their influence on crop growth and development. We focused on the changes in primary metabolites in the leaves and roots of bell pepper plants under 6 microelements-deficient conditions: Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Boron (B) and Molybdenum (Mo). Bell pepper plants were grown in hydroponic containers, and individual elements were adjusted to 1/10-strength of Hoagland nutrient solution. A remarkable perturbation in the abundance of the primary metabolites was observed for the Fe and B and the Mn and B deficiencies in the leaves and roots, respectively. The metabolites with up-accumulation in the Fe-deficient leaves were glucose, fructose, xylose, glutamine, asparagine and serine. In contrast, the Mn deficiency also resulted in a higher accumulation of glucose, fructose, xylose, galactose, serine, glycine, β-alanine, alanine and valine in the roots. The B deficiency noticeably accumulated alanine, valine and phenylalanine in the roots while it showed a substantial decrease in glucose, fructose and xylose. These results show that the primary metabolism could be seriously disturbed due to a microelement deficiency, and the alteration may be either the specific or adaptive responses of bell pepper plants.