• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.824-828
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• 2017

We investigated the anesthetic effects of MS-222 (tricaine methanesulfonate), clove oil, 2-phenoxyethanol, $NaHCO_3$, lidocaine-HCl and lidocaine-$HCl/NaHCO_3$ in the glass catfish Kryptopterus vitreolus. Based on the efficacy criteria of complete anesthetic induction from 60 s to 120 s, recovery within 300 s, the lowest effective concentrations at $24^{\circ}C$ were determined to be 60 ppm (induction $82.8{\pm}17.6s$, recovery $80.2{\pm}34.7s$) for MS-222, 40 ppm (induction $70.5{\pm}8.2s$, recovery $83.4{\pm}17.7s$) for clove oil, 250 ppm (induction $64.3{\pm}24.0s$, recovery $62.8{\pm}15.6s$) for 2-phenoxyethanol, 300 ppm (induction $127.3{\pm}13.3s$, recovery $107.5{\pm}4.8s$) for lidocaine-HCl and 200/100 ppm (induction $81.2{\pm}17.2s$, recovery $98.3{\pm}19.7s$) for lidocaine-$HCl/NaHCO_3$. Thus, 200/100 ppm of lidocaine-$HCl/NaHCO_3$ was found to be an effective anesthetic agent.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.90-99
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• 2020

This study aimed to screen for plants with antimicrobial potential among the evergreen woody species of South Korea that are used for horticulture and landscaping and to provide basic information about plants with proven antimicrobial activity to underpin future research. The plant materials were extracted under various conditions, and the antimicrobial activities of the extracts were evaluated by agar diffusion assay. The screening tests demonstrated that the crude extracts of 43 species had inhibitory effects against S. aureus. The inhibitory activities of four species (Elaeocarpus sylvestris, Camellia japonica, Cleyera japonica, and Quercus salicina) were relatively higher than that of the synthetic antimicrobial agents methylparaben and phenoxyethanol. The highest inhibitory activity was observed with the leaf extracts (extracted with methanol for 30 minutes) of E. sylvestris, based on induction of the largest inhibition zone of 23.3 mm in size. In addition, solvent fractions of E. sylvestris were evaluated. The largest inhibitory zone of 23.1 mm was observed for the n-butanol fraction, which is likely to contain effective compounds that exhibit inhibitory activity against S. aureus. In contrast, n-hexane and residual aqueous fractions showed no antimicrobial activity. Overall, our findings confirm that evergreen woody plants native to South Korea have potential antimicrobial activity.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.263-267
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• 2007

Parabens are used in nearly all types of cosmetics and toiletries because they are formulated well and have broad spectrum of activity, interness, low costs and excellent chemical stability in relation to pH. 2-phenoxyethanol and chlorphenesin are common preservatives which are usually used in combination with parabens in cosmetics. Toxicity of parabens is generally low but application of parabens to damaged or broken skin has resulted in sensitization. Moreover, the possibility of their estrogenic potential, anesthetic effects and reproductive toxicity has been reported. Consequently there are some regulations in use of parabens. And the maximum permitted concentrations of chlorphenesin and 2-phenoxyethanol in cosmetic products are authorized by the same reasons. So it is important to control and estimate the amount of parabens in products. In this article, we proposed a valid method for the simultaneous determination of 8 preservatives including parabens in a short time using ultra performance liquid $chromatography^{TM}\;(UPLC^{TM})$. Separation of eight components was achieved in less than 10 min and resolutions were reasonable (USP resolution ${\geqq}\;2$). And limit of detection and quantification were evaluated. The method was suitably validated for specificity, linearity, precision (repeatability, intermediate precision) and accuracy for assay (recovery) based on International conference on harmonisation (ICH) guideline. The method was applicable to analysis of preservatives in cosmetic products.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.363-373
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• 2018

In recent years, parabens used as preservatives in cosmetics have become a problem of human safety. Therefore, in this study, we tried to evaluate the preservative efficacy of 1,3-butylene glycol, 1,2-hexanediol, and 1,2-pentanediol as a preservative system to replace parabens. 1,3-Butylene glycol was added to cosmetic creams at a concentration of between 5 and 25%. The preservative efficacy of 1,3-butylene glycol was determined using a M-3 challenge test, as recommended by the Personal Care Products Council (formally CTFA). The alkane diols, such as 1,2-hexanediol and 1,2-pentanediol, were assessed in a similar manner. An evaluation of the preservative efficacy of 1,3-butylene glycol revealed that it was effective against all tested microbial strains at a concentration of 25%. We also investigated the efficacy of combinations of 0.3% phenoxyethanol and 0.1% ethylhexylglycerin. Finally, we tested the alkane diols, including 1,2-hexanediol and 1,2-pentanediol, as an alternative to the preservative 0.3% phenoxyethanol. Both 1% 1,2-hexanediol and 1% 1,2-pentanediol demonstrated preservative efficacy. Taken together, our study demonstrated that the formulation of 25% 1,3-butylene glycol and 0.1% ethylhexylglycerin, 1% 1,2-hexanediol, and 1% 1,2-pentanediol had the best preservative efficacy of the compositions tested. Thus, this study suggests that the formulation is a possibility of substituting parabens preservatives, which has been used in cosmetics and has become a safety issue.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2016

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) was made from oil palm trunk (OPT) with soda-anthraquinone pulping, chlorine dioxide bleaching, carboxymethylation, followed by mechanical grinding. Size of this CNF was 16-40 nm of width confirmed by TEM. To evaluate CNF from OPT as cosmetics raw materials for moisturizing component, water holding properties was compared with hyaluronic acid and collagen. CNF from OPT had better water holding property than collagen or hyaluronic acid whether phenoxyethanol was added as antiseptic or without additive.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.09a
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• pp.21-36
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• 2005

Although the main geology of Korea consists of granite and gneiss, it Is not uncommon to encounter anisotropy Phenomena in crosshole radar tomography even when the basement is crystalline rock. To solve the anisotropy Problem, we have developed and continuously upgraded an anisotropic inversion algorithm assuming a heterogeneous elliptic anisotropy to reconstruct three kinds of tomograms: tomograms of maximum and minimum velocities, and of the direction of the symmetry axis. In this paper, we discuss the developed algorithm and introduce some case histories on the application of anisotropic radar tomography in Korea. The first two case histories were conducted for the construction of infrastructure, and their main objective was to locate cavities in limestone. The last two were performed In a granite and gneiss area. The anisotropy in the granite area was caused by fine fissures aligned in the same direction, while that in the gneiss and limestone area by the alignment of the constituent minerals. Through these case histories we showed that the anisotropic characteristic itself gives us additional important information for understanding the internal status of basement rock. In particular, the anisotropy ratio defined by the normalized difference between maximum and minimum velocities as well as the direction of maximum velocity are helpful to interpret the borehole radar tomogram.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.104-117
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• 2004

Dmitri Donskoi, which went down during the Russo-Japanese War occurred 100 years ago, was found by using geophysical exploration techniques at the 400 m water depth of submarine valley off Jeodong of Ulleung Island. In the submarine area with the rugged seabed topography and volcanic seamounts, in particular, the reliable seabed images were acquired by using the mid-to-shallow Multibeam exploration technique The strength of corrosion (causticity) of the sunken Donskoi, measured by the electrochemical method, decreased to 2/5 compared with the original strength.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.289-296
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• 2021

In this study, 27 inorganic sunscreens and 23 sunscreens for children were collected to investigate the use and incorporation of 17 types of sunscreen agents, 13 types of preservatives, and 5 types of heavy metals. As a result, sunscreen agents were detected in the order of titanium dioxide (41 cases), zinc oxide (29 cases), bis-ethylhexyloxyphenyltriazine (10 cases), ethylhexyl salicylate (8 cases), and ethylhexylmethoxynamate (8 cases), and preservatives were detected in order of phenoxyethanol (6 cases), benzoic acid (1 case), and dihydroacetic acid(1 case). All of the identified sunscreen agents were suitable for labeling, but phenoxyethanol, a preservative component other than labeling, was detected at a concentration of 0.1%. Heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, arsenic, antimony, and nickel were not detected or were detected at various concentrations of less than 3.6 ㎍/g. All the detected UV filters, preservatives, and heavy metals were less than the allowed maximum amount stipulated by the Regulations on Cosmetic Safety Standards in Korea.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1637-1642
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• 2013

We carried out the melt copolymerization reactions of 1,2-bis(diethylamino)tetramethyldisilane with several aryldiols such as, 4,4'-biphenol, 4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol, 9H-fluoren-9,9-dimethanol, and 4,4'-(9-fluorenylidene) bis(2-phenoxyethanol) to afford poly[oxy(arylene)oxy(tetramethyldisilylene)]s containing fluorescent aromatic chromophore groups in the polymer main chain: poly[oxy(4,4'-biphenylene)oxy(tetramethyldisilylene)], poly[oxy{(4,4'-isopropylidene) diphenylene}oxy(tetramethyldisilylene)], poly[oxy(9H-fluorene-9,9-dimethylene) oxy(tetramethyldisilylene)], and poly[oxy{4,4'-(9-fluorenylidene)bis(2-phenoxyethylene)}oxy(tetramethyldisilnylene)]. These prepared materials are soluble in common organic solvents such as $CHCl_3$ and THF. The obtained polymers were characterized by several spectroscopic methods such as $^1H$, $^{13}C$, and $^{29}Si$ NMR. Further, FTIR spectra of all the polymers exhibited characteristic Si-O stretching frequencies at 1014-1087 $cm^{-1}$. These polymeric materials in THF showed strong maximum absorption peaks at 268-281 nm, strong maximum excitation peaks at 263-291 nm, and strong maximum fluorescence emission bands at 314-362 nm due to the presence of tetramethyldisilylene and several arylene chromophores in the polymer main chain. TGA thermograms indicated that most of the polymers were stable up to $200^{\circ}C$ with a weight loss of 3-16% in nitrogen.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.3280-3288
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• 2014

Alkoxyalcohols are used as solvents or preservatives in various consumer products such as wet wipes. The metabolites of alkoxyalcohols are known to be chronically toxic and carcinogenic to animals. Thus, an analytical method is needed to monitor alkoxyalcohols in wet wipes. The aim of this study was to develop a simultaneous analytical method for 14 alkoxyalcohols using headspace gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to analyze the wet wipes. This method was developed by comparing with various headspace extraction parameters. The linear calibration curves were obtained for the method ($r^2$ > 0.995). The limit of detection of alkoxyalcohols ranged from 2 to $200ng\;mL^{-1}$. The precision of the determinative method was less than 18.20% coefficient of variation both intra and inter days. The accuracy of the method ranged from 82.86% to 119.83%. (2-Methoxymethylethoxy)propanol, 2-phenoxyethanol, and 1-phenoxy-2-propanol were mainly detected in wet wipes.