• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.210-216
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• 1997

The prevention of oxidative degradation in fats and oils is largely controlled by the use of synthetic phenolic antioxidants. Antioxidants, BHA: 2-&-3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisol, BHT: 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene, TBHQ: tert-butylhydroquinone, PG: propyl gallate, PTG: pentyl gallate, OG:octyl gallate, were extracted from fatty foods with hexane and from hexane layer to presaturated acetonitrile with hexane. The polar phenolic hydroxyl groups of antioxidants were silylated with MSTFA and injected to Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. The calibration plots were linear in the investigated range, 0.1~10.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g. The limit of detection for 6 phenolic antioxidants was 0.1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g. Recoveries and reproducibilities from samples fortified at 1.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g were in the range of 70~90% and 0.5~13%, respectively. The simultaneous determination of phenolic antioxidants in fatty foods using GC/MS-SIM mode and macro program was described.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.173-176
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• 2007

${\gamma}-Oryzanol$ is one of the chain breaking antioxidants. Both sterol (triterpene) and phenolic hydroxyl groups in the structure of ${\gamma}-oryzanol$ may be responsible for its antioxidative function. We hypothesize that ${\gamma}-oryzanol$ is more effective in preventing the autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) than the synthetic phenolic compounds in an oil/water (O/W) emulsion system. The antioxidative effectiveness of different concentrations of ${\gamma}-oryzanol$ and synthetic antioxidants was evaluated at different incubation times (0, 4, 8, 16, and 32 h) by measuring both the formation of hydroperoxides and the decomposition product of hydroperoxides (hexanal) in each emulsion system. Overall, the order of effectiveness of various antioxidants for inhibiting the formation of hydroperoxide in the O/W emulsion was: ${\gamma}-oryzanol$> tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)> butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)> butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). O/W emulsion with selective lower concentrations of ${\gamma}-oryzanol$ showed better effectiveness than that with higher concentration of synthetic antioxidants. However, the ability of both ${\gamma}-oryzanol$ and synthetic antioxidants to decompose hydroperoxide was similar. ${\gamma}-Oryzanol$ was more effective antioxidant than the synthetic phenolic compounds in preventing the formation of hydroperoxide in the O/W emulsion system.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.53-55
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• 1979

This study was conducted to find out the co-operative effect of antioxidants (butyl hydroxy anisol, dibutyl hydroxy toluene, propyl gallate) and pyrophosphate (tetrasodium pyrophosphate, disodium pyrophosphate) on the stability of soybean oil by determining the peroxide values. The results obtained were summarized follows: 1. When antioxidants and pyrophosphates were used together, the antioxidants activity was more strong than antioxidants were used only. 2. The co-operative effect of disodium pyrophosphate for antioxidants was stronger than tetrasodium pyrophosphate.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.863-880
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• 2020

Studies conducted in the past decade related to the use of natural antioxidants in meat products revealed the prevalent use of plant-based antioxidative materials added as powders, extracts, or dried or raw materials to meat products. The amount of antioxidative materials varied from 7.8 ppm to 19.8%. Extracts and powders were used in small amounts (ppm to grams) and large amounts (grams to >1%), respectively. Antioxidative materials used in meat products are mainly composed of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which are able to inhibit lipid peroxidation of meat products, thereby preserving meat quality. However, the main ingredients used in processed meat products are the traditional additives, such as sodium erythorbate, sodium hydrosulfite, and synthetic antioxidants, rather than natural antioxidants. This difference could be attributed to changes in the sensory quality or characteristics of meat products using natural antioxidants. Therefore, novel research paradigms to develop meat products are needed, focusing on the multifunctional aspects of natural antioxidants.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.411-414
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• 1990

합성 페놀성 산화방지제인 BHA, BHT, PG 및 TBHQ의 티아민 분해능에 대한 pH 및 온도의 영향을 연구하였다. 모든 산화방지제는 pH4의 $38^{\circ}C$에서는 대조군과 같이 티아민 분해능이 거의 없었으나, 같은 pH의 $60^{\circ}C$에서는 $38^{\circ}C$때 보다 그 분해능이 더 컸다. 한편, pH7의 $38^{\circ}C$에서는 같은 온도의 pH4 때 보다 티아민 분해능이 더 빨랐고, 또 pH7의 $60^{\circ}C$에서는 같은 pH의 $38^{\circ}C$에서 보다 그 분해능이 더 컸다. 합성 산화방지제 중 BHA와 BHT의 티아민 분해능은 대조군과 비슷한 수준으로 거의 없거나 가장 낮았고, PG는 그 분해능이 비교적 컸으며, TBHQ는 그 분해능이 가장 컸다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.78-87
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• 2000

The $\gamma$-ray irradiation and aging effects on electrical characteristics of $^{60}Co$ $\gamma$-ray irradiated ethylene-propylene-diene-terpolymer(EPDM) contained with 1 to 3phr phenolic and quinolinic antioxidants as antirads were investigated. The marked effects of type and amounts of the antioxidant on the volume resistivity and AC breakdown strength of the $\gamma$-ray irradiated EPDM are different. A phenolic antioxidant(IR 1010) contribute to improving the electrical insulation properties on the EPDM better than quinolinic antioxidant(Kumanox RD) during irradiation. In aging the irradiated EPDM specimens contained antioxidants at room temperature in air, it was shown a improvement of insulation properties due to radical scavenging and crosslinking of EPDM aged until 360 days.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.119-121
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• 2007

The tyrosinase inhibition activity and mutagenicity as assessed by the Ames test on phenolic antioxidants (5-Caffeoyl quinic acid, 3,4-Dihydroxy cinnamic acid, Quercetin 3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranose, Kaempferol 3-O-${\beta}$- D-glucopyranose) and the ethyl acetate fraction isolated from mulberry leaves were examined. The ethyl acetate fraction and chlorogenic acid exhibited weaker tyrosinase inhibitory activities than kojic acid. In addition, the ethyl acetate fraction from mulberry leaves, containing phenolic antioxidants, showed no mutagenicity by the Ames test.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제10권
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• pp.11-17
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• 1992

탈지 가자박으로 부터 free, soluble 및 insoluble bound phenolic acids를 추출하여 식용대두유 기질에서 항산화효과률 0.02%(w/w)의 BHA, BHT의 항산화 효과와 비교하고자 각 기질과 대조구를 $60{\pm}1^{\circ}C$에서 35일간 저장하면서 매 7일 간격으로 과산화물가, TBA가를 측갱하였다. BHA, BHT와 free, soluble 및 insoluble hound phenolic acids를 첨가한 시험구와 대조구의 과산화물가는 21일의 경우 60, 30, 14, 11, 10, 100이었다. 같은 조건하에서 추출물의 TBA가는 0.150, 0.108, 0.105, 0.073, 0.078, 0.185이었다. 이것으로 보아 phenolic acids는 식용대두유 기질에서 우수한 항산화력을 나타내었다. 분리확인된 phenolic acids는 p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, phloroglucinol, pyrogallol, vanillic acid, caffeic acid으로 확인되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권7호
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• pp.1065-1070
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• 2016

본 연구는 리놀레인산에 7종의 산화방지제를 각각 0.02% 농도로 첨가하여 $50^{\circ}C$의 dry oven에서 8일간 자동산화 시키면서 이들 산화방지제의 잔존량 및 산화안정성을 측정하였다. 잔존량은 HPLC를 사용하여 측정하였으며, 산화안정성은 과산화물가를 이용하여 분석하였다. 잔존량은 0일째(100%)에서 시간에 따른 변화율을 측정하였고, 또한 잔존량을 이용하여 100-잔존량(%)으로 손실률(%)을 계산하였다. 산화방지제 손실률과 과산화물가의 상관관계를 분석하여 연관성을 확인하였다. 잔존량 분석 결과 tert-butylhydroquinone(TBHQ)> dodecyl gallate(DG)> octyl gallate(OG)> propyl gallate(PG)> butylated hydroxyanisole(BHA)> 2,4,5-trihydroxybutyrophenone(THBP)> butylated hydroxytoluene(BHT) 순으로 낮은 잔존량을 나타내었으나, BHA 같은 경우 다른 실험군에 비해 8일째의 잔존량이 4일째의 잔존량에 비하여 감소량이 크지 않았으며 TBHQ은 4일째의 잔존량이 이미 0에 가까운 값을 나타내어 8일째의 잔존량과 큰 차이가 없었다. 과산화물가 측정 결과 대조군> TBHQ> DG> OG> PG> BHA> THBP> BHT 순으로 높은 과산화물가를 보였으며 산화방지제 손실률과 과산화물가의 상관관계 분석 결과 상관관계(correlation coefficient, $R^2$)는 0.3913~0.9963의 범위로, 특히 BHT가 가장 높은 상관관계($R^2$=0.9963)를 보였다. BHA와 TBHQ를 제외한 대부분의 실험군에서 $R^2$ 값은 0.8769 이상의 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 본 연구에서 페놀계 산화방지제는 자동산화 과정에서 리놀레인산 기질 내 산화방지제의 잔존량과 기질의 산화안전성 간의 높은 상관관계를 보여주었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.60-65
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• 2005

Antioxidant films are one active packaging technology that can extend food shelf-life through preventing lipid oxidation, stabilizing color, maintaining sensory properties and delaying microbial growth in foods. Because raw, fresh and minimal processed foods are more perishable during storage or under display conditions than further processed foods, they rapidly lose their original quality. Foods are susceptible to physical, chemical, and biochemical hazards to which packaging films can be effective barriers. Although films incorporated natural (tocopherols, flavonoids and phenolic acids) or synthetic antioxidants (BHT, BHA, TBHQ, propyl gallate) have been extensively tested to improve quality and safety of various foods, food applications require addressing issues such as physical properties, chemical action, cost, and legal approval. Increased interest in natural antioxidants as substitutes for synthetic antioxidants has triggered research on use of the new natural antioxidants in films and coatings. Use of new components (phytochemicals) as film additives can improve food quality and human health. The biosynthesis of plant phenolics can potentially be optimized by active coatings on harvested fruits and vegetables. These coatings can trigger the plants natural proline-linked pentose phosphate pathway to increase the phenolic contents and maintain overall plant tissue quality. This alternate metabolic pathway has been proposed by Dr. K. Shetty and is supported by numerous studies. A new generation of active food films will not only preserve the food, but increase food's nutritional quality by optimizing raw food biochemical production of phytochemicals.