• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.30-40
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of various smoke constituents to the toxicological activity of total particulate matter(TPM) or the gas/vapor phase(GVP). These components included phenol compounds, aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic amines, and carbonyl compounds. The mutagenic and cytotoxic potencies were assessed using the Salmonella mutagenicity assay with S. typimurium TA98 strain and the neutral red uptake cytotoxicity assay(NRU) with BALB/c 3T3 fibroblast cells, respectively. The Salmonella mutagenicity test showed that heterocyclic amines exhibited significantly higher levels of toxicity compared to other smoke constituents. Among them, 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline(MeIQ) was shown the most mutagenic compound with a specific mutagenicity of $7.9{\times}10^5\;revertants/{\mu}g$. An analysis of the possible contribution revealed that MeIQ account for only 0.85% of the 2R4F-TPM mutagenicity in TA98. NRU data demonstrated that high cytotoxic activity was obtained for hydroquinone, formaldehyde, and acrolein. Based on the results of the present study, the contribution of acrolein to the cytotoxicity of the GVP fraction was calculated as 61%. Thus, a large proportion of the cytotoxic activity of this complex mixture, cigarette smoke gas phase, can be attributed to the acrolein.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.193-200
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• 2007

The AOPs research defined by creating a sufficient amount of OH radicals from the dissolution of organic materials through photoxidation and research for a complete elimination of residual organic materials by membrane are actively ongoing. This research focuses on the hybrid processing of AOPs and M/F membrane to dissolve and eliminate organic chemicals in drinking water which are suspected of carcinogens. For this purpose, underground water was used as a source of drinking water for the hybrid processing of AOPs oxidation and M/F membrane, and a pilot plant test device was installed indoor. Carcinogenic chemicals of VOCs and pesticide were artificially mixed with the drinking water, which was then diluted close to natural water in order to examine treatment efficiency and draw optimal operation conditions. The samples used for this experiment include four chemicals phenol, chloroform, in VOCs and parathion, carbaryl in pesticide. As a result of the experiments conducted with simple, and compound solutions, the conditions to sufficiently dissolve and eliminate carcinogenic chemicals from the hybrid processing of where carcinogens were artificially added are : (hydrogen peroxide) prescribed solution 100 mg/L under pH 5.5~6.0, and the temperature $12{\sim}16^{\circ}C$, at the normal temperature and pressure. $d-O_3$ volume of 5.0 ppm and above and 30-40 minutes of reaction time are most appropriate and using MF/UF for membrane was ideal.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.531-537
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• 1992

The approximate rates and stoichiometry of the reaction of excess potassium 2-thexyl-1,3,2-dioxaborinane hydride(KTDBNH) with 55 selected compounds containing representative functional groups under standardized conditions (tetrahydrofuran, TEX>$0^{\circ}C$, reagent : compound=4 : 1) was examined in order to define the characteristics of the reagent for selective reductions. Benzyl alcohol and phenol evolve hydrogen immediately. However, primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols evolve hydrogen slowly, and the rate of hydrogen evolution is in order of $1^{\circ}$> $2^{\circ}$> $3^{\circ}$. n-Hexylamine is inert toward the reagent, whereas the thiols examined evolve hydrogen rapidly. Aldehydes and ketones are reduced rapidly and quantitatively to give the corresponding alcohols. Cinnamaldehyde is rapidly reduced to cinnamyl alcohol, and further reduction is slow under these conditions. The reaction with p-benzoquinone dose not show a clean reduction, but anthraquinone is cleanly reduced to 9,10-dihydro-9,10-anthracenediol. Carboxylic acids liberate hydrogen immediately, further reduction is very slow. Cyclic anhydrides slowly consume 2 equiv of hydride, corresponding to reduction to the caboxylic acid and alcohol stages. Acid chlorides, esters, and lactones are rapidly and quantitatively reduced to the corresponding carbinols. Epoxides consume 1 equiv hydride slowly. Primary amides evolve 1 equiv of hydrogen readily, but further reduction is slow. Tertiary amides are also reduced slowly. Both aliphatic and aromatic nitriles consume 1 equiv of hydride rapidly, but further hydride uptake is slow. Analysis of the reaction mixture with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine yields 64% of caproaldehyde and 87% of benzaldehyde, respectively. 1-Nitropropane utilizes 2 equiv of hydride, one for hydrogen evolution and the other for reduction. Other nitrogen compounds examined are also reduced slowly. Cyclohexanone oxime undergoes slow reduction to N-cyclohexylhydroxyamine. Pyridine ring is slowly attacked. Disulfides examined are reduced readily to the correponding thiols with rapid evolution of 1 equiv hydrogen. Dimethyl sulfoxide is reduced slowly to dimethyl sulfide, whereas the reduction of diphenyl sulfone is very slow. Sulfonic acids only liberate hydrogen quantitatively without any reduction. Finally, cyclohexyl tosylate is inert to this reagent. Consequently, potassium 2-thexyl-1,3,2-dioxaborinane hydride, a monoalkyldialkoxyborohydride, shows a unique reducing characteristics. The reducing power of this reagent exists somewhere between trialkylborohydrides and trialkoxyborohydride. Therefore, the reagent should find a useful application in organic synthesis, especially in the field of selective reduction.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1276-1284
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• 2018

probiotics strains promoting the health are a collection of microorganisms that improve or restore microbial populations in the intestines. In this study, Leuconostoc probiotics was isolated from fermented gimchi and identified. Angelica dahurica, containing abundantly antioxidant activity, imperator, is a wildly grown species of angelica native. Before fermentation, total phenolics compound were $48.83{\pm}4.9GAE\;mg/g$ in the Angelica dahurica extract. After fermentation total phenolic compounds were $97.7{\pm}12.6GAE\;mg/g$. The total amount of phenol in the fermented product was 30.2% higher than that before fermentation. The total flavonoid content before fermentation was $9.86{\pm}4.3mg/g$ and the total flavonoid content was $37.17{\pm}7.4mg/g$ after fermentation, which was 82.3% higher than before fermentation. The DPPH radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity, hydroxy radical scavenging activity and $Fe^{{+}{+}}$ chelating antioxidative activity of the Angelica dahurica extract were $41.6{\pm}7.1%$, $65.7{\pm}8.4%$, $55.26{\pm}9.4%$ and $17.5{\pm}4.6%$, respectively. After fermentation, they were $60.3{\pm}12.6%$, $78.8{\pm}8.3%$, $56.9{\pm}4.9%$ and $36.6{\pm}8.9%$, respectively. Therefore, the present study suggests that the fermentation using the probiotics strain of the Angelica dahurica extract can be used as a functional health food and cosmetic material with increased antioxidant capacity.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.81-81
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• 2019

Ginseng seeds are one of short-lived seeds species which loose their viability easily in the condition of conventional storage. Cryopreservation using liquid nitrogen (LN) has been recommended as a alternative storage for this kind of germplasm short lived or dessiccation-sensitive. This study was performed to find out whether cryopreservation could affect physiological change such as enzyme activity induced by reactive oxygen species. In this work, the redox ratio of ascorbate and glutathione were examined onto ginseng seedlings before and after LN storage of seeds for 1 day using spectrophotometer method. Reduced ascorbate (ASA) was increased while oxidized ascorbate (DHA) was decreased slightly for both after 1d-LN storage. And for glutathione also, reduced form (GSH) was increased while oxidized form (GSSG) was decreased slightly for both after 1d-LN storage. Consequently total phenol compound and ion leakage after LN storage showed no significant differences. Additionally root growth from the seeds after LN storage was not affected by ultra low temperature. From the above results, we may suggest that cryopreservation could be recommended for storage tool of ginseng seeds even with low viability also and expected to make slower seed aging process during preservation period through further study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.90-95
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• 2009

The principal objective of this study was to investigate the influence of buckwheat sprouts on the acid production and growth of lactic acid bacteria in to which 5 and 10%(w/v) buckwheat sprouts was added, followed by fermentation with Lactobacillus bulgaricus. In yogurt to which 5 and 10% buckwheat sprouts was added, pH was lower and titratable acidity was higher than those of the control. It was also noted significant changes in the number of viable cell counts with differing amounts of added buckwheat sprouts until 12 hours. When the yogurt samples were stored for 12 days at $4^{\circ}C$, the pH and titratable acidity of the yogurt to which 5 and 10% buckwheat sprouts was added were maintained at lower and higher than control levels, respectively. The highest number of viable cell counts was found in the yogurt to which 5% buckwheat sprouts was added. Rutin content was reduced via lactic acid fermentation, but quercetin content increased significantly in the yogurt with added buckwheat sprouts. It may be that the glycosidic bonds connected to rutin were hydrolyzed during fermentation by lactic acid bacteria. The total phenol compound content of the yogurt samples also increased after fermentation. The antioxidative activity of yogurt to which 10% buckwheat sprouts was added was shown to have a 60.95% free radical scavenging effect, which was the highest among all yogurt samples evaluated.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.47-54
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• 2014

Objectives: This study is to confirm the effect of combined extract and individual extract of Samjunghwan (SJH) in anti-oxidative and anti-obesity effect. Methods: Combined ethanol extract of readily made SJH and individual ethanol extract of Atractylodes japonica, Cortex lycii radicis, and Morus alba Linne was combined after the extraction. To evaluate the anti-oxidative effect of SJH, total phenol compound and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging ability were conducted. Real-time quantitative-polymerase chain reaction analysis of transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptror ${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-${\alpha}1$, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ ($TNF{\alpha}$) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reducatase (HMG-CoA reductase) were done with 3T3-L1 cells to investigate the ant-obesity effect. Also, cell viability analysis were done to see to toxicity of SJH. Results: Individual extract of SJH showed significant decrease in $TNF{\alpha}$ and AMPK transcription while $PPAR{\gamma}$ showed significant increase. Combined extract and individual extract of SJH both showed decrease in HMG-CoA reductase. DPPH free radical scavenging ability and total phenol compound was analogous between two groups. Conclusions: Individual extract of SJH appears to be more effective in anti-oxidation and anti-obesity effect compared to combined extract of SJH.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.116-123
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate into the effect of light-emitting diode (LED) for the light quality as a light source on the broccoli seed germination and the physiological activity of vegetable sprouts. We have also germinated seeds of the broccoli and applied LED as a light quality such as blue, green, red, white, yellow and red + blue color lights to their sprouts for 14 hours and kept dark for 10 hours at the temperature of $25^{\circ}C$ (day)/$18^{\circ}C$ (night). Broccoli sprouts were extracted by methanol and their physiological activities were examined. All broccoli seeds were germinated at 3 days after seeding regardless of the light color. Total sprout fresh weight were mostly became highest by 0.389g (10 plants) at 8 days after seeding when their sprouts were grown under blue color light. Total phenol compound contents in broccoli sprouts were extremely increased by $83.0\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ under the white light, and total flavonoid contents were most much more by $72.6\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ under the blue light. DPPH radical scavenging activity at $2,000\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ were most highest by 93.5% in broccoli sprouts grown under the white light. Nitrite radical scavenging activity at the concentration of $500\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in sprout extracts were the most increased by 66.9% under the yellow light, and tyrosinase inhibition activity at $2,000\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in sprout extracts were by 14.5% under red light.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.403-411
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• 2009

This study was conducted to gather the basic data on the increase of utilization for the Japanese staunton vine (Stauntonia hexaphylla), native plants which were grown in the southern districts in Korea. We have also determined their partial physical and chemical compositions and their physiological activities. Vitamin C contents in fruit skin was 85.23 mg/100 g, and that in flesh was 61.67 mg/100 g. Total amino acids contents in fruit skin increased much more by 762.72 mg/100 g DW compared to that in flesh by 434.05 mg/100 g DW. Inorganic matter contents were more increased in the fruit skin (108.48 mg/$\ell$) and its main components were K (76.53 mg/$\ell$), Ca (20.20 mg/$\ell$) and Mg (6.22 mg/$\ell$). Total phenol compound and flavonoid contents in 1,000 mg/$\ell$ methanol extracts were 7.3-9.6 mg/$\ell$ and 5.1-6.7 mg/$\ell$. Nitrite radical scavenging activity in 4,000 mg/$\ell$ methanol extracts of fruit skin and flesh for Stauntonia hexaphylla were 79.5% and 77.8%, however, that in seeds was 17.1%. Overall mushroom tyrosinase inhibition activity (% of control) was less than 10.8%. Anti-microbial activities of methanol extracts from the fruit skin against the gram negative and positive microbial strains were not significant in the lower concentration of extracting solution, however, that from flesh and seeds in terms of the inhibition diameter were $8.91{\sim}12.25\;mm$.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.287-297
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• 2024

It was confirmed that complex fermentation (CF) was more efficient than single-strain fermentations in inducing changes in the contents of phenolic compounds of Maclura tricuspidate and Pyrus Montana Nakai. A mixture of Maclura tricuspidata, Pyrus montana Nakai, Platycodon grandiflorum and Codonopsis lanceolata were fermented in CF using Aspergillus shirousamii (koji), yeast, and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for 24 days, and the pH, °Brix, total acidity, anti-oxidant activity, polyphenol content, nitric oxide (NO), and Western blotting of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), and tumor necrosis factor-𝛼 (TNF-𝛼) of the sample were determined. There was no significant change in pH and total acidity. °Brix significantly decreased from day 6 onwards. HPLC confirmed that the concentrations of chlorogenic acid, 4-hydrobenzoic acid, vanillic acid, and caffeic acid significantly increased from day 18 during the fermentation. Additionally, DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity, total phenol, and total flavonoid were confirmed to be increased until 18 days. NO was significantly inhibited from day 6, along with significant inhibition of iNOS, COX-2, and TNF-a. In conclusion, this study confirmed that CF of low-use (or underutilized) wild vegetables enhances phenolic compounds. It effectively suppresses NO, iNOS, COX-2, and TNF-𝛼, markers of inflammation-related pathogenesis. Altogether, our results suggest that CF of the above plants has a potential anti-inflammatory effect.