• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.49-66
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• 1999

Polypharmacotherapy, both psychotropic and nonpsychotropic, is widespread in various situations including psychiatric hospitals and general hospitals. As the clinical practice of using more than one drug at a time increase, the clinician is faced with ever-increasing number of potential drug interactions. Although many interactions have little clinical significances, some may interfere with treatment or even be life-threatening. The objective of this review is evaluation for drug-drug interactions often encountered in psychiatric consultation. Drug interactions can be grouped into two principal subdivisions : pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic. These subgroups serve to focus attention on possible sites of interaction as a drug moves from the site of administration and absorption to its site of action. Pharmacokinetic processes are those that include transport to and from the receptor site and consist of absorption, distribution on body tissue, plasma protein binding, metabolism, and excretion. Pharmacodynamic interactions occur at biologically active sites. In psychiatric consultation, these two subdivisions of drug interactions between psychotropic drugs and other drugs are likely to happen. We gathered informations of the drugs used in physically ill patients who are consulted to psychiatric department in Korea University Hospital. And we reviewed the related literatures about the drug-drug interactions between psychotropic drugs and other drugs.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.298-303
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• 2009

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major flavonoid in green tea has multiple health benefits including chemoprevention, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity effects. In connection with these effects, EGCG can be a candidate to help the treatment of metabolic diseases. Metformin is a widely used anti-diabetic drug regulating cellular energy homeostasis via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. Therefore, the combination of metformin with EGCG may have additive or synergistic effects on treatment of type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, there is no report for the pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic interaction of EGCG with metformin. Here, we evaluated the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between metformin and EGCG in rats. Pharmacokinetics parameters of metformin were measured after oral administration of metformin in rats pre-treated with EGCG (10 mg/kg) or saline for 7 days. The results showed that there is no significant difference in pharmacokinetic parameters between saline control and EGCG-treated group. In addition, the hepatic AMPK activation by metformin in EGCG-treated rats was also similar to the control. The lack of additive effects of EGCG on AMPK activation or intracellular uptake of metformin was also evaluated in cells in the presence or absence of EGCG. Treatment of HepG2 cells with EGCG inhibited the metformin-induced AMPK activation. Combined results suggested that EGCG has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of metformin but may contribute to metformin action.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.251-259
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• 1995

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of metoprolol, a selective beta-l blocker, were examined for 360 minutes after intravenous bolus administration of metoprolol to 6 dogs. Plasma concentration and excreted amount in the urine metoprolol were measured by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. PR interval and heart rate were measured by ECG monitoring. Blood pressure was monitored through intraarterial catheter in femoral artery and cardiac output by thermodilution method using Swan-Ganz catheter. To analyze the effect site concentration-response relationship, plasma concentration and pharmacological effects were simultaneously fitted to a two pharmacokinetic compartment linked to pharmacodynamic model with NONLIN program. Results are as follows. 1) The plasma concentration of metoprolol after intrvenous injection decreased biexponentially. The terminal half-life estimated was $1.33{\pm}0.40$ hours and the volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) and the total body clearance were $1.04{\pm}0.4\;L/kg,\;6.55{\pm}2.21\;L/hr$, respectively. The central compartment volume of distribution and peripheral compartment volume of distribution were $0.35{\pm}0.14L/kg\;and\;0.69{\pm}0.34L/kg$. The renal clearance and intercompartment clearance were $0.53{\pm}0.25\;L/min\;and\;0.35{\pm}0.19\;L/min$. 2) Simulated biophase concentration-response curve shows hyperbolic relationship and the estimated concentration-effect relationship was best explained by Emax model when the prolongation of PR interval and the reduction of the heart rate were used as pharmacodynamic parameters. Emax and EC50 were estimated to be $26.3{\pm}4.7\;msec\;and\;88.8{\pm}82.3\;g/ml$ for PR interval, and $48.7{\pm}18.8\;beats/min\;and\;113.5{\pm}78.7\;ng/ml$ for heart rate, respectively. 3) The changes of cardiac output-effect site concentration relationship was best fitted by a linear model and the slope of the relationship was $0.005{\pm}0.003$. Diastolic blood pressure-effect site concentration relationship was also explained by the linear model and the slope of the relationship was $0.038{\pm}0.034$.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.90-92
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• 2004

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.88-89
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• 2003

In recent days, the bioequivalence(BE) study of domestic drugs on original drug are quite, activated in Korea. This BE study provide not only the bioequivalence of test and reference drug but also produce the population pharmacokinetic(PK) parameters in normal healthy Korean. The BE study can also make it possible to establish a PK/PD model of the drug when the additional pharmacodynamic(PD) data are available. (omitted)

• 대한임상약리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1999.12a
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• pp.46-46
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• 1999

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.84-96
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• 2008

In the recent, pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) modeling has appeared as a critical path tools in new drug development to optimize drug efficacy and safety. PK/PD modeling is the mathematical approaches of the relationships between PK and PD. This approach in new drug development can be estimated inaccessible PK and PD parameters, evaluated competing hypothesis, and predicted the response under new conditions. Additionally, PK/PD modeling provides the information about systemic conditions for understanding the pharmacology and biology. These advantages of PK/PD model development are to provide the early decision-making information in new drug development process, and to improve the prediction power for the success of clinical trials. The purpose of this review article is to summarize the PK/PD modeling process, and to provide the theoretical and practical information about widely used PK/PD models. This review also provides model schemes and the differential equations for the development of PK/PD model.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.229-232
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• 2012

The pharmaceutical industry has an ongoing need for new, safe medicines with genuine biomedical effects. Most of the candidate molecules are far from becomes a drug, because of their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. The introduction of bioisostere to improve properties of molecules and to obtain new class of compound is currently increased. Silicon substitution of carbon of existing drugs is an attractive strategy to search a new candidate with improved biological and physicochemical properties. The fundamental differences between carbon and silicon can lead to improved profile of the silicon containing candidate, and could be exploited to get further benefit in drug design process.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.330-335
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• 2004

Phase specific models for cancer chemotherapy are described as optimal control problems. We review earlier results on scheduling optimal therapies when the controls represent the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents, or, equivalently, when the simplifying assumption is made that drugs act instantaneously. In this paper we discuss how to incorporate more realistic medical aspects which hitherto have been neglected in the models. They include pharmacokinetic equations (PK) which model the drug's plasma concentration and various pharmacodynamic models (PD) which describe the effect the concentrations have on cells. We also briefly discuss the important medical issue of drug resistance.

• 대한임상약리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.12a
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• pp.26-26
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• 2001