• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권8호
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• pp.2734-2741
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• 2023

Brachytherapy is a special case of radiotherapy. It should be arranged according to some principles in medical radiation applications and radiation physics. The primary principle is to use as low as reasonably achievable dose in all ionizing radiation applications for diagnostic and therapeutic treatments. Dosimetric distributions are dependent on radioactive source properties and radiation-matter interactions in an absorber medium such as phantom or tissue. In this consideration, the geometrical structure and material of the seed capsule, which surrounds a radioactive material, are directly responsible for isodose profiles and dosimetric functions. In this study, the radiometric properties of capsule material were investigated on dose distribution in a water phantom by changing its nuclear properties using the EGSnrc Monte Carlo (MC) simulation code. Effective atomic numbers of hypothetic mixtures were calculated by using different elements with several fractions for capsule material. Model 6711 brachytherapy seed was modeled by EGSnrc/Dosrcnrc Code and dosimetric functions were calculated. As a result, dosimetric parameters of hypothetic sources have been acquired in large-scale atomic number. Dosimetric deviations between the data of hypothetic seeds and the original one were analyzed. Unit dose (Gy/Particle) distributions belonging to different types of material in seed capsule have remarkably differed from the original capsule's data. Capsule type is major variable to manage the expected dose profile and isodose distribution around a seed. This study shows us systematically varied scale of material type (cross section or effective atomic number dependent) offers selective material usage in production of seed capsules for the expected isodose profile of a specific source.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2002

We have earlier developed a 40-channel SQUID system. An important figure of merit of a MEG system is the localization error, within which the underlying current source can be localized. With this system, we investigated the localization error in terms of the standard deviation of the coordinates of the ECDs and the systematic error due to inadequate modeling. To do this, we made localization of single current dipoles from tangential components of auditory evoked fields. Equivalent current dipoles (ECD) at N1m peak were estimated based on a locally fitted spherical conductor model. In addition, we made skull phantom and simulation measurements to investigate the contribution of various errors to the localization error. It was found that the background noise was the main source of the errors that could explain the observed standard deviation. Further, the amount of systematic error, when modeling the head with a spherical conductor, was much less than the standard deviation due to the background noise. We also demonstrated the performance of the system by measuring the evoked fields to grammatical violation in sentence comprehension.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.248-253
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• 2023

Directly, it is not possible to measure the absorbed dose of radiopharmaceuticals in the organs of the human body. Therefore, simulation methods are utilized to estimate the dose in distinct organs. In this study, individual organs were separately considered as the source organ or target organ to calculate the mean absorption dose, which SAF and S factors were then calculated according to the target uptake via MIRD method. Here, ^99mTc activity distribution within the target was analyzed using the definition and simulation of ideal organs by summing the fraction of cumulative activities of the heart as source organ. Thus, GATE code was utilized to simulate the Zubal humanoid phantom. To validate the outcomes in comparison to the similar results reported, the accumulation of activity in the main organs of the body was calculated at the moment of injection and cardiac rest condition after 60 min of injection. The results showed the highest dose absorbed into pancreas was about 21%, then gallbladder 18%, kidney 16%, spleen 15%, heart 8%, liver 8%, thyroid 7%, lungs 5% and brain 2%, respectively, after 1 h of injection. This distinct simulation model may also be used for different periods after injection and modifying the prescribed dose.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2014

SPECT의 기능적인 영상과 CT의 해부학적 영상을 융합하여 영상 진단의 시너지 효과를 창출하는 SPECT/CT는 부가적인 CT의 사용으로 환자의 피폭선량을 증가시킨다. SPECT/CT를 사용함으로서 불가피한 피폭선량에 대한 선량감소 효과를 위해 CT의 방사선 노출 시 선량이 환자의 크기와 모양에 따라 자동조절 되는 CT장비의 자동노출제어(Automatic exposure control, AEC)시스템을 SPECT/CT에 적용함으로써 피폭선량의 감소효과와 영상의 질의 변화를 비교 및 평가하고자 하였다. 실험에 사용된 SPECT/CT는 GE사의 Discovery 670이며, AEC 기법으로는 Smart mA를 선원은 $^{99m}Tc$을 사용하였다. CT선량 변화에 따른 SPECT영상과 CT영상의 질을 비교하기 위해 CT의 조건을 첫 번째 관전압 80, 100, 120, 140 kVp, 관전류 10, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mA, 두 번째 AEC기법은 (10-250 mA)로 설정하여 실험하였으며, SPECT영상의 resolution과 contrast를 평가하기 위해 triple line phantom과 Flangeless Esser PET phantom을 사용하였으며, CT영상과 선량을 평가하기 위해서 anthropomorphic chest phantom을 이용하였다. Torso protocol (120 kVp, 150 mA)을 적용하였으며 AEC기법(120 kVp, 10-200 mA)으로 촬영하여 noise와 uniformity를 측정하였으며, CTDI (mGy), DLP (mGycm)값을 구하였다. 관전압, 관전류의 변화와 AEC 적용에 대한 감쇠보정 한 SPECT영상에서의 Resolution은 FWHM [mm] left 3.48 mm, center 3.65 mm, right 3.60 mm로 일정한 값을 보였다. Contrast의 결과 값은 cold spot에 대한 감쇠물질 정도에 따른 공기, 물에 대해서는 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았으며, 뼈에 대해서는 관전압이 증가할수록 감소하는 값을 보였다. Hot spot에 대해서는 관전압과 관전류의 변화 그리고 AEC를 적용 시 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. CT영상에서의 noise값을 각각 비교한 결과 15.4, 18.5으로 AEC적용 시 noise 값은 증가하였지만 noise값의 coefficient variation (CV)값은 각각 33.8, 24.9으로 AEC 사용 시 노이즈 값의 변동이 작아 uniformity한 영상을 얻을 수 있었다. 선량평가를 위한 비교에서 DLP[mGy-cm]값은 426.78, AEC 적용 시 352.09의 값을 보여 AEC적용 시 피폭선량이 약 18% 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 본 실험을 통하여, SPECT/CT 영상에서 CT선량변화에 따른 SPECT 영상의 감쇠보정은 차이가 없음을 확인 할 수 있었으며, CT선량의 증가는 CT영상의 질은 향상되지만, 피폭선량이 증가하므로 피폭선량을 줄이기 위해 AEC기법을 적용하여 동일한 감쇠 보정된 SPECT영상과 noise가 균일한 CT영상을 획득할 수 있으며 피폭선량이 감소할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.96-103
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• 2013

In this paper, resonant wireless power transfer systems are designed with double loop resonant coils for the resonant frequency of 150kHz. The transfer efficiency characteristics is analyzed according to the coil size, and the distance and misalignment between the coils. Then the change in efficiency is investigated when a human model is located between the resonant coils using the homogeneous human phantom of IEC-62311 standard. Also, in order to assess the safety of the wireless power transfer system, the induced current density inside the human model is calculated when it is exposed to the magnetic field of a plane wave and resonant coil. Then, the results are compared with the exposure limits in the EMF (electromagnetic field) safety guidelines.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제26권B호
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• pp.221-226
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• 2006

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a technique for determining the electrical conductivity and permittivity distribution within the interior of a body from measurements made on its surface. One recent application area of the EIT is the detection of breast cancer by imaging the conductivity and permittivity distribution inside the breast. The present "gold standard" for breast cancer detection is X-ray mammography, and it is desirable that EIT and X-ray mammography use the same geometry. This paper presents a forward model of a simplified mammography geometry for EIT imaging. The mammography geometry is modeled as a rectangular box with electrode arrays on the top and bottom planes. A forward model for the electrical impedance imaging problem is derived for a homogeneous conductivity distribution and Validated by experiment using a phantom tank.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.3-12
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• 1994

연구목적 : 두개내 석회화 병변이 있을때 자기공명영상에서 석회화의 인지는 어렵다고 알려져 있으나 실험적 모델을 통하여 자기공명영상에서 석회화의 신호강도 양상을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 탄산칼슘(Calcium carbonate)과 수산화인회석(Hydroxyapatite) 공을 이용하여 일정한 농도(10, 20, 30 40, 50%) 및 크기 (l-10mm)에 따라 Gel형태의 Phantom으로 만들어 전산화단층촬영 및 MRI의 TI및 T2 강조영상을 얻어 각각 나타나는 소견과 ROI값을 비교분석하고 실제 석회화를 동반한 두개내 병변이 있었던 2예를 비교 관찰하였다. 결과 : 탄산칼슘은 농도가 증가함에 따라 T1과 T2 강조영상에서 저신호강도가 뚜렷하였으며, T1 강조영상에서 수산화인회석의 경우는 10, 20, 30%에서 가장 고신호강도를 나타냈으며 40, 50%로 농도가 증가할 수록 저신호강도로 역전되었다. 가성부갑상선 기능저하증 1예도 기저핵에서 T1강조영상상 고신호강도를 보였다. 결론 : MRI에서 석회화의 신호강도는 석회화의 성분, 농도, 크기에 따라 차이가 있고 특히 고신호강도를 보이는 경우 다른 질환과 감별에 유의하여야 할 것이다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.676-683
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• 2007

A non-invasive respiratory gated radiotherapy system like those based on external anatomic motion gives better comfortableness to patients than invasive system on treatment. However, higher correlation between the external and internal anatomic motion is required to increase the effectiveness of non-invasive respiratory gated radiotherapy. Both of invasive and non-invasive methods need to track the internal anatomy with the higher precision and rapid response. Especially, the non-invasive method has more difficulty to track the target position successively because of using only image processing. So we developed the system to track the motion for a non-invasive respiratory gated system to accurately find the dynamic position of internal structures such as the diaphragm and tumor. The respiratory organ motion tracking apparatus consists of an image capture board, a fluoroscopy system and a processing computer. After the image board grabs the motion of internal anatomy through the fluoroscopy system, the computer acquires the organ motion tracking data by image processing without any additional physical markers. The patients breathe freely without any forced breath control and coaching, when this experiment was performed. The developed pattern-recognition software could extract the target motion signal in real-time from the acquired fluoroscopic images. The range of mean deviations between the real and acquired target positions was measured for some sample structures in an anatomical model phantom. The mean and max deviation between the real and acquired positions were less than 1mm and 2mm respectively with the standardized movement using a moving stage and an anatomical model phantom. Under the real human body, the mean and maximum distance of the peak to trough was measured 23.5mm and 55.1mm respectively for 13 patients' diaphragm motion. The acquired respiration profile showed that human expiration period was longer than the inspiration period. The above results could be applied to respiratory-gated radiotherapy.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.352-359
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• 2001

휴대폰을 개발할 때 설계 단계에서부터 SAR 적합성 시험을 고려할 수 있는 새로운 방법을 제안한다. 이 방법이 가능한 이유는 phantom 과 휴대폰을 실제와 거의 동일하게 모델링 한 1 mm의 고해상도 모델을 사용하여 신뢰성이 검증된 FDTD로 계산하기 때문이다. 제안한 제조공정을 이용하여 SAR 적합성 시험에서 문제가 된 휴대폰의 SAR을 저감시키는 과정을 소개한다. 본 논문에서는 사용시 인제두부로부터 휴대폰 또는 안테나가 멀어지는 형태가 되도록 하므로서 SAR을 저감시켰다. 그러므로, 새로운 모델의 휴대폰을 개발할 때 시제품을 만들어 SAR 적합성 시험을 시행착오를 반복하면서 원하는 특성의 휴대폰을 개발하는 것이 아니라 CAD 디자인, 복사 패턴, SAR 모두를 하나의 공정으로 묶어 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션으로 일괄처리함으로써 개발 효율과 비용 절감을 동시에 이룩하였다.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.87-99
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• 2016

This paper describes an implementation method and the results of numerical mobile phone models representing real phone models that have been released on the Korean market since 2002. The aim is to estimate the electromagnetic absorption in the human brain for case-control studies to investigate health risks related to mobile phone use. Specific absorption rate (SAR) compliance test reports about commercial phone models were collected and classified in terms of elements such as the external body shape, the antenna, and the frequency band. The design criteria of a numerical phone model representing each type of phone group are as follows. The outer dimensions of the phone body are equal to the average dimensions of all commercial models with the same shape. The distance and direction of the maximum SAR from the earpiece and the area above -3 dB of the maximum SAR are fitted to achieve the average obtained by measuring the SAR distributions of the corresponding commercial models in a flat phantom. Spatial peak 1-g SAR values in the cheek and tilt positions against the specific anthropomorphic mannequin phantom agree with average data on all of the same type of commercial models. Second criterion was applied to only a few types of models because not many commercial models were available. The results show that, with the exception of one model, the implemented numerical phone models meet criteria within 30%.