• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.125-129
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• 2003

Effects of synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing cytidine-phosphate-guanosine(CpG) motif(s) on nonspecific immune responses of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and on protection against lethal infection with Edwardsiella tarda were investigated. Respiratory bunt activities of the head kidney phagocytes in the fish injected either 0.25 or 0.5 ${\mu}g/fish$of ODNs containing CpG motifs (ODN 1826 and ODN 1670) were significantly higher than those injected with an ODN containing a guanosine-phosphate-cytidine (GpC) motif (ODN 1720) or with hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS, control) at 3, 5 and 7 days after injection. The serum lysozyme activities of fish injected with 0.25${\mu}g$ of ODN 1826 were significantly higher than those injected with ODN 1720 or HBSS at 1 and 7 days after injection. At 7 days after injection, the group of fish injected with CpG ODNs showed higher serum lysozyme activities than fish injected with ODN 1720 or control. The group of fish injected 0.25 or 0.5${\mu}g$ of CpG ODNs showed higher survival rates than those treated with GpC ODN and the control group after challenge with Edwardsiella tarda. The present study proved the ability of synthetic CpG ODN to increase nonspecific immune responses and disease resistance in olive flounder.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.1769-1775
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• 2006

An eight week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of hizikia (Hizikia fusiformis) on growth performance, immune responses and resistance of juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) to Streptococcus iniae. Four experimental diets (designated as Hiz 0, Hiz 2, Hiz 4 and Hiz 6) were formulated to be isonitrogenous (50% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.2 MJ/kg DM). Hizikia powder was added at 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% in diets Hiz 0, Hiz 2, Hiz 4 and Hiz 6, respectively. Three replicates of fish groups (15 fish/tank) were fed one of the experimental diets. At the end of feeding trial, no significant differences were observed in final body weight, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, feed utilization and feed intake among fish groups fed the experimental diets. However, there was clear trend that the growth performances of fish were improved by the increment of dietary hizikia showing a positive growth effects. Mean phagocytes activated with nitro-blue-tetrazolium were significantly increased with the increment of dietary hizikia. The cumulative mortality was significantly (p<0.05) lower in the fish groups fed Hiz 6 diet (no mortality) than that in the other fish groups for 15 days of S. iniae challenge test. The findings of this study suggest that a dietary supplementation of hizikia could enhance the nonspecific immune response and improve the resistance of juvenile olive flounder to S. iniae.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.642-648
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• 2020

In this study, we investigated the effects of linoleic acid (LA) treatment on Brucella abortus infection in professional phagocyte RAW264.7 cells, particularly during the pathogen's invasion and intracellular growth in these cells, as well as in murine model BALB/c mice focusing on bacterial splenic proliferation and immunoregulatory activities. LA inhibited the growth of Brucella in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The ability of the pathogen to enter the phagocytes was inhibited as was its survival within these cells. This was accompanied by increased nitrite accumulation in these cells at 24 h post-infection. The concentration of LA used in the present study did not affect the total body weight or liver function of the mice. During Brucella infection, the total splenic weight of these animals was not changed; rather, resistance to bacterial proliferation was enhanced in the spleen. Furthermore, mice treated with LA displayed elevated levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ but reduced levels of IL-10 during infection. The findings in this study showed the regulatory role of LA against B. abortus infection suggesting its potential use in designing intervention strategy for brucellosis.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.14-21
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate in vivo toxicity and effects of two phthalate esters (PEs), di-n-butylphthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), on the immune system of the bagrid catfish, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco. Groups of experimental fish were subjected to daily intraperitoneal injections of 300 or 1000 mg $kg^{-1}$ of DBP or DEHP for 3 days, and the cellularity and functional activity of phagocytes were measured in the spleen and pronephros (head kidney). The number of spleen leukocyte cells increased significantly (p<0.05) in response to low and high doses of DEHP and DBP, respectively; however, the cellularity of the pronephros was more susceptible to higher dose of DEHP than DBP. Nonspecific immunity, as determined by the phagocytic index (PI) and phagocytic capacity (PC), was significantly depressed by DEHP at 1000 $1000mg\;kg^{-1}\;day^{-1}$ in the pronephros at 3 days after injection. Furthermore, significantly (p<0.05) increased levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) indicated marked hepatic dysfunction in immunosuppressed fish. Treated fish showed a significant reduction in total serum protein but no significant alteration in lysozyme activity. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of the fish immune response for predicting PE-induced immunotoxicity.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제64권4호
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• pp.141-148
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• 2021

There are very scant data on the epidemiology of primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) in Korea. Here we attempted to estimate the PID epidemiology and disease burden in Korea. A systematic review was performed of studies retrieved from the PubMed, KoreaMed, and Google Scholar databases. Studies on PIDs published in Korean or English between January 2001 and November 2018 were analyzed. The number of PID patients and the healthcare costs were estimated from Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) Korea data for 2017. A total of 398 PID patients were identified from 101 reports. Immunodeficiencies affecting cellular and humoral immunity were reported in 11 patients, combined immunodeficiency with associated or syndromic features in 40, predominantly antibody deficiencies in 144, diseases of immune dysregulation in 58, congenital defects of phagocytes in 104, defects in the intrinsic and innate immunity in 1, auto-inflammatory disorders in 4, complement deficiencies in 36, and phenocopies of PID in none. From the HIRA reimbursement data, a total of 1,162 outpatients and 306 inpatients were treated for 8,166 and 6,149 days, respectively. In addition, reimbursement was requested for 8,200 outpatient and 1,090 inpatient cases and $1,924,000 and $4,715,000 were reimbursed in 2017, respectively. This study systematically reviewed published studies on PID and analyzed the national open data system of the HIRA to estimate the disease burden of PID, for the first time in Korea.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.201-212
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• 2023

Purpose: The gastrointestinal system is the most commonly affected organ, followed by the lungs, in patients with primary immunodeficiency disease (PID). Hence, it is common for children with PIDs to present with gastrointestinal symptoms. We aimed to analyze the clinical and histopathological findings of patients who were initially admitted to pediatric gastroenterology/hepatology clinics and subsequently diagnosed with PIDs to identify the clinical clues for PIDs. Methods: The demographic, laboratory, and histopathological findings, treatment modality, and outcomes of patients initially admitted to the pediatric gastroenterology/hepatology unit and subsequently diagnosed with PIDs were recorded. Results: The study included 24 patients (58.3% male; median age [range]: 29 [0.5-204] months). Common clinical presentations included chronic diarrhea (n=8), colitis (n=6), acute hepatitis (n=4), and acute liver failure (n=2). The association of autoimmune diseases, development of malignant diseases, and severe progression of viral diseases was observed in 20.8%, 8.3%, and 16.6% of the patients, respectively. Antibody deficiency was predominantly diagnosed in 29.2% of patients, combined immunodeficiency in 20.8%, immune dysregulation in 12.5%, defects in intrinsic and innate immunity in 4.2%, autoinflammatory disorders in 8.3%, and congenital defects of phagocytes in 4.2%. Five patients remained unclassified (20.8%). Conclusion: Patients with PIDs may initially experience gastrointestinal or liver problems. It is recommended that the association of autoimmune or malignant diseases or severe progression of viral diseases provide pediatric gastroenterologists some suspicion of PIDs. After screening using basic laboratory tests, genetic analysis is mandatory for a definitive diagnosis.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.14.1-14.26
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• 2024

The inflammatory response during cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) involves immune and non-immune cell cooperation to contain and eliminate Leishmania parasites. The orchestration of these responses is coordinated primarily by CD4⁺ T cells; however, the disease outcome depends on the Th cell predominant phenotype. Although Th1 and Th2 phenotypes are the most addressed as steers for the resolution or perpetuation of the disease, Th17 cell activities, especially IL-17 release, are recognized to be vital during CL development. Th17 cells perform vital functions during both acute and chronic phases of CL. Overall, Th17 cells induce the migration of phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages) to the infection site and CD8⁺ T cells and NK cell activation. They also provoke granzyme and perforin secretion from CD8⁺ T cells, macrophage differentiation towards an M2 phenotype, and expansion of B and Treg cells. Likewise, immune cells from the inflammatory infiltrate have modulatory activities over Th17 cells involving their differentiation from naive CD4⁺ T cells and further expansion by generating a microenvironment rich in optimal cytokines such as IL-1β, TGF-β, IL-6, and IL-21. Th17 cell activities and synergies are crucial for the resistance of the infection during the early and acute stages; however, if unchecked, Th17 cells might lead to a chronic stage. This review discusses the synergies between Th17 cells and the inflammatory infiltrate and how these interactions might destine the course of CL.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.360-378
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• 1997

연구배경 : 그람음성균 외세포벽 구성체의 일부인 리포다당질(lipopolysaccharide)로 구성된 내독소는 그람 음성균 유발 감염으로 발생원 염증 반응을 설명하는 주요소이다. 내독소(리포다당질)는 특히 호중구의 조직내 침윤을 특정으로 하는 급성 폐손상을 조장하며, 이러한 폐손상 발생 기전의 하나로서 내독소 자극에 의한 폐장내 효과세포(effector cells)의 cytokines 발현이 알려져 있다. 이때 유리된 cytokines은 다시 염증세포 및 폐장내 기질세포등에 영향을 주어 급성 폐손상이 초래되는 것으로 설명되어지고 있다. 저자들은 실험백서에서 아치사량의 내독소를 정맥내 주입한 유발된 급성 폐손상에서 내독소 주입후 시간에 따른 폐손상의 변화를 관찰하고 이틀 염증세포가 폐손상에 미치는 영향을 보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 체중 200g내외의 건강한 백서의 미부 정맥을 통하여 내독소를 5mg/kg 용량으로 주입후 각각 0, 3, 6, 24, 72시간째 기관지폐포세척술을 시행하여 총 세포수 및 분획 세포수를 산출하고, 총 단백량 및 $TNF{\alpha}$와 IL-6 측정과 동시에 조직소견의 검색을 각기 비교, 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 결 과 : 기관지폐포세척 총 백혈구수와 단백 농도는 각각 3시간에 유의한 증가를 보였다(p < 0.05). 72시간에 총 백혈구수의 유의한 감소에도(p < 0.05) 불구하고 단백농도는 계속 증가되있는 소견을 보였다. 기관지폐포 세척 총 백혈구수와 단백 농도와는 유의한 상관관계를 나타내었다(r = 0.65, p < 0.001). 기관지폐포세척 총 백혈구수와 호중구 및 단핵구수 간에는 유의한 상관관계를 보였으며(r = 0.97, p < 0.001 ; r = 0.61, p < 0.001), 단백농도와 호중구 및 단핵구수 간에도 유의한 상관관계를 보였다(r = 0.55, p < 0.005 ; r = 0.64, p < 0.001). 기관지폐포세척 단핵구는 관찰기간동안 계속 유의한 증가를 보였으나 호중구는 72시간에 의미있는 감소를 보여 폐손상 과정에서 단핵구는 지속적인 역할을 할 것으로 생각되었다. IL-6와 TNF 농도는 3 및 6시간째에 각각 최대치를 보였으며 24 및 72시간군과 비교하여 유의한 감소를 보였다(p < 0.05). 이들 상호간에 관련성은 없었으며, 특히 급성 폐손상 3 및 6시간군까지의 초기 관찰 기간중 $TNF{\alpha}$와 총 백혈구수 및 단핵구수 각각에서 유의한 상관관계를 보였다(r = 0.61, p < 0.05 ; r = 0.67, p < 0.05). 조직 소견의 검색 결과 폐장내 침윤 염증 세포수와 폐포벽 두께 정도와는 유의한 상관성이 관찰되었다(r=0.61, p<0.000). 3시간에는 단지 염증 세포의 침윤만이 유의한 증가를 보여(p < 0.001) 폐손상 초기에는 염증 세포의 침윤이 간질조직의 변화를 선행하는 것으로 사료되었으며, 72시간에서는 폐포벽의 두께만이 유의하게 감소된 결과(p < 0.005)를 보여 폐손상후 재생 과정중 폐포벽의 부종이 가장 먼저 감소되는 것으로 사료되었다. 결 론 : 내독소 유발 급성 폐손상에서 (1) 호중구는 주된 염증 세포로 작용하나 단핵구/폐포대식세포 및 폐장내 비면역세포등이 폐손상의 발생 및 진행에 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 사료되었다. (2) 기관지폐포세척 IL-6는 $TNF{\alpha}$와 비종속 관계를 보였고 조기에 최대치를 보여, 특히 IL-6 분비는 폐장내 다양한 세포에서 유래될 것으로 사료되었다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.484-490
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• 1997

백삼성분이 탐식세포를 통한 면역반응조절에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 알아보기 위해 total saponin이나 ginsenoside Rb$_2$성분이 마우스 복강 탐식 세포의 증식과 nitric oxide(NO)분비 및 NOS 유전자 발현에 미치는 영향을 조사해 보았다. Total saponin 또는 ginsenoside Rb$_2$성분을 탐식세포 배양액에 0-256$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ 농도로 첨가하여 배양한 후 $^3$H-thymidine incorporation법으로 분석을 실시한 결과 total saponin은 64$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ 농도에서 세포내 DNA 합성을 증가시켰으며, ginsenoside Rb$_2$ 성분의 경우 16$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ 또는 64$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ 농도에서 DNA 합성이 증가되었다. 256$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$의 높은 농도에서 세포의 증식이 약간 저해되었지만 대조군에 비해 유의적인 감소는 보이지 않았다. NO 분비에 미치는 영향을 조사해 본 결과 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ 농도의 백삼성분을 투여했을 때 NO분비가 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 증가하였다. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)을 이용하여 백삼성분에 의한NOS 유전자 발현의 정도를 조사한 결과 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ 농도에서 nos gene발현이 대조군보다 증가되었다

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.235-242
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• 2008

Purpose: Due to increasing interest in the treatment of spinal cord injuries, many histopathological studies have been conducted to prove that many neurotrophic factors including growth hormone are important for regeneration of the injured spinal cord. Growth hormone has to be given everyday, however, and this negatively affects compliance in clinical trials. Recently, the invention of sustained release growth hormone (SRGH) that can be given just once a week may both help the regeneration of injured spinal cord and, at the same time, be more compliant and convenient for clinical patients. Methods: In this study, thirty 7-week-old female Spraque-Dawley rats were subjected to a weight-driven impact spinal cord injury. They were divided into 3 groups and Group I and II were injected with SRGH once a week for 4 weeks; Group I were injected into the injured spinal cord area, while Group II were injected into the peritoneal cavity. Meanwhile, Group III were injected with normal saline solution. The functional outcome was evaluated using the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan motor rating score and the inclined plane test was done 4 weeks after the first injection. Histopathological examination was performed at the same time and the amount of residual white matter was measured in all groups. Results: After 4 weeks, Groups I and II showed greater improvement than Group III(the control group) in the functional test. In the control group, invasion of atypical phagocytes, axonal degeneration, edema and cavity formation in the posterior site of spinal cord gray matter was observed in histopatholgical examination. The rate of residual white matter in Group III was less than in the other groups. Conclusion: Data showed significant functional and histopathological improvement in the groups treated with SRGH into the spinal and peritoneal cavity compared with the control group. SRGH is therefore beneficial because it helps with regeneration of the injured spinal cord and improves the compliance and convenience of patients.