• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제22권2호통권57호
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• pp.177-184
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• 2007

Gaseous organochlorine pesticides (OCPs : heptachlor epoxide, p, p'-DDE, ${\gamma}-HCH,\;{\alpha}-chlordane,\;{\gamma}-chlordane$ and trans-nonachlor) concentration was measured using PUF high volume sampler from June, 2000 to June, 2002 in the semi-rural atmosphere. The OCPs concentration in atmosphere, which is estimated by the slope (m) of Clausius-Clapeyron equation and phase-transition energy $({\Delta}H)$, was influenced by revolatilization from environmental matrix (soil, water and tree leaves) and a long range transportation of air mass. But the former affected OCPs concentration more than the latter. The degradation rate constants (k) of OCPs calculated using multiple regression analysis and revised standard temperature method were in good agreement each other. The value of k of ${\gamma}-HCH$ was very low as -0.0007, but the range of k of other components were $-0.00l8{\sim}-0.0038$. The half-life $({\tau})$ which was calculated by k of ${\gamma}-HCH$ was 2.6 years-the longest one, but that of heptachlor epoxide was in 0.5 year-the shortest one. $({\tau})\;of\;{\alpha}-chlordane,\;{\gamma}-chlordane$ and trans-nonachlor in technical chlordane was 1.0, 1.1 and 0.7 year respectively.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.176-186
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• 2006

아산만 해역의 유기인계농약 분포특성을 2004년 6월부터 2005년 8월까지 조사하였다. 조사 기간 동안 28가지의 유기인계 농약이 아산만에서 검출되었다. IBP는 표층수에서 가장 빈번하게 다량으로 검출되었다(최대 $6,343.7ng\;l^{-1}$). DDVP, diazionon, ethoprophos, methidathion도 비교적 높은 농도로 표층수에서 검출되었으며 최대 검출 농도는 조사기간 중 매달 $100ng\;l^{-1}$ 이상이었다. Malathion, mevinphos, phorate, chlorfenvinphos도 비교적 높은 농도로 검출되었다. 많은 유기인계 농약들이 여름에 많이 사용되어지기 때문에 해양환경에서 겨울보다 여름에 더 빈번히 검출되었다. 해수 중 유기인계 농약의 농도는 만 입구에서 외만으로 갈수록 감소하여 이 농약들이 해양환경 중에서 분해, 희석되는 것으로 판단되었다. 아산만에서 측정된 diazinon 농도는 해양수질 환경기준인 $20,000ng\;l^{-1}$을 넘지 않았다. 표층수에서 검출된 malathion, parathion의 농도는 각각 해양수질 환경기준인 $250,000ng\;l^{-1}$과 $60,000ng\;l^{-1}$를 넘지 않았다. DDVP, phorate, stirofos, EPN, azinphos-methyl, IBP 는 다른 유기인계 농약보다 부유입자에 잘 흡착되는 것으로 나 타났다. 아산만에서 채취한 시료에서 계산된 유기인계 농약의 부유입자에 대한 흡착계수($K_d-particle$)는 보고되어진 토양에의 흡착계수($K_d-soil$)와 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.125-134
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• 2022

BACKGROUND: It is a very important task to block distribution of the agricultural products contaminated with pesticides in advance to protect consumers from residual pesticides among the agricultural products. Therefore, this study was performed to determine residual characteristics of pesticides in time-dependent manner and present scientific evidences for pre-harvest residue limit (PHRL) setting. METHODS AND RESULTS: The tested pesticides, chromafenozide and pyridalyl were sprayed onto the kale twice (seven day intervals) and then the plant samples were collected at 0 (after 3 hours), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days after the last spraying. Residual concentration of chromafenozide in kale decreased with 74.9% (of decreased fraction, field 1) and 85.3% (field 2) and pyridalyl decreased with 81.2% (field 1) and 85.8% (field 2), calculated by comparisons of the concentrations at 0 day and 10 days. Also biological half-lives of chromafenozide in kale were 5.6 day (field 1) and 3.4 day (field 2), and those of pyridalyl were 4.3 day (field 1) and 3.5 day (field 2). CONCLUSION(S): If the residues of chromafenozide and pyridalyl in kale from 10 days before harvest are less than 37.6 mg/kg and 58.9 mg/kg, respectively, it is expected that safe kale below MRL can be supplied on the pre-harvest day.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.128-133
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• 2024

경기도에서 유통중인 포도씨유 50건을 대상으로 잔류농약 실태를 조사하였다. 50건 중 49건에서 10종의 잔류농약이 161회 검출되었다. 검출된 농약은 boscalid, cyflufenamid, deltamethrin, difenoconazole, fluxapyroxad, fenpyrazamine, kresoxim-methyl, piperonyl butoxide, tebuconazole, trifloxystrobin으로 살충제 2종, 살균제 8종이었으며 살균제인 boscalid가 44회, fluxapyroxad가 35회로 가장 빈번하게 검출되었다. 검출범위는 0.01-1.10 mg/kg으로 모두 포도의 잔류농약 허용 기준 이내로 검출되었다. 검출된 농약의 회수율은 72.6-129.8%이었으며 검출된 농약의 위해성을 알아보기 위해 %ADI를 산출한 결과 0.0028% 이하로 나타나 포도씨유의 잔류농약으로 인한 위해성은 안전한 수준으로 조사되었다. 그러나 본 연구는 시료의 수가 적고 GC/MS/MS로 분석가능한 농약만 조사하였기 때문에 보다 신뢰성 있는 결과를 얻기 위해선 앞으로도 꾸준한 추적 조사가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.390-399
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• 1991

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between pesticide use and mortality, and cancer mortality which are recognized as health hazards of pesticides. Data were analyzed from a cohort of 6,066 people aged fifty-five or over and who have been residing in the main island of Kangwha county. Death certificates, computerized citizenship registers searches, and household interview survey lead to get more than ninety-seven percents follow-up rate for the first five year observation period. Important findings are as follows : 1. Age specific mortality rates of pesticide users are significantly lower than those of pesticides nonusers. The SMR of male is 0.80, and 0.58 for females respectively probably due to healthy worker effects. But, age specific cancer mortality rates are significantly higher than those of pesticide nonusers (SMR=1.59) in males. This finding is not observed in females (SMR=0.85), however. 2. Logistic regression analyses showed that self-reported health status, drinking, and smoking histories in male are significantly associated with total mortality rate. The histories of pesticide use are also calculated to be highly associated with cancer mortality as in univariate analyses in males. In female, self-reported health status, age of first delivery are found to be significantly related to total mortality rate. Only drinking history is calculated to be associated with cancer mortalities in females. Data from further observation of 'Kangwha cohort' and indepth analyses of these are highly expected.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.368-374
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: The residual analysis of polar pesticides has remained a challenge. It is even more difficult to simultaneously analyze multiple polar pesticides. Diquat, paraquat, and chlormequat are typical examples of highly polar pesticides. The existing methods for the analysis of diquat, paraquat and chlormequat are complex and time consuming. Therefore, a simple, quick and effective method was developed in the represent study for simultaneous analysis of diquat, paraquat and chlormequat in animal products, meat and fat using UPLC-MS/MS. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sample extraction was carried out using acidified acetonitrile and water and re- extracted with acidified acetonitrile and combine the extracts followed by centrifugation. The extract was then cleaned up with a HLB cartridge after reconstitution with acidic acetonitrile and water. The method was validated in quintuplicate at three different concentrations. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.0015 and 0.005 mg/L, respectively. Matrix suppression effect was observed for all of the analytes. A seven point matrix matched calibration curve was constructed for each of the compound resulted excellent linearity with determination coefficients (R2) ≥ 0.991. Accuracy and precision of the method was calculated from the recovery and repeatability and ranged from 62.4 to 119.7% with relative standard deviation less than 18.8%. CONCLUSION: The recovery and repeatability of the developed method were in the acceptable range according to the Codex Alimentarius guideline. The developed method can be applied for the routine monitoring of diquat, paraquat, and chlormequat in animal products, meat and fat.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.8-13
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• 2014

본 연구는 5가지 제품농약을 이용하여 어류 급성독성시험 결과 (반수치사농도)와 잉어의 표피에서 유래된 EPC 세포를 이용한 neutral red uptake 결과 (반수저해농도)를 비교함으로써 동물 실험의 대체 가능성을 평가하기 위하여 수행되었다. 어류 급성 독성시험은 왜몰개 (Aphyocypris chinensis)를 포함하여 OECD와 농촌진흥청의 농약에 대한 독성시험기준에서 추천하는 어종인 송사리 (Oryzias latipes)와 잉어 (Cyprinus carpio)를 이용하여 수행하였다. 5가지 제품 농약에 대한 민감도는 어류에 비하여 세포에서 약 10배 더 낮게 확인되었지만, 독성을 서열화 하였을 때 나타나는 순서는 두 가지 방식에서 모두 비슷하게 나타났다. 5가지 제품 농약에 대한 세포와 어류 독성값의 상관성을 분석한 결과는 A. chinensis, O. latipes와 C. carpio에서 각각 $r^2=0.38$ (p = 0.26), $r^2=0.76$ (p = 0.05), $r^2=0.90$ (p = 0.01)을 나타내었다. 본 시험의 결과, EPC 세포를 이용한 NRU 시험은 O. latipes와C. carpio에 대한 어류 독성시험 결과와 상관성이 높으므로 향후 더 많은 약제시험을 통해 어류 급성독성시험의 대체시험법으로서의 가능성이 기대된다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.283-289
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 광주광역시 학교급식 농산물의 잔류농약을 모니터링하고 섭취량에 따른 위해평가를 실시하였다. 2015년부터 2017년 까지 광주광역시 소재 학교에 공급되는 농산물 320건을 실험대상으로 하였다. 농산물 전처리 및 잔류농약 분석은 식품공전 다종 농약 다성분 분석 제2법에 따라 120종의 잔류농약을 실험하였다. 검량선에 대한 직선성 상관계수는 0.9923~1.0000, LOD는 0.004~0.019 mg/kg, LOQ는 0.012~0.057 mg/kg으로 양호하게 나타났으며 회수율은 79.1~100.2%로 나타났다. 학교급식에 사용되는 농산물 320건 중 18건(5.6%)에서 잔류농약이 검출되었으며, 고구마 순 1건(0.3%)이 잔류농약허용기준을 초과하였다. 잔류농약 검출빈도는 고추 8회, 파프리카 3회로 다른 농산물에 비해 높은 검출빈도를 나타내었고 가장 높은 검출빈도를 나타낸 잔류농약은 boscalid(4회)와 acetamiprid(3회)로 나타났다. 실험결과 학교급식 농산물 중 고추, 파프리카, 고구마 순에 대한 잔류농약 관리가 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 잔류농약 위해도 평가 결과 고구마 순에서 검출된 bifenthrin이 64.18%로 가장 높았으며, 고추에서 검출된 boscalid 등의 Hazard index는 0.03~8.23%로 나타나 학교급식 농산물의 Hazard index는 안전한 수준으로 평가되었다. 그러나 채소류를 학교급식 식재료로 제공할 경우 잔류농약 식이섭취량을 최소화하기 위해 철저한 세척이 필요한 것으로 판단되며 친환경 농산물의 식재료 보급 확대가 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.140-149
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• 2016

All pesticides must be assessed strictly whether safe or not when agricultural operators are exposed to the pesticides in farmland. A pesticide is commonly regarded as safe when estimated dermal absorption amount is lower than the acceptable operator's exposure level (AOEL). In this study, dermal absorption rate of chlorpyrifos, a widely used organophosphate insecticide, was investigated using rat dermal tissue model. Chlorpyrifos wettable powder solved in water (250, 500 and 2,500 ppm) was applied to freshly excised rat dermal slices ($341{\sim}413{\mu}m$ thickness) on static Franz diffusion cells at $32^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours. After exposure period of 6 hours, and then washing-at residual amount of chlorpyrifos was analyzed in dermal tissues, tape strips, washing solution, washing swabs of receptor bottles and receptor fluids at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours. Chlorpyrifos was only detected in dermal tissue but not found in receptor fluid at each concentration and time point, and the absorption rate of 250, 500 and 2,500 ppm was 2.36%, 1.96% and 1.69%, respectively. The estimated exposure level of chlorpyrifos was calculated as 0.012 mg/kg bw/day. The health risk for farmers in this condition is a level of concern because the estimated exposure level is 12 times higher than AOEL 0.001 mg/kg bw/day. However, actual health risk will be alleviated than estimated because absorbed chlorpyrifos is not permeated into internal body system and only retained in skin layer.

• 한국폐기물자원순환학회지
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.744-753
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• 2018

The Stockholm Convention, which was adopted in Sweden in 2001 to protect human health and the environment, includes regulations for Persistent Organic Pollutant Rotors such as toxic and bioaccumulatives. Currently, there are 28 types of materials. This prohibits and limits the production, use, and manufacture of products. Korea is a member of the Convention, and it is necessary to prepare management and treatment plans to address the POP trends. Thus, we experimentally investigate whether the environmentally stable incineration is achieved when the sample is thermally treated using the Lab-scale (1 kg/hr). The target samples is pesticides in liquid phase and solid phase. In this study, organic chlorinated pesticides and their thermal characteristics were analyzed. We calculated the theoretical air volume based on the element analysis results. Because the interior of the reactor is small, more than 10 times of the air ratio was injected. The retention time was set to at least 4 seconds using a margin. The incineration temperature was $850^{\circ}C$ and $1100^{\circ}C$. Thus, we experimentally investigated whether the environmentally stable incineration was achieved when the sample was thermally treated using the Lab-scale (1 kg/hr). We analyzed five types of exhaust gas; the 02 concentration was high, but the CO amount decreased. Complete combustion is difficult because of the small size of the furnace due to the nature of Lab-scale. The organic chlorine-containing pesticide had an average decomposition rate of 99.9935%. Considering the decomposition rates of organic chlorine-containing pesticide in this study, the incineration treatment at over 2 ton/hour, which is typical for a conventional incinerator, is possible. Considering the occurrence of dioxins and unintentional persistent organic pollutants, it can operate at more than $1,100^{\circ}C$.