• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 1976

It has been well known that indiscriminative use of pesticides contaminates water resources and soil to break down the balance of natural ecosystem and brings acute when spray. In this country, 62,602 tons of pesticides were used in 1974 for agricultural purpose figuring 28.0 kg per hectare which showed 20% increasement every year since 1970. It is almost impossible to figure out incidence and mortality of acute pesticide poisoning exactly. However, a survey in 1974 reported that 33.5% of male and 32.7% of female who sprayed certain pesticides complained of several symptoms seemed to be due to acute pesticide poisoning. It also mentioned that the main cause inducing poisoning supposedly was dusting without protective armamation such as masks, booths, gloves and others in more than 60% of above cases. Pesticide poisoning through contamination of food or direct inhalation and contact. With the reason, the followings can be recommended to minimize or prevent pesticide hazards. 1. Strict legal control 2. Systematic education on the safe handling way of pesticides for the people who are to use them. 3. Remarkable warning at transportation and stocking of pesticides. 4. Obligatory attachment of explanation on the package about effect, safe handling method, and. emergency care at acute pesticide poisoning concerned.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 2000

As the first step of a research on the establishment of control strategy for grapevine diseases and insects, the current status of pest control and yield losses by them were surveyed from grapevine growers of Korea. For insects, the most difficult to control was a grapevine stem borer and a grapevine clearwing moth was the next. On the other hand, several diseases including anthracnose, downy mildew, powdery mildew, bird's eye rot, leaf blight, were answered by the growers. The occurrence of the pests varied to the cultural practices. Yield loss was more serious in rainfall intercept culture than in plastic film house culture and diseases caused more loss in yield than insects did. However, the grapevine grower's potential for the identification of the kinds of pests was not high enough. When the pest was observed, the growers consulted mainly with local pesticide dealers or neighbouring growers and usually applied the pesticides prescribed by the dealer. More than half of the growers did not use pest control calendar, and most of the growers applied pesticides before any symptom appeared. Also, more than half of the growers applied mixture of at least more than 1 kind of pesticide and nutrients. Insecticides were applied less than 5 times during the season, but it was more than 6 times for fungicides. In the pesticide selection, the growers checked control effect first, regardless of the registration, and the pest control cost per unit area varied very much depending on the growers.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.166-172
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• 2005

Temporary control schedules were tested at sweet persimmon orchards to development new control programs to meet the quarantine requirements of USA in 2002. The 'USA export-type control orchards' were spayed with pesticides (azoxystrobin, carbaryl, cyhexatin, fenarimol, mancozeb, methoxyfenozide, spinosad and trifluxistrobin) which were possibly adaptable to the poem trees in USA. Pesticide residues in the sweet persimmon fruits harvested from USA export-type control orchards were analyzed. Azoxystrobin, mancozeb, trifloxystrobin, spinosad, carbaryl, and cyhexatin were not detected by the experimental methods. The residues of fenarimol and methoxyfenozide in sweet persimmon of USA export-type control orchards were 0.016-0.020 ppm and 0.022-0.029 ppm, respectively. These levels are quite below the maximum residue limit level of USA (below 0.1 ppm in fenarimol and 7 ppm in methoxyfenozide). These results suggest that new control programs could be developed by modifying the USA export-type control schedule tested in this study to meet the quarantine requirements of USA, if we could suppress the damage of plant bugs.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.421-428
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• 2008

This study was carried out to elucidate the effects of adjuvants on physicochemical properties and pest control efficacy of pesticide spray solution. Spray droplet sizes of pesticide solution decreased by addition of adjuvants even though its effect varied according to the pesticides. The adhesive effect of pesticides sprayed on target crops by addition of adjuvants varied according to the properties, the application methods, and the spray volume of pesticides. Wash-off of the deposited amount of active ingredients of the solution of tricyclazole WP and fenobucarb EC by simulated rainfall after spraying on rice plants dramatically reduced by adding adjuvants. The retained amount of active ingredients of the pesticides were $1.5{\sim}4.1$ times higher than those without adjuvants when subjected to simulated rainfall 6 hours after spraying. Addition of adjuvants to the propanil EC spray solution enhanced the control efficacy in barnyard grass, Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. by $8{\sim}30%$, which showed a potential to reduce pesticide use.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.294-304
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• 2013

To improve the integrated pest management (IPM) of hot pepper, field study was conducted in Hwasung from 2010 to 2012 and an IPM system was developed to help growers decide when to apply pesticides to control anthracnose, tobacco budworm, Phytophthora blight, bacterial wilt, and bacterial leaf spot. The three field treatments consisted of IPM sprays following the forecast model advisory, a periodic spray at 7-to-10-day intervals, and no spray (control). The number of annual pesticide applications for the IPM treatment ranged from six to eight, whereas the plots subjected to the periodic treatment received pesticide 11 or 12 times annually for three years. Compared to the former strategy, our improved IPM strategy features more intense pest management, with frequent spraying for anthracnose and mixed spraying for tobacco budworm or Phytophthora blight. The incidences for no pesticide control in 2010, 2011, and 2012 were 91, 97.6, and 41.4%, respectively. Conversely, the incidences for the IPM treatment for those years were 7.6, 62.6, and 2%, and the yields from IPM-treated plots were 48.6 kg, 12.1 kg, and 48.8 kg. The incidence and yield in the IPM-treated plots were almost the same as those of the periodic treatment except in 2011, in which no unnecessary sprays were given, meaning that the IPM control was quite successful. From reviewing eight years of field work, sophisticated forecasts that optimize pesticide spray timing reveal that reliance on pesticides can be reduced without compromising yield. Eco-friendly strategies can be implemented in the pest management of hot pepper.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2007

The study was carried out to establish buffer zone for the protection of the non-target organisms by aerial pesticide application. The two pesticide combination of 3-way tank-mixing of three pesticides for aerial application, ferimzone tricyclazole SC + BPMC EC + validamycin-A SL and hexaconzole EC + isoprothiolane EC+phenthoate EC were selected for the simultaneous control of key pests on paddy rice as blast, sheath blight, brown planthopper and moth. Aquatic organisms including killifish and loach in the paddy field and nearby water reservoirs were not affected by aerial application of the pesticides. However, all the water flea were killed, when they were exposed 10 m from the aerially sprayed site, while the water flea exposed in 30 m away from the site were not affected. Honeybees within 50 m in the wind direction and 20 m in the opposite wind direction showed a mortality of $7{\sim}100%$. Residues concentration of the pesticides in paddy water were not detectable level after six days from aerial application. Drifting distance of aerially sprayed droplet from the target area was within 30 m in the wind direction and 20 m in the opposite direction. Consequently, it was the buffer zones in the aerial pesticides application for the protection of the non-target organisms should be at least 50 m for aquatic organisms and 100 m for honeybees.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.159-168
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• 2014

Pesticides have provided significant benefits including plant disease control and increased crop yields since people developed and utilized them. However, pesticide use is associated with many adverse effects, which necessitate precise toxicological tests and risk assessment. Most of these methods are based on animal studies, but considerations of animal welfare and ethics require the development of alternative methods for the evaluation of pesticide toxicity. Although the usage of laboratory animals is inevitable in scientific evaluation and alternative approaches have limitations in the whole coverage, continuous effort is necessary to minimize animal use and to develop reliable alternative tests for pesticide evaluation. This review discusses alternative approaches for pesticide toxicity tests and hazard evaluation that have been used in peer-reviewed reports and could be applied in future studies based on the critical animal research principles of reduction, replacement, and refinement.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.245-249
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• 2012

The small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus) is one of the most important rice pests in Republic of Korea because it damages rice plants not only by sap-sucking but also by transmitting Rice stripe virus (RSV). Outbreaks of RSV are closely related to outbreaks of the small brown planthopper (SBPH). Therefore, it is very important to control SBPH for the management of RSV. Mass-migrating SBPH collected by aerial net traps in June 2011 at Taeanup, Geunheungmyon and Gonammyon in Taeangun were examined for virus carrier status and effects of the pesticide, 'Myungtaja', on the control of RSV. Among 1,217 SBPH trapped, about 7.7% were detected as RSV positive and 4.4% were positive for Rice black streak dwarf virus (RBSDV) by RT-PCR. After the mass migration, pesticide 'Myungtaja' was sprayed once or twice on rice fields and compared to untreated fields. The incidence of RSV was not affected by the frequency of spraying 'Myungtaja' but was influenced by the time of pesticide treatment. Myungtaja' treatment within 5-7 days after mass migration resulted in the most efficient RSV control, resulting in RSV incidence decreased by 87.6% compared to the control. Therefore, we conclude that pesticide spraying for RSV control was most effective when it was done within 5-7 days after mass migration.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.742-746
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• 2000

Quality improvements of soybean sprouts on DSSE(Defatted Sesame Seed Extracts)-treated cultivation were determined in terms of growth rate, nutrient compositions value and the total bacteria. The length, diameter and weight of treated soybean sprouts were increased by 6.2%, 10.0% and 9.1%, respectively, compared with control. The contents of moisture, crude ash, crude fat of the treated soybean sprouts were similar to the control soybean sprouts, whereas crude protein content of the treated sprouts was 17% higher than the control. Both soybean sprouts contained 17 amino acids but the treated sprouts contained the higher contents of glutamic acid, threonine, methionine, tyrosine and valine. Little difference in fatty acid composition was noted between the two soybean sprout samples. Vitamin C contents of the treated soybean sprouts were 18.2 mg%, which corresponds to about 50% more vitamin C than the control. The treated soybean sprouts contained higher contents in minerals such as K, P and Ca than those of the control. The total bacteria of soybean sprouts in the control soybean sprouts increased rapidly after 2-day storage, but treated soybean sprouts increased immediately after 4-day storage.

• The Journal of Korea Robotics Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.115-123
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• 2020

Farmers using conventional sprayer system are exposed to pesticide poisoning and soil pollution due to pesticide application. In order to reduce this problem, the effective sprayer system is required. In this paper, we propose development of intelligent sprayer system using tree recognition. This intelligent sprayer system consists of an image recognition module, a remote control, a sprayer system, an air blower, and a control module. It is possible to spray pesticides automatically and manually through remote control using cameras and controls. We conducted a total of four experiments in tree recognition experiment, test of attachment and water sensitive papers, measurement of pesticide consumption, and measurement of worker exposure. The test results showed that the consumption of pesticides could be reduced while giving the same effect as conventional controls.