• Korean Membrane Journal
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.12-19
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• 2002

Nanofiltration of aqueous dye solutions was carried out using polyamide (PA) nanofiltration (NF) composite membranes. The PA composite membranes were prepared by the interfacial polymerization of piperazine (PIP) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) on the surface of microporous polysulfone (PSf) ultrafi1tration (UF) membranes. After characterization in terms of their permeation performance and surface ionic property, they were used for the separation of dye solutions such as Direct Red 75, 80, 81, and Direct Yellow 8 and 27. The separation conditions were varied to study the factors affecting on the permeation performance of the membranes: different concentrations of dye solutions, operating temperature and time, and flow rate of a feed solution. The surface property of the membrane, especially its ionic property, as a function of operating time was examined with a zeta-potentiometer and the relationship between the surface chemistry of the membrane and its permeation properties was also studied.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.298-306
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• 2001

To develop a novel transdermal delivery system of loxoprofen (LP), a potent antiinflammatory and analgesic agent, the effects of vehicle composition and drug loading dose on the skin permeation property were investigated. And in vivo skin absorption property studied by analysing the $C_{max}$ and AUC was investigated after applying the developed plaster systems on rabbit back skin. Addition of isopropyl myristate (IPM) and IPM-diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DGME) cosolvent in the plaster showed higher permeation rates than those from propylene glycol laurate-DGME cosolvent systems. As the concentration of LP in the plaster increased from 0.56 mg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ to 1.19 mg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, the drug release and skin permeation rates increased linearly. At loading dose of 1.19 mg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, the flux reached 35.6 $\mu$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr. New LP plasters showed a good adhesive property onto skin, and showed no crystal formation. The AU $C_{0-24hr}$ and $C_{max}$ after dermal application of LP plaster (60 mg/70 $\textrm{cm}^2$) were found to be 6951$\pm$230 ng.hr/ml and 400$\pm$44 ng/ml, respectively. And the plasma concentration maintained above 300 ng/ml up to 24 hr period. In the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test, LP plaster showed similar inhibition rate with marketed ketoprofen (Ketoto $p^{R}$) plaster.aster.r.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.91-96
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• 2000

We investigated characters of transdermal therapeutic system(TTS) and the skin permeability of that with applying drug delivery system(DDS). Natural gums were selected as material of TTS. The permeation of natural gums ointment containing drug in rat skin using diffusion cell model. Permeation properties of materials were investigated for water soluble drug such as riboflavin in vitro. We used glycerin, PEG 600 and oleic acid as enhancers. Since dermis has more hydration than the stratum corneum, skin permeation rate at steady state was highly influenced when glycerin was used in riboflavin. The permeation rate of content enhancer and drug was found to be faster than that of content riboflavin only. These results showed that skin permeation rate of drug across the composite was mainly dependent on the property of ointment base and drug. All the gum ointment tested showed good safety. Proper selection of the materials which resemble and enhance properties of the delivering drug was found to be important in controlling the skin permeation rate.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1998

The effect of synthetic polymer membranes on the permeation rate of dideoxynucleoside-type anti-HIV drugs through hairless rat skin was studied using ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and ethylene/methyl acrylate copolymer (EMA) membranes fabricated by solvent casting method. In vitro skin permeation kinetics study of DDC (2',3'-dideoxythymidine), DDI (2',3'-dideoxyinosine) and AZT (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine) across the (membrane/skin) composite was conducted for 24 hours at $37^{\circ}C$ using the Valia-Chien skin permeation system. The results showed that skin permeation rate of each drug across the (skin/membrane) composite was mainly dependent on the property of the membrane. Proper selection of the polymeric membrane which resembles hydrophilicity/lipophilicity of the delivering drug was important in controlling the skin permeation rate.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1177-1182
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• 2004

The effect of poly[2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine] (pMPC) on the skin permeation property was investigated by performing in vitro skin permeation study of a model drug, nicotinic acid (NA). Effect of pMPC polymer in donor solution on skin permeation rates was evaluated using side-by-side diffusion cells. Also, the structural alterations in the stratum corneum (SC), inter-lamellar bilayer (ILB) and dermis layers in pMPC-treated and -untreated skin sections were investigated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The permeation profile of NA without pMPC in donor solution showed biphasic mode: initial $1^{st} phase and 2^{nd}$ hydration phase. The sudden, more than 10-fold increase in flux from the initial steady state (43.5 $\mu g/cm^2$/hr) to the $2^{nd}$ hydration phase (457.3 $\mu g/cm^2$/hr) suggests the disruption of skin barrier function due to extensive hydration. The permeation profile of NA with 3% pMPC in the donor solution showed monophasic pattern: the steady state flux (10.9 $\mu g/cm^2$/hr) without abrupt increase of the flux. The degree of NA permeation rate decreased in a concentration-dependent manner of pMPC. TEM of skin equilibrated with water or 2% pMPC for 12 h showed that corneocytes are still cohesive and epidermis is tightly bound to dermis in 2% pMPC-treated skin, while wider separation between corneocytes and focal dilations in inter-cellular spaces were observed in water-treated skin. This result suggests that pMPC could protect the barrier property of the stratum corneum by preventing the disruption of ILB structure caused by extensive skin hydration during skin permeation study.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.123-129
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• 2008

Transdermal therapeutic system(TTS) is often used as the method of drug dosage into the epidermic skin. Natural polymer were selected as ointment material of TTS. We investigated the permeation of natural polymer ointment containing drug in rat skin using horizontal membrane cell model. Permeation properties of materials were investigated for water-soluble drug such as Nicotinic acid N-oxide in vitro. These results showed that skin permeation rate of drug across the composite was mainly dependent on the property of ointment base and drug. Proper selection of the polymeric materials which resemble and enhance properties of the delivering drug was found to be important in controlling the skin permeation rate. This result suggests a possible use of natural polymer ointment base as TTS of antihyperlipoproteinemic agent.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.126-131
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• 2000

Transdermal therapeutic system(TTS) is often used as the method of drug dosage into the epidermic skin. Natural polymer were selected as ointment material of TTS. We investigated the permeation of natural polymer ointment containing drug in rat skin using horizontal membrane cell model. Permeation properties of materials were investigated for water-soluble drug such as oxiniacic acid in vitro. These results showed that skin permeation rate of drug across the composite was mainly dependent on the property of ointment base and drug. Proper selection of the polymeric materials which resemble and enhance properties of the delivering drug was found to be important in controlling the skin permeation rate. This result suggests a possible use of natural polymer ointment base as TTS of antihyperlipoproteinemic agent.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.165-169
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• 1998

The effect of various vehicles on the permeation of a model drug, ketoprofen in solution formulation was evaluated using a flow-through diffusion cell system at $37^{\circ}C$. To investigate the mechanism of permeation rate enhancement, the effects of pretreatment with various vehicles on the permeation of the drug were evaluated using 5 mg/ml solution and saturated solution. The order of permeation rate of ketoprofen across hairless mouse skin after pretreatment with various vehicles was similar to the case where the vehicles and the drug were coadministered except ethanol and oleic acid. The results indicate that the mechanism of enhancement can be direct action of the vehicles on the barrier property of the skin and/or carrier mechanism.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2000

Drug delivery system(DDS) applied to various fields, such as medicine, cosmetics, agriculture and necessities of life. Among these application fields, DDS is often used as the method of drug dosage into the epidermic skin. We investigated characters of transdermal therapeutic system(TTS) and the skin permeability of that with applying DDS. Chitosan was selected as material of TTS. We investigated the permeation of chitosan ointment containing drug in rat skin using horizontal membrane cell model. Permeation properties of materials were investigated for water-soluble drug such as riboflavin in vitro. We used glycerin, PEG 600 and oleic acid as enhancers. Since dermis has more content water(hydration) than the stratum corneum, skin permeation rate at steady state was highly influenced when glycerin was used in water-soluble drug. The permeation rate of content enhancer and drug was found to be faster than that of content water-soluble drug only. These results showed that skin permeation rate of drug across the composite was manly dependent on the property of ointment base and drug. Proper selection of the polymeric materials which resemble and enhance properties of the delivering drug was found to be important in controlling the skin permeation rate.

• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국막학회 1999년도 추계 총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.93-96
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• 1999