• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.47-60
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• 2017

The permafrost active layer plays an important role in permafrost dynamics. Ecological patterns, processes, and water and ice contents in the active layer are spatially and temporally complex depending on landscape heterogeneity and local-scale variations in hydrological processes. Although there has been emerging interest in the application of optical remote sensing techniques to permafrost environments, optical sensors are significantly limited in accessing information on near surface geo-cryological conditions. The primary objective of this study was to investigate capability of L-band SAR data for monitoring spatio-temporal variability of permafrost ecosystems and underlying soil conditions. This study exploits information from different polarimetric SAR observables in relation to permafrost environmental conditions. Experimental results show that each polarimetric radar observable conveys different information on permafrost environments. In the case of the dual-pol mode, the radar observables consist of two backscattering powers and one correlation coefficient between polarimetric channels. Among them, the dual-pol scattering powers are highly sensitive to freeze/thaw transition and can discriminate grasslands or ponds in thermokarst area from other permafrost ecosystems. However, it is difficult to identify the ground conditions with dual-pol observables. Additional backscattering powers and correlation coefficients obtained from quad-pol mode help understanding seasonal variations ofradar scattering and assessing geo-cryological information on soil layers. In particular, co-pol coherences atHV-basis and circular-basis were found to be very usefultools for mapping and monitoring near surface soil properties.

• 한국제4기학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.71-74
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• 2003

Permafrost study in Mongolia officially began in the end of 1950 years. At the first time our senior researchers concentrated on the regional characteristics of permafrost distribution and on the engineering geocryological problems. At present time we concentrate on permafrost mapping using the GIS, on permafrost monitoring based on the temperature measurement in boreholes, on permafrost phenomena monitoring in same permafrost regions and on engineering geocryological problems.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.249-256
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• 2014

Permafrost is frozen soil below $0^{\circ}C$ for two or more years. Surface of permafrost is called as active layer that seasonally thaws during the summer. Although the thawing of permafrost may deepen the active layer and consequently increase the microbial activity, the microbial community structure in this habitat has not yet been well described. In this study, we presented bacterial and archaeal diversity in the active layer soil from Resolute, Canada using pyrosequencing analysis. The soil sample was collected from the surface of the marsh covered with moss and Carex. A total of 7,796 bacterial reads for 40 phyla and 245 archaeal reads for 4 phyla were collected, reflecting the high diversity of bacteria. Predominant bacterial groups were Proteobacteria (37.7%) and Bacteroidetes (30.0%) in this study. Major groups in Archaea were Euryarchaeota (51.4%) and Thaumarchaeota (46.1%). Both methane producing archaea and consuming bacteria were detected in this study. Although it might be difficult to characterize microbial community with only one sample, it could be used for the basis of assessing the relative importance of the specific groups with a high resolution on the bacterial and archaeal community in this habitat.

• 지질공학
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.257-267
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• 2021

Constraints on the structure and composition of the active layer are important for understanding permafrost evolution. Soil convection owing to repeated moisture-induced freeze-thaw cycles within the active layer promotes the formation of self-organized patterned ground. Here we present the results of ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys across a selected sorted circle near King Sejong Station, Antarctica, to better delineate the active layer and its relation to the observed patterned ground structure. We acquire GPR data in both bistatic mode (common mid-points) for precise velocity constraints and monostatic mode (common-offset) for subsurface imaging. Reflections are derived from the active layer-permafrost boundary, organic layer-weathered soil boundary within the active layer, and frozen rock-fracture-filled ice boundary within the permafrost. The base of the imaged sorted circle possesses a convex-down shape in the central silty zone, which is typical for the pattern associated with convection-like soil motion within the active layer. The boundary between the central fine-silty domain and coarse-grained stone border is effectively identified in a radar amplitude contour at the assumed active layer depth, and is further examined in the frequency spectra of the near- and far-offset traces. The far-offset traces and the traces from the lower frequency components dominant on the far-offset traces would be associated with rapid absorption of higher frequency radiowave due to the voids in gravel-rich zone. The presented correlation strategies for analyzing very shallow, thin-layered GPR reflection data can potentially be applied to the various types of patterned ground, particularly for acquiring time-lapse imaging, when electric resistivity tomography is incorporated into the analysis.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.49-54
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• 2016

동토지반을 구성하는 지층 중 표층에 분포하는 활동층은 계절에 따라 동결과 융해를 반복하여 지표면의 동상을 야기한다. 동상 높이는 활동층의 두께에 큰 영향을 받으므로, 동토지반 상부 인프라시설의 안전한 설계 및 시공을 위하여 활동층의 두께 산정은 매우 중요한 부분을 차지한다. 본 연구에서는 경량화된 원위치 관입시험 방법인 동적 콘 관입기를 이용하여 동토지반에서 활동층이 분포하는 심도를 평가하고자 하였다. 동적 콘 관입시험을 적용하기 위한 대상현장으로서 알래스카에 위치한 솔로몬 지역의 동토지반이 선택되었으며, 해당 지역의 두 개소에서 지중온도계측 및 동적 콘 관입시험이 수행되었다. 적용실험 결과 동적 콘 관입시험으로부터 획득된 동적 콘 관입지수는 활동층 및 영구동토층에서 서로 상이한 값을 나타내는바 동적 관입특성에 따른 활동층과 영구동토층의 경계부 심도가 산정되었으며, 경계부 심도에서 아이스 렌즈층으로 판단되는 구간이 감지되었다. 해당 개소에서 획득된 지중온도분포도에서 영상 및 영하 온도의 경계 심도는 본 연구의 동적 콘 관입시험으로부터 획득된 활동층 분포 심도와 부합하는 결과를 보였다. 본 연구에서 적용된 동적 콘 관입기는 대형장비의 접근 및 적용에 한계가 있는 극한지 동토 지역의 활동층 심도평가를 위하여 활용될 수 있을 것이라 기대된다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.225-245
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• 2016

Settlement of foundations in permafrost regions primarily results from three physical and mechanical processes such as thaw consolidation of permafrost layer, creep of warm frozen soils and the additional deformation of seasonal active layer induced by freeze-thaw cycling. This paper firstly establishes theoretical models for the three sources of settlement including a statistical damage model for soils which experience cyclic freeze-thaw, a large strain thaw consolidation theory incorporating a modified Richards' equation and a Drucker-Prager yield criterion, as well as a simple rheological element based creep model for frozen soils. A novel numerical method was proposed for live computation of thaw consolidation, creep and freeze-thaw cycling in corresponding domains which vary with heat budget in frozen ground. It was then numerically implemented in the FISH language on the FLAC platform and verified by freeze-thaw tests on sandy clay. Results indicate that the calculated results agree well with the measured data. Finally a model test carried out on a half embankment in laboratory was modeled.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.413-423
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• 2020

남극 세종과학기지 주변은 넓은 지역에 눈과 얼음이 덮여있지 않은 육지가 드러나 다른 남극 지역에 비해 활동층이 비교적 두꺼우며 그 아래 동토층이 존재한다. 전기비저항탐사의 배열법 중 웨너 배열법과 쌍극자 배열법을 이용하여 세종과학기지 주변 동토 지역에 결빙기 기간 동안 시간 변화에 따른 활동층의 변화를 조사하였다. 시간 변화에 따른 전기비저항 결과는 식생 분포, 지상 온도 및 적설량의 상태에 따라 잘 일치하였다. 극 천부인 수평적인 고비저항대(>1826 Ωm)에서는 시간에 따른 두께 변화를 보여주었는데, 이는 지중 온도의 감소로 공극내 존재하던 공극수가 얼어 상대적으로 전기비저항 값이 높아지는 것으로 보인다. 적설이 발생하지 않는 식생활동이 활발한 구간은 깊이 0.5 m까지 토양 속에 혼재된 많은 자갈로 인해 비저항이 높았고 깊이 0.5~3 m 에서는 그 아래 동토층이 존재한다. 반대로, 적설량이 많은 식생이 존재하지 않는 구간에서는 전기비저항값이 약 2000 Ωm 이상의 고비저항대가 나타나는데 이곳은 연중 얼어있는 것으로 해석된다. 결빙기에 두꺼워지는 활동층은 차후 해빙기에 추가 탐사를 할 경우 이와 반대로 점차 얇아지는 두께로 보다 명확히 검증될 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.429-442
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• 2017

Dry bridges have been widely applied in the Qinghai-Tibet Railway (QTR) to minimize the thermal disturbance of engineering to the permafrost. However, because the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is an area with a high potential occurrence of earthquakes, seismic action can easily destroy the dry bridges. Therefore, a three-dimensional numerical model, with consideration of the soil-pile interactions, is established to investigate the thermal characteristics and their impact on the seismic response of the dry bridge in permafrost region along the QTR. The numerical results indicate that there exist significant differences in the lateral displacement, shear force, and bending moment of the piles in different thermal conditions under seismic action. When the active layer become from unfrozen to frozen state, the maximum displacement of the bridge pile reduces, and the locations of the zero and peak values of the shear force and bending moment also change. It is found that although the higher stiffness of frozen soil confines the lateral displacement of the pile, compared with unfrozen soil, it has an adverse effect on the earthquake energy dissipation capacity.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.289-298
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• 2010

A number of characteristics of the Lake H$\ddot{o}$vsg$\ddot{o}$l watershed, such as the lake's location at the edge of the Central Asian continuous permafrost zone, provide a unique opportunity to evaluate possible anthropogenic impacts in this remote area in northern Mongolia. In this study, we compared stream solute concentrations in six sub-watersheds in the Lake H$\ddot{o}$vsg$\ddot{o}$l watershed. Water samples were collected during the summer months between 2003 and 2005. Concentrations of $Cl^-$ ranged from 9.8 to $51.3\;{\mu}mol/L$; average nitrate concentrations were very low and ranged from undetectable to $1.1\;{\mu}mol/L$ and average ${SO_4}^{2-}$ concentration at sampling stations with minimal animal grazing ranged from 66 to $294\;{\mu}mol/L$. Average dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations ranged from 642 to $1,180\;{\mu}mol$ C/L. We did not find statistically significant differences in DOC concentrations among the six streams, although DOC concentrations tended to be higher in the two northernmost streams, possibly related to differences in the active layer above the permafrost. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations were correlated with DOC concentration, and followed the same spatial pattern as those for DOC. In streams in this remote watershed, total dissolved nitrogen was made up of mostly organic N, as has been found for other regions distant from anthropogenic N sources. Overall, these results suggest that future research on the dynamics of DOC and DON in this watershed will be especially insightful in helping to understand how changes in climate and land use patterns will affect transformations, retention, and export of dissolved organic matter within these sub-watersheds in the Lake H$\ddot{o}$vsg$\ddot{o}$l region.

• 지질공학
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.275-291
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• 2023

지구온난화로 인해 극지방에 대한 접근성이 높아짐에 따라 석유자원이 풍부한 영구동토 지역에서 자원개발 플랜트 건설의 수요가 증가하고 있다. 동토 지역에서의 자원개발 플랜트 건설 입지는 동토 활성층의 융해와 동결에 기인하는 지표변위가 필수적으로 고려되어야 한다. 그러나 동토의 변위를 고려하여 자원개발 플랜트 건설의 입지를 선정한 연구 사례는 거의 없다. 이 연구에서는 캐나다 앨버타 주의 Athabasca 남부 지역에서 최적의 오일샌드 개발 플랜트 건설 입지를 선정하기 위해 지표변위를 비롯한 다양한 공간정보를 활용하여 계층화 분석(Analytical Hierarchy Process)을 수행하였고, 동토 지역에서의 자원개발 플랜트 건설 활동에 있어 지표변위의 중요성을 논의하였다. 2007년 2월부터 2011년 3월까지 획득된 시계열 ALOS PALSAR 영상에 Small BAseline Subset-Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar 기법을 적용하여 지표변위 속도 정보를 구축하였고, ERA5 재분석 자료로부터 2000~2010년 기간에 대한 평균 기온, 지표온도, 지중온도 정보를 구축하였다. 도로 및 철도와 토지피복 공간정보는 각각 캐나다 연방 통계청과 북미환경협력위원회에서 제공하는 자료를 구축하여 활용하였다. 토지피복, 지표변위, 도로 접근성을 가장 중요한 공간정보로 설정하여 수행한 최적 입지 분석 결과는 2010년 이후 건설된 오일샌드 플랜트 건설지와 비교하여 그 타당성이 확인되었고, 입지 적합도 평가에 대한 지표변위의 민감도는 매우 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 이 연구를 통하여 동토 지역에서 최적의 자원개발 플랜트 건설지를 선정하는데 지표변위가 필수적으로 고려되어야 함이 확인되었다.