• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.181-191
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• 1995

The ability of fibroblasts attach to teeth is of paramount imporance in re-establishing the lost connective tissue attachment after periodontal therapy. Tobacco contains a complex mixture of substances including nicotine. various nitrousamines, trace elements. and a variety of poorly characterized substances. The effects of nicotine on fibroblasts have reported an altered morphology and attachment of fibroblasts to substrates and disturbances in protein synthesis and secretion. This study examined the effect of nicotine, a major component of the particulate phase of tobacco smoke, on human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells attachment to tissue culture surfaces and cellular activity of human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells. Pooled human gingival fibroblasts made from extraction of 3rd molar were utilized between passage 4 and 5 and plated in 96 well plate at 20,000 cells per well. Cell number were determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-y)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTI) , which is reflection of mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity. The concentration of nicotine used were 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and $0.4{\mu}M$, the average serum concentration for a smoker being approximately $0.1{\mu}M$. The results were as follows : 1. Attachment effects of nicotine on human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells Excepts of $0.4{\mu}M$, the effects on attachment with increasing numbers of cells attaching with increasing nicotine concentrations, compared to control group. But over the 60min, return to control value. 2. The effect of cellular activity on human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells. The cellular activity of human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells were similar or decrease to control value at 1st incubation day. At 2nd incubation day, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, $0.4{\mu}M$ concentrations were statistically different from control value on gingival fibroblasts group. But at 3rd incubation day, cellular activities of all experimental group were significantly decrease than control group.

• Oral Biology Research
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.228-234
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to determine the condition of supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) in implant patients and the effect of SPT on implant long-term survival. Implants placed at the Dept. of Periodontology, Chonnam National University Dental Hospital over a 5-year period, were traced for up to 8 years. Patients who had visited the hospital at least once a year were defined as regular SPT, and patients who were treated by active periodontal therapy were defined as patients with periodontitis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed based on the observation periods, and the effect of SPT and history of periodontitis on implant survival assessed by chisquare test. A total of 183 patients (age: 21-91, 98 males and 85 females), and 508 implants were used for this study. Three hundred eight implants were under SPT and 87 implants was under regular SPT. For the patients with periodontitis 136 implants were placed. The 5-year survival rate was 94.8%. The overall survival rate in patients who received SPT was 97.1% and 91.0% for those who did not (p=0.004). The survival rate in patients who received regular SPT was 97.7%, and 96.8% for patients received irregular SPT. The survival rate was 93.4% in patients with periodontitis and 95.2% in patients without periodontitis. Among patients with periodontitis, the survival rate was 100.0% in patients who received regular SPT and 89.2% for irregular SPT (p=0.012). These results suggest that regular SPT improves implant survival rate and is more effective in patients with periodontitis.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.194-200
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes of guided tissue regeneration therapy for human periodontal intrabony defects using two different collagen membranes: a porous nonchemical cross-linking collagen membrane (NC) and a bilayer collagen membrane (BC). Methods: Thirty subjects were randomly assigned and divided into the following 3 groups: a test group (NC+BM), in which a NC was used with xenograft bone mineral (BM), a positive control group (BC+BM), in which a BC was used with xenograft BM, and a negative control group (BM), in which only xenograft BM was used. The following clinical measurements were taken at baseline and 3 months after surgery: plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, gingival recession, and clinical attachment level. Radiographic analysis was performed at baseline, 1 week and 3 months after surgery. Results: Membrane exposure was not observed in any cases. Significant probing depth reduction, attachment-level gain and bone fill were observed for both test and control groups compared to baseline at 3 months after surgery (P<0.05). However, there were no statistically significant differences in clinical improvement and radiographic bone fill between treatment protocols (P>0.05). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, the results suggest that both NC and BC were comparable in terms of clinical and radiographic outcomes for the treatment of periodontal intrabony defects in human subjects.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.389-401
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• 1998

In this study, 21 patients diagnosed as adult periodontitis were divided into 4 groups. One quadrant with an average of 6mm deep pocket depth was chosen from each individual - Group A inserted tetra-cycline fiber after removing supragingival calculus while group RP had calculus removal and root planning alone. Group RP+A received combination of these treatments while group C received none. Plaque index, bleeding on probing, pocket depth, attachment level, and distribution of subgingival plaque were compared and evaluated among these groups at periods of first visit, 4th week and 8th week. The results were as follows ; 1. Plaque index and bleeding on probing improved after treatment and no significant difference was found between the groups. 2. When comparing the change in pocket depth between the groups, the use of tetracycline fiber showed significant reducton in pocket depth comparable to root planing. Combined therapy of tetracycline fiber and root planing showed synergistic effect in pocket depth reduction. 3. When comparing the change in attachment level between the groups, the use of tetracycline fiber showed significant increase in clinical attachment level comparable to root planing, but no synergistic effect was found in the combined therapy. 4. When comparing the change in the motile bacteria ratio between the groups, group RP and group RP+A showed significant decrease compared with control group. 5. There were no severe adverse effects from using tetracycline fiber, except for a few patient who experienced mild discomfort. In summary, the use of local adminstration of tetracycline fiber in adjunction to mechenical treatment can be effective for adult periodontitis.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.75-84
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• 2024

Purpose: This study investigated the relationship between the number of days that hospital visits were postponed and changes in clinical parameters due to the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), after the Japanese government declared a state of emergency in April 2020. Methods: Regarding the status of postponement of appointments, we analyzed the patients who had visited the Nihon University Hospital at Matsudo for more than 1 year for supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) and classified them into low-, moderate- and high-risk subgroups according to the periodontal risk assessment (PRA). Clinical parameters for periodontal disease such as probing depth (PD), full-mouth bleeding score (FMBS), full-mouth plaque score, periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA), and periodontal epithelial surface area (PESA) were analyzed in 2 periods, from October 2019 to March 2020 and after April 2020. Correlation coefficients between days of deferral and the degree of changes in clinical parameters were calculated. Results: The mean age of the 749 patients was 67.56±10.85 years, and 63.82% were female. Out of 749 patients, 33.24% deferred their SPT appointments after April 2020. The average total of postponement days was 109.49±88.84. The number of postponement days was positively correlated with changes in average PD (rs=0.474) and PESA (rs=0.443) in the high-risk subgroup of FMBS, and average PD (rs=0.293) and PESA (rs=0.253) in the highrisk subgroup of tooth number (TN). Patients belonging to the high-risk subgroups for both FMBS and TN had a positive correlation between postponement days and PISA (rs=0.56). Conclusions: The findings, the spread of COVID-19 appears to have extended the visit interval for some SPT patients. Moreover, longer visit intervals were correlated with the worsening of some clinical parameters for SPT patients with high PRA.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.403-420
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• 2000

The treatment and prevention of periodontitis is focused on the reduction and the elimination of pathogenic bacteria, especially A. actinomycetemcomitans and black pigmented bacteria such as P. gingivalis. To prevent recurrent disease, the recolonization of these bacteria should be inhibited in the periodontal pocket. Since the replacement therapy was introduced in periodontics by Hillman et al, Jeong et al reported that hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacillus acidophilus V-20 completely inhibited P. gingivalis and A. actino - mycetemcomitans in vitro and mouth gargling with Lactobacillus acidophilus V-20 in periodontitis patients during the maintenance phase improved clinical condition and reduced the No. of P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans at 4 weeks of treatment. Prior to replacement therapy with bacteria, dynamics of microbial colonization should be considered. This study was performed to evaluate the change in the viable cell number of Lactobacilli and P. gingivalis after oral administration of L. acidophilus V-20. In periodontal health, gargling increased the No. of Lactobacilli in saliva, buccal mucosa, supragingival plaque from the first week, which maintained for 2-3 weeks after gargling stop, and then returned to the undetectable baseline level at the ninth week. In the periodontal pocket of moderate periodontitis patients, daily irrigation for 1 week and weekly irrigation for subsequent 3 weeks decreased the viable cell number of P. gingivalis during the period of irrigation and increased the number of Lactobacilli, which was maintained from the second to the seventh week. L. acidophilus V-20 was isolated for the first 2 weeks of oral administration, and the 3 different strains of Lactobacilli were isolated continuously for remaining period and identified as L. ali - mentarius, L. casei subspecies casei and L. fructosus. The first two Lactobacilli strains completely inhibited P. gingivalis in vitro and all the isolated Lactobacilli strains reduced the artificial plaque formation by 55-63%. These results showed that mouth gargling or pocket irrigation with L. acidophilus V-20 increased the No. of intraoral Lactobacilli and caused to decrease in the No. of P. gingivalis. This suggests that the replacement therapy by these Lactobacilli might be useful in the maintenance care of periodontal patients.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• 제22권11호통권186호
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• pp.979-989
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• 1984

The purpose of this study was to obtain the basic data for oral health program planning of the totally blind persons. The author had surveyed oral health status and dental needs of 268 totally blind persons aged from 7 years old to 29 in Seoul, Korea, Thereafter, the toothbrushing frequency, df rate, dft index, DMF rate, DMFT index, restorative treatment requirement, bridge status, periodontal status, and periodontal requirement were calculated and discussed. The obtained results were as follows: 1. The average toothbrushing frequency was 2.53 times a day, and the average toothbrushing frquency after eating was 2.12 times a day. 2. DMF rate was 53.73%, and DMFT index was 2.12. 3. the average number of teeth required restorative treatment due to dental caries was 1.95. 4. Oral hygiene instruction was required in 15.30%, oral porphylaxis and oral hygiene instruction in 58.58%, periodontal therapy in 10.14%. %. Incremental dental care system was recommended to improve dental health status of the totally blind persons.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.321-340
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• 1995

The regeneration of destructed periodontal tissues is one of the ultimate objectives of periodontal therapy. Guided tissue regeneration technique was developed for the ideal regeneration of periodontal tissues. In order to investigate the role of fibronectin, laminin and tenascin in the regenerating process of periodontal tissues, the expanded PTFE barrier membranes(Gore Associates, USA) removed from the patients who had been treated by guided tissue regeneration(GTR) and guided bone regeneration(GBR) techniques were fixed in neutral formalin for 6-24 hours, embedded with paraffin, sectioned at $4-6{\mu}m$ in thickness, and immunohistochemically processed by Avidin-Biotin peroxidase complex method for detecting fibronectin, laminin and tenascin. Monoclonal mouse anti-human fibronectin antibody(Oncogene Science, USA., 1:100), monoclonal mouse anti-human laminin antibody(Oncogene Science, USA., 1:50) and mouse anti-human tenascin antibody(Oncogene Science, USA, 1:10) were used as primary antibodies. The light microscopic findings were as follows: (1) The distribution of fibronectin, laminin and tenascin was various according to the area of barrier membranes. (2) The distribution of fibronectin in case of GBR was extensive in the tissue on the outer surface of barrier membranes, and rare in the intervening space and on the inner surface. In case of GTR it was extensive on the outer surface and in the intervening space, and rare on the inner surface. (3) The distribution of laminin was rare in the tissue on the outer, the inner surface and intervening space of barrier membranes, regardless of GBR or GTR. (4) In case 'of GBR rare distribution of tenascin was observed on the outer surface only, except the inner surface and the intervening space of barrier membranes. In case of GTR the distribution of tenascin was extensive in the tissue on the outer surface, rare in intervening space and the inner surface. The results suggest that fibronectin, laminin and tenascin may play a important role in the regenerating process of periodontal tissue, and they may affect the outcome of healing.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.747-760
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• 2005

Periodontal therapy has dealt primarily with attempts at arresting progression of disease. however, more recent techniques have focused on regenerating the periodontal ligament having the capacity to regenerate the periodontium. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7(rhBMP-7) can differentiate the osteoprogenitor cells and induce bone formation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of BMP-7 on rat periodontal ligament cells differentiation, in vitro. In the control group, cells was cultured with DMEM media. In the experimental groups, cells were cultured with rhBMP-7 in concentration of 10, 25, 50 and 100 ng/ml. Each group was characterized by examining alkaline phosphatase activity at 3 and 5 days of culture and the ability to produce mineralized nodules of rat calvarial cells at 14 days of culture. Synthesis of type I collagen(COL-I), osteocalcin(OCN), and bone sialoprotein(BSP) was evaluated by RT-PCR at 7 days of culture. Activation of Smad proteins and p38 MAP kinase was determined by western blot analysis of the cell lysates. Alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly increased in the concentration of BMP-7 50 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml compared to the control(p<0.05). The mineralized bone nodule formation was greater with addition of 50 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml BMP-7 than the control(p<0.01). In 7 days' culture, the expressions of COL-I, BSP, and OCN was increased by BMP-7 in concentration of 10 $ng/ml{\sim}100$ ng/ml. In western blot analysis, BMP-7 treated culture cells expressed Smad 1,5,8 in dose-dependent manner, whereas BMP-7 did not activate phosphorylated form of p38 MAP kinase. These result suggested that BMP-7 stimulate rat periodontal ligament cells to differentiate toward osteoblast phenotype and increase bone matrix production by activation of BMP-Smad pathway.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.103-115
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• 1999

The ultimate goal of periodontal therapy is the regeneration of periodontal tissue which has been lost due to destructive periodontal disease. Various periodontal procedures have been used throughout the years in an attempt to reestablish attachment of periodontal tissues to root surfaces affected by periodontitis. Flap debridement surgery has been demonstrated to be a successful procedure in gaining the probing attachment level and reducing probing depth. A tendency towards impaired wound healing following periodontal procedures in smokers has been clinically documented. But, previous clinical studies on healing response in smokers are based on a retrospective design. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the treatment outcome following flap debridement surgery in smokers compared to nonsmokers. 25 patients with moderate to advanced periodontitis were included for study. Among these patients, 13 patients were smokers, and 12 patients were nonsmokers. Mucoperiosteal flap was raised with the sulcular incision. No antibiotic treatment was administered postsurgery. The patients was recalled at monthly intervals during a period of 6 months following the surgery. The patients were received supragingival scaling and oral hygiene reinforcement. All the recordings, including modified O' Leary plaque control record, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth, probing attachment level,were recorded, presurgery and 6 months postsurgery. The changes of all the recordings at 6 months after flap debridement surgery revealed the following results: 1. PI on all the dentitions and surgical sites showed no statistical significance between smokers and nonsmokers at presurgery. But, smokers demonstrated a significantly lower % of PI than nonsmokers at 6 months postsurgery. 2. Smokers demonstrated a greater % of BOP sites than nonsmokers on the surgical sites and all the dentitions, presurgery and 6 months postsurgery. But, there was no statistical significance between two groups. 3. Smokers exhibited significantly less reduction of probing depth in the 3 mm or less probing pocket depth(PPD) group, 6mm or more PPD group and total PPD group when compared to nonsmokers at 6 months postsurgery. 4. Smokers exhibited significantly less gain of probing attachment level(PAL) in the 3mm or less PPD group, 6 mm or more PPD group and total PPD group when compared to nonsmokers at 6 months postsurgery.