• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 1998

Purpose : Hypocalcemia is one of the major causes of convulsion in infants. The causes of hypocalcemia are hypoparathyroidism, deficiency and metabolic abnormalities of vitamin D, or increased uptake of inorganic phosphorous, etc. We analyzed the causes, symptoms and signs, treatment, and clinical courses of hypocalcemia as, recently, there were many clinical experiences of hypocalcemic infants under age of 6 months in the department of pediatrics, Kyungpook University Hospital. Objects and Methods : The authors observed 11 infants with hypocalcemia who had been admitted to the department of pediatrics, Kyungpook University Hospital, during the period of February 1992 to April 1997. Various clinical and laboratory data concerning causes, clinical courses and treatment of hypocalcemia were analyzed retrospectively Results : (1) The sex incidence revealed male predominance with male to female ratio 4.5 : 1. The mean age at onset of symptoms was $2.2{\pm}1.1$ months old. (2) The causes of hypocalcemia were vitamin D deficiency in 8 cases and excessive inorganic phosphate intake in 3 cases. (3) All eleven patients manifestated convulsion which was generalized tonic-clonic in 9, and focal clonic in 2 cases. (4) Serum calcium concentrarion increased from $6.3{\pm}0.9$ mg/dL to $9.9{\pm}1.7$ mg/dL after therapy of $1,25(OH)_{2}D_{3}$ with or without calcium(P=0.0008), and serum ALP concentration decreased from $1,418{\pm}864$ U/L to $772{\pm}503$ U/L (P=0.0112). Serum iPTH levels were high in all 11 patients initially. All showed decreased $25(OH)D_3$ levels initially. (5) All patients were treated successfully with $1,25(OH)_{2}D_{3}$ and/or calcium supplement. Conclusions : Vitamin D deficiency should be considered as one of the causes of hypocalcemia even in formula(known as vitamin fortified) feeding infants. Fortunately, they were successfully treated with $1,25(OH)_{2}D_{3}$.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.62-72
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• 1985

In order to find out the effects of seeding time on growth, dry matter production and nutritive content of Pioneer 931, Pioneer 988 and Piper, this study was carried out on the experimental field of Livestock Experiment Station in 1981-83. Seeding time were 7 with 14-day interval from April 16 to July 9. The results are summarized as follows: 1. It tool about 12 to 13 days from seeding to emergence in case of Mid-April seeding and 7 to 8 days in Late-June. Earlier seeding, more longer growth period from emergence to heading they required. 2. Plant height of Pioneer 931 seeded lately was longer than 4.5 meters in primary growth and Sudangrass was about 2.0 to 2.5 meters. Leaf area was the greatest in Mid-August by early seeding but it was increased until Early-October by late seeding. 3. Sorghum gas brought the highest yield in dry mater and Sudangrass the lowest. In general dry matter yield reduced gradually in response to later seeding but Pioneer 931 has brought more than 10 tons per hecter until Late-June. 4. Relative Growth Rate, Leaf Area Ratio and Leaf Weight of all varieties decreased in accordance with growth development. 5. Crude protein content of leaf was higher than stem and the younger the plants, the more protein they contain. Nitrogen Free Extract was just opposite to crude protein.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.112-114
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• 2015

Purpose Vitamin D to Anti- Rickets both steroid compounds showing activity, By acting on bone tissue secretary and the key to maintain serum Ca homeostasis. The blood level of vitamin D is the largest in D3 that the concentration of the metabolite is reflected in the holding state of vitamin D in vivo. Sunlight to change the 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin and through the skin to D3, In the liver in combination with the D2 and D3 D4 changes. The Radioimmunoassay(RIA) method is measuring the D 3, the sensitivity can be measured also difficult trace substance to measure the normal test because it is very sensitive, but recently, a check is possible, for the Total D3 in Chemimicroparticle immunoassay(CMIA) or Chemiluminescent immunoassay(CLIA) measuring using microparticle RIA and CMIA(Architect i2000SR) / use the CLIA(DXI-800) method to compare and evaluate the correlation between the tests in the same test items. Materials and Methods Commissioned from January 2014 to March 2015 patients were enrolled in a total of 273 people. 29 out of 273 people conducted by RIA were compared with CMIA, 244 patients were compared with CLIA. Using reagents and equipment were used RIA(Diasource), CMIA(Architect i2000SR, Abbott Diagnostics) / CLIA( Unicel DXi-800, Beckman coulter). Results Correlation of the RIA and CLIA was a R2 = 0.1844 (y = 0.7303x + 3.9005), and the correlation of RIA CMIA is R2 = 0.2762 (y = 0.8862x + 4.56) respectively. (According to statistics, during the same period RIA is Deficiency 4.31%, Insufficiency 90.53%, Sufficiency 5.16%, was Excess 0%, CLIA / CMIA is Deficiency 17.02%, Insufficiency 75.91%, Sufficiency 7.03%, indicating the distribution of 0.03 % Excess) Conclusion Serum vitamin D and parathyroid hormone that show an inverse relationship, the level above which are not parathyroid hormone and vitamin D reduced the increase. The density is different for each study, at most 20 is reported to be the maximum between 30 ng / ml. In Korea it requires a proposed standard of vitamin D deficiency, reference to the WHO lack the case more than 10ng/ml, 20ng/ml and defined by the lack of, if not more than, the IOM, but looking at 12ng/ml or less to the normal to lack, at least 20ng/ml, the reference do not match the deficit under 20ng/ml, 21-29ng/ml relative lack between, was also defined as a sufficient condition for more than 30ng/ml. Although not statistically is between RIA and CLIA two ways to vitamin D levels change according to season match, when seasonally seen in summer as commonly known (April to September), winter (October to March) relative to the increase measured than it was found. Finally, the study on the correlation between the two methods have been expected to result in a consistent and apply the same view high reference value on the graph is difficult. However, there may be differences between the test equipment and methods, and could be especially the case of RIA method using an organic solvent is difficult to compare different methods and correlated view similar trend in vitamin D deficiency and quarterly aspect ratio.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.220-227
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• 2016

The objective of this research was to investigate the influence of application rates of dolomitic lime in the acid substrate on the mitigation of high bicarbonate damage in 'Seolhyang' strawberry. For this purpose, an acid substrate was formulated by mixing of sphagnum peat moss and pine bark with the ratio of 5:5 (v/v). The pH, EC and CEC of the substrate analyzed before application of dolomite were 4.07, $0.46dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, and $91.3cmol+/kg^{-1}$, respectively. To adjust the pH of substrate, various amounts of dolomitic lime [$CaMg(CO_3)_2$] such as 0 (control), 1, 2, 3, and $4g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ were added during substrate formulation. Then, seedlings with 3 leaf stage were transplanted as mother plants and those were fed with Hoagland solution containing $240mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of the $HCO_3{^-}$. The growth parameters of mother plants 140 days after transplanting, such as plant height, chlorophyll content, and fresh weight were the highest in the treatments of 2 and $3g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of dolomitic lime. The physiological disorders in mother plants were not observed in the 1, 2 and $3g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatments, but the symptoms of Ca, K and B deficiencies were observed in the 0 and $4g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatments. During the propagation period, the number of daughter plants derived from each mother plant were 21.0, 29.5, 35.8, 27.3 and 16.0 in the treatments of 0, 1, 2, 3 and $4g{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively. The substrate pH during cultivation of mother plants were maintained at appropriate levels for the 1 and $2g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatments, whereas it was the highest in $4g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatment. The contents of macro- and micro-elements in the above ground tissue were the highest in $2g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and the lowest in $4g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ lime treatments. Above results suggest that the bicarbonate injury originated from ground water can be mitigated by adjusting the amount of dolomitic lime incorporated into the acid substrate.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2013

This study was conducted to examine the effects of coir, peatmoss, and red clay (20%) + peatmoss (80%) media on quality and drainage solution in hydroponics of Solanum lycopersicum 'Mascara'. The tomato seedlings were planted in media on 29 April, and supplied with Yamazaki's tomato solution of EC $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and pH 6.5. Tomato fruits were harvested from 13 June to 24 August. Drainage amount decresed when solar radiation and air temperature were high. However, drainage amount were not different among coir, peatmoss, and red clay + peatmoss media. The EC of drainage in red clay + peatmoss medium was higher than that in other media during the cultivation period. Also, soild state and available moisture content was more in red clay + peatmoss mediun than in coir or peatmoss media. The soluble solids of tomato fruits increased by 10~17% at $5.5^{\circ}Brix$ in red clay+peatmoss medium compared with $5.0{\sim}4.7^{\circ}Brix$ in coir or peatmoss media. Also, the acidity of fruits was the highest to 0.66% in red clay + peatmoss medium than the others. The total yield of fruits in red clay + peatmoss medium increased significantly by 9.1% at 8,428 kg than at 7,725 kg in peatmoss medium, and ratio of marketable yield was higher than the other media. Therefore, red clay (20%) + peat moss (80%) medium is recommend for growth and quality of fruits in hydroponics of Solanum lycopersicum 'Mascara'.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.185-197
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• 1991

An eating behavior research was done with 50 females at a buffet styled restaurant during their lunch time. Of the respondents, 52.0% were professional and 54.0% were graduate school graduates. Of the respondents, 58.0% of the company were friends and 24.0% were relatives. The average time period of eating was $93.0{\pm}23.4$ minutes. The average frequency of taking food was $4.0{\pm}1.1$ and the average frequency of taking food after satiety was $1.4{\pm}0.8$. It is significant that lower frequency of food consumption was directly proportional to the age groups of respondents. The average selected food items were $30.4{\pm}7.1$ out of 175 and the average weight of the consumed food was $995.0{\pm}240.9$ g. The older age group chose a similar number of food items, but the amount of each food item was considerably less than younger. So the younger the age group was, the more they ate. The average food items at one time was $7.1{\pm}2.2$ and the average food weight time was $233.7{\pm}69.7$ g. The percentage of respondents who evaluated themselves as 'ate too much' was 70.0% and those who evaluate themselves 'ate properly' was 14.0%. Most of them were satisfied with the buffet service. The average of number of food items consumed by respondents before cooking was $50.5{\pm}8.9$. The consumption of calories and nutrients was compared with the Korean Daily Recommended Dietary Allowances. The consumed calories were 60.9% of RDAs, protein 104.4%, calcium 77.1%, iron 129.8%, vitamin A 66.5%, thiamin 96.0%, riboflavin 95.7%, niacin126.6% and ascorbic acid 112.3%. This data exceeded 1/3 of the Korean Daily RDAs tremendously and tells us extreme overeating. The energy ratio of carbohydrate: fat: protein was 51.6: 29.9: 18.5. Caloric consumption of animal food was 27.9% and the consumption rate of the other nutrients from animal food was considerably high. But the consumption rate of vitamin A was 90.9% from vegetable groups. Accoding to this study, buffet service gives some advantages. It gives customers an good opportunity to vary their food intake, which enhances eating experiences and can cause an improvemont of food habits. But overeating is a problem. Therefore, we think it is necessary for those women who have influence over their family's food selection, to have nutrition education about a desirable order of eating a meal, food selection, and health problems due to overeating at buffet styled restaurant. There should be some improvement in the management of buffet service. For example, proper temperature, texture, and freshness of the food should be maintained. Prevention of mixed food smells should be considered as well. To lower the price it is desirable to reduce the number of similar items and to use seasonal food as much as possible. A buffet styled restaurant with less food items with cheaper prices is recommended. Various traditional food should be developed for the menu items. We expect buffet services to be sutable to maintain good health and to be popular to any eater.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.990-998
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• 2012

This study investigated the effects of the diet with Cucurbita moschata (CM), adlay seed (AS), and Cudrania tricuspidata leaf (CTL) mixed-powder on the visceral fat, fecal amount, and serum lipid profiles in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The mixed ratio of CM, AS, and CTL as a functional food ingredient was 1:1:1 on a weight basis. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet (D12492; 45 kcal fat) for 5 weeks during the first phase. In the second phase, which lasted 5 weeks, the rats were divided into six experimental groups. The groups were: a high-fat diet group as a control during the 10 weeks of experimental period; and a high-fat diet with 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30% mixed-powder supplement group. The adipose tissue (RFP, EFP) weights were significantly decreased in the 20% and 30% mixed-powder supplement groups than in the HFD group (p<0.05). The fecal weight produced by the 15%, 20%, and 30% mixed-powder supplement groups was significantly increased during the second phase compared to the first phase (p<0.05). In terms of serum lipids, TG (triglyceride) content was decreased in the 10% and 15% mixed-powder supplement groups. The blood glucose levels were significantly decreased in all experimental diet supplement groups than in the HFD group (p<0.05). The findings show that the high supplement groups could improve the visceral fat accumulation, fecal amount, and blood glucose content compared to the HFD group.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.285-294
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• 1999

Changes of chemico-physical properties and mturitiy during pig manure composting were analysed using three kinds of bulking agents with rice hull(T1), rice hull and extruding hull mixture (T2, 1:1, v/v), and extruding hull(T3). During composting process, temperature of T1, T2 and T3 were maintained over $50^{\circ}C$ for 31, 21, and 35 days respectively. Organic matter content of each treatment was decreased from 82.2%, 82.0%, and 82.8% to 70.5%, 68.9% and 69.7% and pH increased to 8.85, 9.91, and 8.80, respectively. Total nitrogen content of all treatments gradually decreased, but C/N ratio, phosphorous, and potassium content did not, show any changes during composting process. Both germination rate and early growth were tested using radish seeds for composting maturity. From those results, it was concluded that all treatments were stabilized after 45th day and extruding hull(T3) added compost was superior to others. The test of suppressive effect showed that all treatment have no effect against Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria altemata, Botrytis cinerea. Compost supplemented with rice hull showed an inhibitory effect after 30th days, while compost supplemented with rice hull and extruding hull(T2) had an inhibitory effect during all period against Rhizoctonia solani. But treatment with extruding hull(T3) added compost did not have any inhibitory effect against Rhizoctonia solani. Only 63th samples in T1 and T2 treatment showed inhibitory effect against Colletoerichum gloeosporioides. However, T3 did not. Suppressive effect of extracts from 67 kinds of composts was investigated in vitro against plant pathogens, such as Fusauum oxysporum. Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeospoioides, Rhizoctonia solani, and Botrytis cinerea. Thirty two of them showed inhibitory effect against more than one phytopathogen, nine against one pathogen, four against two, six against three, six against four, and seven against five.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.19-30
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study was to suggest predictors of participation restriction in community-dwelling Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) based on environmental, functional, injury-related, psychosocial, and sociodemographic factors. Methods: The participants were 82 community-dwelling SCI adults over the age of 18. They were all included in the American Spinal Injury Association's (ASIA) Levels A, B, and C. This study surveyed participants' participation using the CHART-K-SF, environmental factors using the CHIEF-25 Korean version, and functional factors using the SCIM III. Further, pain and distress were surveyed using Zung's Self-rating Pain and the PAD, self-esteem was assessed using the RSES, and self-efficacy using the GSS. Finally, information concerning injury levels, post-injury period, causes of injury-related factors, and sociodemographic factors such as gender, age, marriage, education level, and residence information were collected. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS Version 21.0 Results: Participants' risk factors were environmental and functional. The Nagelkerke's $R^2$ was.737. The OddsRatio(OR) of environmental factors(referent,0-1) was 40.346. Moreover, the OR of the $1^{st}$ quartile functional factor(referent,4thquartile) was 236. 621, and that of the$2^{nd}$ quartile was 21.174. In addition, the occupational predictors included the "policies" subscales in the CHART-K-SF, "physical/structural" in the CHIEF-25, and "mobility" in the SCIM III. Further, the predictors of "physical independence" were "services/assistance" in CHIEF-25, and "respiration and sphincter management' on the SCIM III. Additionally, "mobility" was predicted by "physical/structural" on the CHIEF-25 and "mobility" on the SCIM III. Conclusions: This study multidimensionally confirmed predictors of participation restriction. Through these facts, we investigated occupational therapists' roles in community setting. Therefore, this study's results will provide useful information for occupational therapy services, for which the goal is SCI participation improvement within the community.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.229-238
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• 2004

Purpose: This study was perfonned to elucidate the clinical pictures of acute focal bacterial nephritis(nephronia) in children. Methods: We reviewed 9 children with nephronia diagnosed by ultrasonography or computed tomography of kidneys from September 1994 to August 2004. Results: The overall male to female ratio was 2:1, and the age distribution ranged from 0.1 to 6 years(mean $2.8{\pm}2.2$). The cardinal symptoms were fever, chills, abdominal pain and dysuria/frequency. The initial leukocyte count was $21,000{\pm}5,600/uL$, ESR $60{\pm}23mm/hr$, CRP $17{\pm}10\;mg/dl$. Pyuria was noted in every patient and persisted for $10.5{\pm}7.8$ days after antimicrobial treatment. Abdominal sonography demonstrated focal lesion of ill-defined margin and low echogenicity in 5 of 9 patients(55.6%), while computed tomography revealed nonenhancing low density area in all patients(100%). Three of 9 patients(33.3%) had vesicoureteral reflux, greater than grade III. The initial $^{99m}Tc-DMSA$ scan showed one or multiple cortical defects in every patient, and improvements were noted in 2(33.3%) of 6 patients who received follow up scan after 4 months. Intravenous antibiotics was given in every patient under admission. Total febrile period was $11.8{\pm}6.3$ days(pre-admission, $4.0{\pm}3.0;$ post-admission, $7.8{\pm}5.5$ days) and the patients needed hospitalization for $17.2{\pm}8.1$ days. Conclusion: For the early diagnosis of 'acute focal bacterial nephritis' we should perform renal computed tomography first rather than ultrasonography, when the child has toxic symptoms and severe inflammatory responses in blood and urine.