• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.279-292
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• 1997

The vaccinations of susceptible children and postpubertal females are the major means to prevent congenital rubella syndrome(CRS). Another means for reducing the CRS is therapeutic abortion or fetal monitoring for women who are infected in the first four months of pregnancy. We could not estimate the incidence of CRS in Korea, because there was no surveillance system for rubella and CRS. Nationwide vaccination program for 15months infant had been started early 1980s. So, most women at childbearing age during study period were not received rubella vaccination. We set forth CRS management system for pregnant women in two rural county of Kyonggi province, Korea. In this system, the presence of rubella IgG and IgM antibodies for early pregnant women were examined with MEIA(Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay) method by IMx automated analyzer $Abbott^(R)$. The infected pregnant women followed up in order to confirm their childrens CRS. This study was carried out from Mu. 1993 to Jun. 1994, and pregnant women examined were 874 persons. The results were summarized as follows. The overall positive .ate of rubella IgG antibody was 94.5%(826/874). The positive rate was significantly increase as the age increased, and reached 100% in pregnant women who were over 35 years old. This results suggest that a meaningful number of women are infected during childbearing years. The geometric mean titer of IgG of sero-positive subjects was significantly declined as the age increased. On the question about history of URI symptoms and rash in pregnancy, 20.7% of respondents checked on URI symptoms with .ash, 13.5% only URI symptoms without .ash, and 65.8% no symptoms. However there was no demonstrable association between the rubella like infection history in pregnancy and the rubella IgG and IgM antibody status. Rubella infection .ate in pregnant women was 0.9%(95% CI 0.4-1.8%). Two of these 8 infected pregnancies were terminated by therapeutic abortion. One of them was not followed. Five babies had no gross anomalies at birth. In Dec. 1996, three of five babies were normal appeared infants. Two of them were not followed. Throughout this study results, we confirmed the need of CRS management system for pregnant women, in Korea.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.410-419
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• 1996

This study was reviewed from 1000 articles related to family planning from 1970 to 1990 and 20 articles associated with natural family planning from 1980 until the present. The purpose of natural family planning(NFP) is to identify the time ovulation of women themselves, to have intercourse with periodic abstinence, and to deliver a healthy child. The ultimate goal of NFP is to promote the family's health. The NFP method is described as periodic abstinence of intercourse to avoid pregnancy by identifying the ovulation time in the menstration cycle. Clinical symptoms and signs of reflection underlying changes in Estrogen and Progesterone are the change of basal body temperature, the change of cervical mucus and cervix, abdominal pain and breast tenderness. The types of NFP are the calender rthythm method, basal body temperature methods, cervical mucus method, symptothermal method, cyclo-thermal method and home based ovulation test kits. Recently the cyclo-thermal method involved. It is calendar rhythm method applied to B.B.T. For the cervical mucus method, when the estrogen level in the blood concentration is increased, the mucus begins to excrete, the amount of moist mucus increases while the mucus is clear, slippery, and smooth. For 3 days, this timing can be considered contraception. Fertility is at a maximum on the day mucus appears, abstinence for 3 days is a type of contraception. Sexual intercourse on a maximum day of mucus maximizes pregnancy potential. But, the contraception depends on the practice of a perfect rule. For basal body temperature methods, at ovulation time, the temperature increases $0.2^{\circ}C-0.5^{\circ}C$. Through the review of literature a high temperature above $0.2^{\circ}C$ for 3 days indicates that the previous 6 day period was ovulation and fertilization. The Symptothermal method is used to determine the prediction of ovulation through the observation of mucus excretion, high temperature, the change of cervical mucus, low abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, and breast change. Home based ovulation test kits are cervico-vaginal fluid aspiration, test a digital electric thermometer, body fluid(blood, saliva, urine) test kits, They are on the market. However, research on the contraception method is still in progress. For pregnancy it is still too early to use home based ovulation test kits because of deficit of reliability and simplicity more research on the technology is needed. It is suggested that NFP methods be included in nursing curriculum in order to educate NFP users how to effectively use NFP methods. Furthermore, this study has implications for the dissemination of NFP methods in terms of Korean policies of family planning and the support of community welfare agences.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.25-28
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• 1982

Estimation of liver size is essential in the diagnosis of liver disease, Many approaches have been attempted in evaluation of liver size such as the measurement of length, area and volume. Among these, area and volume measurements are accurate but complicated, so we commonly use formerly introduced various linear measurements, but in scintigraphy one must calculate the actual liver size using rate of reduction, which is time consuming. Because of these reasons, we carried out present study to represent liver size by means of a simple liver measurement like we express the cardiac size by cardiothoracic ratio. Our cases consisted of 100 clinically normal subjects as the normal group and 50 patients suffering from liver disease and diagnosed to have hepatomegaly on abdominal palpation and scintigram at Dept, of Radiology of St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Medical College during the period of 8 months from Jan. 1980. We measured the liver size using 4 linear diameters(Fig. 1). And as the reference measurement, the distance from the right margin of the liver to the left margin of the spleen was measured. We called this "abdominal transverse diameter(ATD)". The results were as follows; 1) The smallest value was recorded in the midline vertical diameter (MVD). It was $4.2{\pm}0.4cm$ in normal group and $5.0{\pm}0.6cm$ in the hepatomegaly group. 2) The diameter using other methods ranged from 5.6 to 7.2 cm in the normal group and from 6.3 to 7.5cm in the hepatomegaly group. 3) There was significant difference in the ratio of each diameter to ATD between the normal and hepatomegaly group (<0.01). We called this "hepato-abdominal ratio". 4) The "hepato-abdominal ratio" using MVD is $0.43{\pm}0.06$ in the normal group and $0.53{\pm}0.07$ in the hepatomegaly group. The "hepato-abdominal ratio" of MVD was most significantly different between normal and hepatomegaly group. 5) The tolerance limits(99%) of "hepato-abdominal ratio" using MVD is from 0.41 to 0.45 in the normal group and from 0.51 to 0.55 in the hepatomegaly group. Therefore, by reasons of error during measurement and convenience of memory, it was warranted to suggest hepatomegaly when "hepato-abdominal ratio" using MVD is more than 0.5 in the interpretation of hepatic scintigram.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.259-268
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• 1984

The Korean government launched the medicaid program for the poor people as a wing of the social development and welfare programs beginning in 1977 when the fourth 5-year national economic development program started. The charts of the medicaid recipients who visited Jonglo-Gu Health Center for the period from 1981 to 1983 were reviewed and analysed. Major findings from the analysis are as follows. 1. The medicaid recipients occupied 5.19% in 1981, 2.90% in 1982 and 2.00% among the total residents of Jonglo district in 1983, respectively. 2. The mean number of physician visits per person year of medicaid recipients who visited the Jonglo-Gu Health Center was 4.73 in 1981, 4.90 in 1982 and 4.41 in 1983, respectively. 3. The consultation/referral rate at the Jonglo-Gu Health Center was 2.65% in 1981, 1.77% in 1982 and 2.18% in 1983 while the rate at the department of family practice, Seoul National University Hospital was 3.18% in 1983. 4. Classifying into 17 major categories, the pattern of diseases of the poor outpatients who visited the Hallym College Medical Center both in 1981 and 1982 showed a statistically similar pattern of the 5,169 medicaid patients who visited the Jonglo-Gu Health Center in 1981 and 401 patients in 1983. 5. Classifying into 17 major categories, the disease of outpatient visits at the department of family practice, Seoul National University Hospital from 1st May, 1983 to 31s1 Oct., 1983 revealed statistically significant similarity with both the 5,169 medicaid patients in 1981 and the 401 patients sampled in 1983. 6. Classifying into 17 major categories, the diseases of community diagnosis at the Ihwa Dong, Jonglo-Gu also showed a statistically significant similarity with the 5,169 medicaid patients who visited the Jonglo-Gu Health Center in 1981. 7. Classifying into 17 major categories, the diseases of 5,169 medicaid patients at Jonglo-Gu Health Center in 1981 showed a statistically significant similar distribution with that of the 401 sampled medicaid patients at this center in 1983. 8. Among the medicaid patients who utilized the Jonglo-Gu Health Center in 1983, 401 sampled patients who are practicable routine urinalysis composed of 131 indigent group and 270 low-income group. The sample composed of 127 males and 274 females. There were more old patients than the young ones among the 401 sampled patients. 9. Age-adjusted prevalence rate of the hypertension computed by the direct method using estimated of midyear population of 1980 year as the standard is the highest in the Yonsei area and the lowest in the Shindongmyun. Furthermore age-adjusted prevalence rate was higher for males than that of females. 10. The group of hypertension patients using routine urinalysis profile composed of pyuria, hematuria, proteinuria and glycosuria is the most statistical significant, the pyuria alone is very significant, hematuria is significant and proteinuria is also significant.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.215-226
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• 1998

80년대 중반까지만 해도 신형 차라고 하면 정형화된 팩키징 레이아웃을 전제로 하여 구형보다는 큰 바디이거나 거의 비슷한 레이아웃으로 형태를 조금씩 바꾸어 스타일 이미지 변형을 시도하는 방법이 주류를 이루었다. 이후 연비절감과 승차 감 향상을 위한 공역학적 바디 스타일 경쟁 시기에서도 정형화된 팩키징 레이아웃은 크게 변하지 않고 엔지니어링 부분의 고출력, 고 효율화를 통하여 상품성을 향상시키고자 하였다. 이제는 일상생활 전체에 대한 모터라이제이션의 급격한 진행과 함께 자동차 산업의 발달로 공급과잉 및 기술의 평준화가 이루어져 가고 있다. 이러한 기술 평준화 현상은 자동차 디자인에서의 혁신의 개념이 과거와는 다른 양상으로 발전되어 어떤 의미로는 진정한 의미의 자동차 디자인을 요구하는 시대에 이르렀다. 자동차 디자인에서는 외형보다는 실내의 디자인 계획이 훨씬 중요하다. 자동차 승 원의 거주 이동 목적에 맞는 컴포터빌러티 향상 노력이 자동차 디자인의 본질이기 때문이다. 본 연구는 외형 결정의 선행요소인 자동차 실내의 디자인 계획방법을 연구하여 보고 디자인 혁신을 통하여 소비자들에게 좋은 평가를 얻은 차종의 실내디자인 계획에 대한 분석적 접근을 통한 데이터 추출, 자료화로 미래지향적, 본질적 의미이 자동차 디자인 활동의 참고자료로 활용하고자 한다.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.56-60
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• 2002

Streptococcus pneumoniae(폐렴구균)는 소아에서 심각한 질별을 초래하는 주 원인 중의 하나이며, 면역결핍이나 만성 질환을 동반한 환아에서는 낮은 항체가로 인해 침습적 감염의 위험이 더욱 크다. 신증후군 환아에서도 폐렴구균은 중요한 병인균의 하나로, 특히 원발성 복막염의 주요한 원인균이다. 최근까지 23가의 polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine이 복막염 예방 목적으로 추천되어 왔으나, 새로이 7가의 conjugate vaccine이 소개되면서 신증후군 환아에서 폐렴구균 예방접종의 정립이 필요하다고 생각되어, 현재까지 접종받은 환아들의 의무 기록을 검토하였다. 1980년 이후 20년간 23가의 polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine을 접종 받은 2세에서 18세 사이의 55명의 환아들을 평균 38.5개월 간 추적 관찰하였다. 폐렴구균에 의한 복막염은 발생하지 않아 임상적으로 효과가 있는 것으로 생각되며, 향후로 conjugate vaccine이 국내에서 상용화되기 전까지 병용하여도 안전할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국언론정보학보
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• 제70권
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• pp.132-164
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• 2015

한국 사회에서 자신을 이루는 사람들에 대한, 혹은 사람들에 의한 앎의 형성이란 우리의 주체성 실천의 과정이다. 주체성은 자신에 대한 성찰 속에서 끊임없이 만들어지고 의심되고 수행되며 갱신되는 자아의 진실이기 때문이다. 한국 사회의 주체의 해석학을 탐구하는 이 글은 생명에 대한 인식이 관통하는 가운데, '대중, 민중, 다중, 인민, 공동체'의 언어 고리들로 구성된다. 1960년대에는 전후의 궁핍한 상황에서 모호한 덩어리로서 대중이 형성되는 가운데 내면의 의식세계를 가진 개인이 등장한다. 1970년대부터 1980년대에 이르는 시기에는 직접적이고 물리적인 위험(빈곤, 독재)에 대한 투쟁 현장에서 거대하고 강고한 이념적 연대가 집결된다. 한국의 민주화와 함께 그러한 적대 구조가 해체되는 한편 신자유주의적인 지구화 체제의 모순이 심화하는 가운데 구체적이고 특수한 위치들마다 차이와 변화를 함축하는 특이성들이 생성되고 이들이 유기적인 방식들로 연결된다. 이러한 움직임을 통해 거시 미시적인 통치성에 접합하는 다수로서 다중과 인민, 공동체에 대한 사유들이 성장한다. 개별과 보편, 차이와 공동의 원리들이 공존할 수 있기 위해, 다중과 인민성에 관한 급진적 사고의 바탕에는 열린 단수성과 소통적인 집합성을 추구하는 공동체의 윤리적 기획이 연동한다. 한국 대중에 관한 자기 인식은 여러 이론들을 변용하는 과정에서 형성되었다. 현실과의 관련성 안에서 특정한 이론들이 수용되었고, 그 이론들이 선별되어 현실에 접합되거나 탈구되는 과정에서 또 다른 앎의 행위와 의미들을 창출했다. 이는 우리 - 사람에 대한 자기 지식이 개별 이론의 내부에서 완결적으로 설명되는 대신, 이론들이 이 땅에 뿌리내리고 싹트고 성장, 변형되는 과정 속에서, 그들 사이의 관계가 설정되고 연동되는 실행을 통해 우리 - 사람에 대한 성찰적 이해가 만들어졌음을 뜻한다. 이 평탄하지 않은 역사는 앎의 실천을 거치며 한 사회의 집합적 주체성이 형성되는 치열한 생각의 운동성을 보여준다. 주체의 해석학이 완성되는 종결지는 없다. 그 한계는 늘 반성되고 갱생되어야 한다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.20-27
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• 1982

출수기 이후 벼의 동화산물이 분벽자간에 이동하고 있는지를 알기 위하여 1979년에는 일본형 품종 아끼바레만을 그리고 1980년에는 아끼바레와 통일계 품관인 밀양 2003의 두 품종을 공시, 출수기에 분벽자단위로 적엽 또는 적수처리의 정도를 달리하므로써 동일주내의 Source와 Sink의 크기를 조절하여 시험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 동일주내에서 적엽한 분벽자의 수가 많아질수록 적엽한 분벽자의 등숙율은 점차로 감소되었으나 완전적엽한 주의 등숙율보다는 높은 수치를 보였다. 2. 동일주내에서 적엽일적수의 비율을 달리한 처리구간에는 등숙율의 차이가 없었으나 완전적엽한 주의 등숙율보다는 높은 수치를 보였다. 3. 동일주내에서 적엽한 분벽자의 수가 많아질수록 적엽한 분벽자의 수당립중은 점차로 감소되었으나 완전적엽한 주의 수당립중보다는 많았다. 4. 동일주내에서 적엽일적수의 비율을 달리한 처리구간에는 수당립중의 차이가 없었으나 완전적엽구의 수당립중보다는 많은 값을 보였다. 5. 동일주내에서 적엽한 분벽자의 수를 달리하거나 적엽일적수한 분벽자의 비율을 달리한 결과 출수기 이후에도 동화산물이 분벽자간에 이동되는 것이 확인됐고 이와 같은 현상을 Source와 Sink의 관계로 해석할 수 있었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.112-126
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• 1991

The atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is ever-increasing and expected to reach about 600 ppmv some time during next century. Such an increase of $CO_2$ may cause a warming of the earth's surface of 1.5 to 4.5$^{\circ}C$, resulting in great changes in natural and agricultural ecosystems. The climatic scenario under doubled $CO_2$ projected by general circulation model of Goddard Institute for Space Studies(GISS) was adopted to evaluate the potential impact of climate change on agroclimatic resources, net primary productivity and rice productivity in Korea. The annual mean temperature was expected to rise by 3.5 to 4.$0^{\circ}C$ and the annual precipitation to vary by -5 to 20% as compared to current normal climate (1951 to 1980), resulting in the increase of possible duration of crop growth(days above 15$^{\circ}C$ in daily mean temperature) by 30 to 50 days and of effective accumulated temperature(EAT=∑Ti, Ti$\geq$1$0^{\circ}C$) by 1200 to 150$0^{\circ}C$. day which roughly corresponds to the shift of its isopleth northward by 300 to 400 km and by 600 to 700 m in altitude. The hydrological condition evaluated by radiative dryness index (RDI =Rn/ $\ell$P) is presumed to change slightly. The net primary productivity under the 2$\times$$CO_2$ climate was estimated to decrease by 3 to 4% when calculated without considering the photosynthesis stimulation due to $CO_2$ enrichment. Empirical crop-weather model was constructed for national rice yield prediction. The rice yields predicted by this model under 2 $\times$ $CO_2$ climatic scenario at the technological level of 1987 were lower by 34-43% than those under current normal climate. The parameters of MACROS, a dynamic simulation model from IRRI, were modified to simulate the growth and development of Korean rice cultivars under current and doubled $CO_2$ climatic condition. When simulated starting seedling emergence of May 10, the rice yield of Hwaseongbyeo(medium maturity) under 2 $\times$ $CO_2$ climate in Suwon showed 37% reduction compared to that under current normal climate. The yield reduction was ascribable mainly to the shortening of vegetative and ripening period due to accelerated development by higher temperature. Any simulated yields when shifted emergence date from April 10 to July 10 with Hwaseongbyeo (medium maturity) and Palgeum (late maturity) under 2 $\times$ $CO_2$ climate did not exceed the yield of Hwaseongbyeo simulated at seedling emergence on May 10 under current climate. The imaginary variety, having the same characteristics as those of Hwaseongbyeo except growth duration of 100 days from seedling emergence to heading, showed 4% increase in yield when simulated at seedling emergence on May 25 producing the highest yield. The simulation revealed that grain yields of rice increase to a greater extent under 2$\times$ $CO_2$-doubled condition than under current atmospheric $CO_2$ concentration as the plant type becomes more erect.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.52-56
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• 1981

대두(大豆)를 파종기(播種期) 5 월(月) 20 일(日)과 6 월(月) 20 일(日)에 파종(播種)하고 잡초(雜草)의 경합기간(競合期間)과 잡초방제기간(雜草防除期間)을 각각 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 주(週) 또는 전생육기간(全生育期間)으로 할 때 작물(作物)과 잡초(雜草)와의 경합양상(競슴樣相)과 대두(大豆)의 감수(減收)를 적게 할 수 있는 최소잡초방제기간(最少雜草防除期問)을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 1979년(年)과 1980년(年)에 포장시험(圃場試驗)을 실시(實施)하였다. l. 본(本) 시험포장(試驗圃場)의 우점잡초(優占雜草)는 쇠비름, 중대가리풀, 개갓냉이, 명아주, 깨풀, 피, 바랭이와 여뀌 등이었다. 2. 잡초(雜草)의 건물중(乾物重)은 잡초(雜草)의 경합기간(競合期間)이 길수록 증가(增加)되었으며 특히 만파(晩播)에 비하여 조파(早播)할 때 그 경향(傾向)은 더욱 현저하였다. 대두(大豆)의 수량(收量)은 잡초(雜草)의 경합기간(競合期間)이 길어짐에따라 감소(減少)되는 경향(傾向)이었으나 생육초기(生育初期)에만 경합(競合)하면 만파(晩播)할 때 감수율(減收率)이 컸지만 12 주(週)이후에는 조파(早播)한 경우에 감수정도(減收程度)가 심하였다. 3. 잡초방제기간(雜草防除期間)이 길수록 잡초(雜草)의 건물중(乾物重)은 두 파종기(播種期)에서 모두 감소(減少)되었으나 대두(大豆)의 수량(收量)은 증가(增加)되는 경향(傾向)이었다. 대두(大豆)의 감수율(減收率)은 잡초방제기간(雜草防除期間)이 길어짐에 따라 적어졌으며 만파(晩播)한 경우에 감수정도(減收程度)가 더 심하였다. 따라서 만파(晩播)하면 잡초문제(雜草問題)가 더 클 것으로 예상되며 적어도 대두(大豆) 파종후(播種後) 6주이상(週以上)은 잡초(雜草)를 제거(除去)해야 할 것으로 사료(思料)된다.