• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.22-37
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• 1974

Through the examination of hospitalized patient's records, this study purports to determine. the extent to which nursing record behaviors meet general expectations held for nursing records and the differences in nursing record behavior in relation to different nursing categories, period of recording and hospitals with different management patterns. Nursing record behaviors of 802 patient's records in four hospitals in Seoul were examined. by use of a check list, which was prepared by the author as an instrument for the study. Data obtained from this examination were processed into percentage values for percentage. test and chi-square test in order to determine their significance. Results are as follows; 1. Records pertaining to treatment ranked highest among all care categories in their extent of coverage, averaging 65.6 percent. 2. Of the treatment category records, records of medication led others at 94.3 percent. followed by records of test and collection of specimens at 59.9 percent. diet at 58.8 percent and treatment at 41.0 percent. 3. Records in the category of physical assessment and care averaged 44.1 percent, the second highest next to treatment category records, 4. Of the records in the category of physical assessment and care, records in vital signs. placed first at 98.9 percent, followed by sleep at 76.2 percent, body weight at 74.7 percent, symptoms and signs at 69.3 percent, rest at 44.5 percent, hygiene at 39.7 percent, activities and participation at 16.9 percent, positions at 10.3 percent, level of consciousness at 9.8 percent and physiological dysfunction at 1.1 percent in that order. 5. Records in the category of psychological assessment and care averaged 3.2 percent, the lowest of the -three major categories. 6. Of the records in the category of psychological assessment and care, records on emotional responses ranked top at 10.5 percent, followed by self-concern at 2.1 percent, adjustment at 2.0 percent, family, occupational and social relations at 0.7 percent and preferences. and interest at 0.5 percent in that order. 7. Records in relation to the category of specific conditions were found in 9.1 percent of the total records. 8. Of the records in the category of specific conditions, consultation and transfer records, stood first at 25.0 percent, followed by precautionary measurements at 1.4 percent and isolation at 0.9 percent 9. A great difference in nursing record behavior was observed between the first week of hospitalization and the last week, with the first week's recordings much higher than the last week in the categories of treatment and specific conditions (p<0.01). and of physical assessment and care (p <0.05). 10. A big difference was also observed among the hospitals (p<0.01). 11. A big difference was also observed between the government-run hospitals and the private hospitals in the categories of physical assessment and care and specific conditions in the first week of hospitalization (P<0.05l), and in the category of psychological assessment and care in the last week (P<0.05). 12. Between the hospitals established with foreign aid and the other hospitals, the difference in nursing record behavior was significant only in the category of physical assessment and care both in the first week and the last week (P<0.01). 13. The average nursing record behavior in all care categories stood at 45.1 percent in the extent of its coverage in relation to the general expectations.

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.11 no.6 s.116
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• pp.75-83
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• 1979

In order to evaluate the effect of lipids on the utilization of the energy and protein of the diet, the isocaloric and isoprotein diets added with mutton fat, tallow, and lecithin at the levels of two percent and five percent were prepared. The growth of chicken and the feed efficiency were observed on hatched chicken which were fed a commercial diet for the first week, with starters for the next four weeks, and with finisher diets for the last three weeks respectively during the eight weeks of the experiment. Growth rate, feed efficiency, and average body weight gain per day were similar among the chicken fed diets containing various lipids or at the levels of two percent and five percent. The metabolize energy of the diets was found to be from 2.713 kcal to 3.059 kcal per gram, and the metabolizability of the gross energy was from 62 percent to 70 percent. Also the metabolizability of basal diet was higher as compared with the diets containing lipids. And the lower energy utiliztion was found in the broilers fed diets containing five percent lipids than those of two percent, showing not significant difference between them. Daily matabolizable energy of three week old brids ranged from 0.631 gr to 0.738 gr, which showed an increasing tendency on the birds fed five percent mutton fat and tallow in comparison with those of two percent. But the lecithin brought about a reverse tendency. The digestibility of crude fats was found to be from 48 percent to 76 percent, but bot significant difference among diets plus lipids or at the levels of two percent and five percent. The birds fed five percent mutton fat and tallow showed a tendency of lower digestibility as compared with those fed two percent, but the similar results were found between two percent and five percent lecithin fed to the birds. Then, it was tentatively concluded that the effect of the mutton fat on the energy and protein utilization was similar to tallow but resulted different tendency with lecithin.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 1982

As an attempt to reduce the consumption of petroleum resources and to improve the performance of a kerosene engine, a series of experiments was conducted using several kinds of ethanol-kerosene blends under the various compression ratios. The engine used in this study was a single-cylinder, four-cycle kerosene engine having a compression ratio of 4.5. To investigate the feasibility of ethanol-kerosene blends in the original engine, kerosene and blends of 5-percent, 10-percent, and 20-percent-ethanol, by volume, with kerosene were used. And to investigate the feasibility of improving the performance of the kerosene engine, a portion of the cylinder head was cut off to increase the compression ratio up to 5.0 by reducing the combustion chamber volume. Kerosene and blends of 30-percent and 40-percent-ethanol, by volume, with kerosene were used for the modified engine with an increased compression ratio. Variable speed tests at wide-open throttle were also conducted at five speed levels in the range of 1000 to 2200 rpm for each compression ratio and fuel type. Volumetric efficiency, engine torque, and brake specific fuel consumption were determined, and brake thermal efficiency based on the lower heating values of kerosene and ethanol was calculated. The results obtained in the study are summarized as follows: A. Test with the original engine: (1) No abnormal conditions were found when burning ethanol-kerosene blends in the original engine. (2) Volumetric efficiency increased with ethanol concentration in blends. When burning blends of 5-percent, 10-percent, and 20-percent ethanol, by volume, with kerosene, average volumetric efficiency increased 1.6 percent, 2.6 percent, and 4.1 percent respectively, than when burning kerosene. (3) Mean engine torque increased 5.2 percent for 5-percent-ethanol blend, 9.3 percent for 10-percent-ethanol blend, and 11.5 percent for 20-percent-ethanol blend than for kerosene. Increase in engine torque when using ethanol-kerosene blends was due to the improved combustion characteristics of ethanol as well as an increase in volumetric efficiency. (4) Up to ethanol concentration of 20 percent, mean brake specific fuel consumption was nearly constant inspite of the difference in heating value between ethanol and kerosene. (5) Brake thermal efficiency increased 0.3 percent for 5-percent-ethanol blend, 3.8 percent for 10-percent-ethanol blend, and 6.8 percent for 20-percent-ethanol blend than for kerosene. B. Test with the modified engine with an increased compression ratio: (1) When burning kerosene, mean volumetric efficiency, engine torque, and brake thermal efficiency were somewhat lower than for the original engine. (2) Engine torque increased 15.1 percent for 30-percent-ethanol blend and 18.4 percent for 40-percent-ethanol blend than for kerosene. (3) There was no significant difference in brake specific fuel consumption regardless of ethanol concentration in blends. (4) Brake thermal efficiency increased 15.0 percent for 30-percent-ethanol blend and 19. 5 percent for 40-percent-ethanol blend than for kerosene.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.514-520
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to provide the reference data for estimating body composition and developing equations for prediction of percent body fat. This study was designed of two aspects: Comparison of percent body fat measurements between two operators. comparison of percent body fat measurements among four instruments. Percent body fat of college girls(n=71) aged 18-24 was measured by skinfold thickness, near-infratred interactance(Futrex-5000), and bioelectrical impedance analysis (TBF-105, Spectrum II). All measurements were duplicated & measured by two operators. The results are summarized as follows: Percent body fat observed from two operators had no significant difference. There was significant difference from four instruments. However, we found close relation between Skinfold thickness & TBF-105, Spectrum II & Near-infrared interactance. Four instruments have several assumptions and limitations. Therefore, many researches for developing new equations are required for Korean people.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.287-296
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to compare the regional difference of death from intentional self-harm. The analysis was based on data of intentional self-harm deaths (31,450) from the 2010-2011 vital statistics of Korea. The suicide rate (per 100,000 population) was 46.2 in male and 22.3 in female. Gender ratio (male / female) of suicide rate was 2.07, and Jeju province had the lowest gender ratio (1.82), and Chungbuk province had the highest gender ratio (2.42). In the age-gender standardized death rate (per 100,000) of self-harm by region, the highest suicide rate was observed in Gangwon province (44.8) and Chungnam province (44.3), and the lowest in Seoul metropolitan city (28.9) and Ulsan metropolitan city (29.2). There was a significant increase in the rate of suicide in city areas (odds ratio: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.08-1.13), county areas (1.62, 1.56-1.67) as compared with the rate of suicide in metropolitan areas. The commonest methods of suicide were hanging (53.7 percent), self-poisoning by pesticides (16.8 percent) and jumping from a height (14.3 percent). The methods used for suicide differed between rural (county) and urban areas (metropolitan city and city). In county areas, 43 percent of suicides used pesticides as compared to only 7-18 percent of those in urban areas. In urban areas, jumping was more common (13-17 percent vs. 6 percent). There were no difference in hanging between urban and rural areas. The odds ratio of death by pesticides was 9.86 in rural areas compared with death rate of metropolitan areas. The odds ratio of death by jumping was 0.59 in rural compared with death rate of metropolitan areas.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.71-79
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• 1980

The purpose of this study was (1) to determine the prevalence of some causes by which dental occlusion might be affected , (2) to determine the prevalence of malocclusion, and types of molar, vertical incisor and horizontal incisor relationships, and (3) to examine the sex difference in the prevalence ratios, and (4) to determine the between-examiner differences in assessing types of dental occlusion. The material consisted of 1281 males and 811 females, total 2091 persons, aged 17 to 21 years. Two examiners who were graduate students in the orthodontic course, examined independently dental occlusion of the material. Before calculating the statistics, the subjects consisted of 156 mates and 164 females, total 320 persons, haying any one or more causes suspected to affect dental occlusion, was eliminated. Then the remained subjects, 1124 males and 647 females, total 1771 persons, were assessed. The results were as follows 1. The prevalence of some causes by which dental occlusion might be affected was 15.32 per cent. The missing rate of any one or more first molars was 8.85 percent, that of any one or more teeth positioned anterior to the first molar was 3.83 per cent. The prevalence of crossbite of the first molar was 0.48 per cent, that of retained primary teeth was 0.77 percent, and that of orthodontic treatment was 0.43 per cent. 8. The rate of between-examiner difference was 12.53 per cent in assessing the types of molar relationship, 18.86 percent in assessing the types of horizontal incisor relationship, and 26.37 percent in assessing the types of horizontal incisor relationship. 3. There was no sex difference in the prevalence ratios of the types of molar relationship. The prevalence of Class I molar relationship was 80.91 percent, that of Class II was 5,03, that of Class II subdivision was 4.01, Percent, that of Class III was 5.99 percent and that of Class III subdivision was 4.07 percent. 4. In the prevalence of the types of horizontal incisor relationship, there were no sex differences except that of Class II division 2. The prevalence of Class I horizontal incisor relationship was 73.12 percent, that of Class II division t was 12.03 percent, that of Class II division 2 was 6.58 percent in male and 4.33 percent in female, and that of Class III was 9.09 percent. 5. In the prevalence of the types of vertical incisor relationship, there were no sex differences except that of deep bite, The prevalence of open bite was 2.20 per cent, that of edge-to-edge bite was 9.15 percent, that of normal bite was 76,34 percent, and that of deep bite was 14.15 percent in male and 9.12 percent in female. 6. There was no sex difference in the prevalence of malocclusion the prevalence of malocclusion was 82.67 percent and that of normal occlusion was 17.33 percent. 7. There was a tendency that when Class I molar relationship changed to Class II, incisor relationships were to be larger overjet or upright upper incisors and deep bite, but when that changed to Class III molar relationship, these were to be cross bite and openbite.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.447-451
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• 2008

This study was carried out to know the difference of vapor transmission on the thickness of Paulownia wood(Paulownia tomentosa). The behavior of moisture transmission of wood thickness direction is generally estimated by vapor permeability and vapor transmission resistance. In general, Paulownia wood is known to use of inside material for furniture making, because of the excellent ability of vapor adsorption and/or desorption. Quarter sawing Paulownia wood material is prepared and the thickness is 6.0mm, 7.0mm, 8.0mm, 9.0mm, 10.0mm, respectively. The measurement of vapor transmission were conducted by the "cup method" in accordance with JIS(Japanese Industrial Standard) Z-0208. The experiment was made in the condition of 49.8mmHg vapor pressure difference and $40^{circ}C$ at constant temperature. From the experiment results, it was considered that Paulownia wood is very stable on moisture variation and any other material conditions. In this experiment we found that the vapor permeability and vapor permeance was reduced with the increase of wood thickness to vapor direction and vapor transmission resistance and specific vapor transmission resistance was increased with the increase of wood thickness to vapor direction. Besides moisture contents of adsorption and desorption side were about 5 percent and 14 percent, respectively. Mean value was 9.5 percent and about 10 percent in dry oven method. Moisture gradient was reduced with the increase of wood thickness for a small moisture difference of adsorption and desorption side.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.297-302
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• 1990

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of heparin, CSA and PC12 on sperm motility and acrosome reaction in bovine fresh and frozen semen which were washed and incubated in mTALP, and also the effect of heparin-pretreatment on motility and acrosome reaction in mTALP, and also the effect of heparin-pretreatment on motility and acrosome reaction of sperm treated with PC12, and the results obtained were as follows : 1. When fresh sperm was once washed and then incubated for 15 minutes in mTALP containing heparin 1, heparin 2, CSA and PC12, the percent of motile sperm of PC12 was significantly lower than that of control, heparin 1, heparin 2 and CSA. But the percent of acrosomereacted sperm of PC12 was signifciantly higher than that of control, heparin 1, heparin 2, and CSA. 2. When frozen sperm was once washed and then incubated for 15 minutes in mTALP containing heparin 1, heparin 2, CSA and PS12, there was no significant difference in the percent of motile sperm among treatments, but the percent of acrosome-reacted sperm of PC12 was signifciantly higher than that of heparin 2, and there was no significant difference in the percent of acrosome-reacted sperm among control, heparin and CSA. 3. When fresh sperm was twice washed and then incubated for 15 minutes in mTALP containing heparin and PC12, there was no significant differrence in the percent of motile sperm among treatments, but the percent of acrosome-reacted sperm of PC12 was significantly higher than that of control and heparin. When the sperm was incubated for 120 minutes, the percent of motile sperm of PC12 was significantly lower than that of control and heparin, but the percent of acrosome-reacted sperm of PC12 was significantly higher than that of control and heparin. 4. When fresh sperm was twice washed and preincubated in mTALP containing heparin for 0, 15, 120, and 240 minutes, and then incubated with PC12 for 15 minutes, there was no significant difference in the perce수 of motile sperm among treatments, but the percent of acrosome-reacted sperm of 120 and 240 minutes was significantly higher than that of 0 and 15 minutes.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.105-117
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of aroma therapy on anxiety and pain before and after tooth extraction. The subjects in this study were 60 patients who felt severe anxiety and pain due to tooth extraction. The experiment was conducted from January through March, 2004, by organizing an experimental group and a control group with 30 patients each. The experimental group was asked to keep wearing lavender-containing necklaces from two days before tooth extraction to inhale lavender, and no such an action was taken to the control group. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS 10.0 program to obtain statistical data. and ${\times}2$ test and t-test were implemented. The findings of this study were as follows: 1. Regarding whether or not the experimental and control groups were homogeneous, men outnumbered women, and the largest number of the patients were in their 30s. Those who were married were more than the others who were unmarried in number, and those who lived with their spouses under the same roof together outnumbered the others who didn't, as the rate of the former stood at 65 percent in the experimental group and 86.4 percent in the control group. They expressed high satisfaction at their spouses, since 45 percent of the experimental group and 31 percent of the control group did it, but the difference between them and those who were unsatisfied was insignificant (pE0.347). By occupation, the largest number of people in the experimental group, which numbered 16.7 percent, were self-employed, and lots of patients in the control group were government workers. As for blood type, type A was most prevailing, which recorded 43.3 percent. By religion, 43 percent of the experimental group had no religion, whereas 36.7 percent of the control group were Christian. The most common monthly income ranged from 2 million to 2.5 million won. 2. There was little disparity in past pain experience between the two groups before aroma therapy was applied. The experimental group underwent more pain (6.15) than the control group (5.78), but the difference wasn't significant. The experimental group (90%) experienced more anxiety and fear than the control group(83%), but the difference was insignificant. This fact showed that there was little gap between the two groups in anxiety and fear caused by tooth extraction. Contrary to earlier expectation that pre-anxiety might not be the same. little significant difference was found. 3. After aroma therapy was applied, 50 percent of the experimental group and 23.3 percent of the control group suffered significantly less anxiety and fear about tooth extraction(${\times}2$=4.59, pE.05). And the experimental group exposed to aroma therapy was less nervous(3.0) than the control group(4.39), and the gap between the two was significant (t=13.37, pE.001). Therefore, aroma therapy had a good effect on alleviating their anxiety. During tooth extraction. 73.3 percent of the experimental group and 93.3 percent of the control group felt pain. The former group suffered Significantly less pain(${\times}2$=4.32, PE.05). Concerning the extent of pain, the experimental group(2.53) found it less painful to have their teeth extracted than the control group(5.50), and the gap between the two was significant(t=5.89, PE.05). 4. As to the effect of aroma therapy on alleviating anxiety or fear, the experimental group(33.3%) felt that aroma therapy let them more relieved. Every member of that group was willing to use aroma therapy again in the future, and 86.7 percent of that group perceived that aroma therapy made a difference to dental treatment. The experimental group responded to aroma therapy favorably, as every member of it had an intention to advise others to use that therapy.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.15-23
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• 1978

This study was conducted to see the present situation of rest in a military hospital. 120 medical patients but acute af critical cases were interviewed by the investigators during the period of August 20 to September 10, 1978. The questionnaire was consisted of questions regarding the general characteristics of tile respondents, rest methods and nursing activities inducing them to rest. 1, Of the rest methods, tying down on the bed comfortably placed first at 29.1 percent, followed by sleeping at 20,1 percent, reading at 16.8 percent, taking a moderate exercise, being free from their concerns of diseases & surrounding matters at 11.7 percent, respectively, playing the game of Badook or Chess at 6.7 percent , others at 3.9 percent in that order. 2. They mainly utilized the Lying down method for comfort & rest, but there were some differences depending on their educational backgrounds. 3. Some differences were observed in the methods of rest by the religions. 4. The differences between diseases af rest methods except bed rest af sleeping were observed. 5. Of the nursing activities inducing them to rest, counseling stood first at 43.3 percent, followed by teaching at 28.4 percent, relief of pain af discomfort at 20 percent, active attitudes of nurses to help them at 8.3 percent in that order. 6. There was no significant difference between the level of education or religions and nursing activities inducing them to rest. 7. Nursing activities which induced comfort ＆ rest by diseases were mainly counseling & teaching.