• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.399-425
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• 2009

This study aims to conceptualize 'perceived disability discrimination', to evaluate the coverage of Korea's Disability Discrimination Act from the perspective of perceived discrimination, and to discuss the possibility of legal judgement on the perceived disability discrimination. As a general concept, it is the perceived discrimination that people with disabilities feel or experience any type of discrimination based on stigma, disability oppression, prejudice, or stereotype. The Korea's Disability Discrimination Act does not consider some perceived discrimination as a subject of legal judgement. Although indirect discrimination is a very good content to correct wrong social rules, values, institutions, actually, it is confronted with being remained useless. Perceived disability discrimination such as strangers' staring or benevolent disability discrimination are not included in the coverage of Korea's Disability Discrimination Act. The disability discrimination experienced by family members who has a disabled member was not a matter of current Korea's Disability Discrimination Act. Considering perceived disability discrimination, coverage of Korea's Disability Discrimination Act should be extended to the concept of discrimination against disability, not against people with disability. Based on the concept of indirect discrimination, social rules and institutions should be examined if they are discriminative or not in dealing with the matters of people with disabilities. Also, for judging perceived disability discrimination, it is necessary to use 'the standard of reasonable people with disability', which comes from judgement standard of sexual harassments. The reality of oppressive ideology against disability should be socially accepted and the social reconstruction for people with disabilities should go on.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.432-445
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of the school organizational climate with perceived discrimination and the workplace violence among school health teachers. Methods: The research design was a cross-sectional study. The subjects of the study were 350 school health teachers with more than one year of teaching experience. Data were collected online using a questionnaire. Research variables are general characteristics, organizational climate, perceived discrimination, and workplace violence. The relationship between organizational climate and perceived discrimination and the relationship between organizational climate and workplace violence were analyzed using regression analysis. Results: The score for organizational climate of health teachers was 3.10 out of 5 points, the score for perceived discrimination was 2.85 out of 5 points, and the experience rate of workplace violence was 16.9%. School organizational climate was related to both workplace violence and perceived discrimination. The subcomponents of organizational climate affecting perceived discrimination of health teachers were interrelationship and the level of compensation. The subcomponents of organizational climate affecting workplace violence of health teachers were interrelationship and autonomy. Conclusion: The improvement of the school's organizational climate can reduce the level of workplace violence and discrimination against health teachers. It is important to establish an appropriate evaluation system for health teachers and to recognize the role and expertise of health teachers. In addition, it is necessary for school administraters to actively support health teahcers and to create an organizational climate where they can be friendly and communicative.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.511-534
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• 2015

The primary goal of the present study was to examine the moderating effects of coping strategies, cultural identity, and bicultural self-efficacy on the relationship between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms of Korean Canadian college students. Data were collected from 214 Korean Canadian college students studying in Canada through an online and offline survey. A direct effect of perceived discrimination on depressive symptoms and the moderating effects of coping strategies on the relationship between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms were examined by using hierarchical regression analysis. And three-way interaction of perceived discrimination, coping strategies, and cultural identity, and perceived discrimination, coping strategies, and bicultural self-efficacy on depressive symptoms were examined. Results from a hierarchical regression indicated that perceived discrimination significantly predicted depressive symptoms and this finding is in line with previous studies. Second, reflective, suppressive, and reactive coping strategies did not moderate the relationship between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms. Third, the three-way interaction effect of perceived discrimination, suppressive coping strategy, and heritage identity predicted the depressive symptoms. Low heritage identity, high level of perceived discrimination and the frequent use of suppressive coping strategy increased the level of depressive symptoms. Fourth, the three-way interaction effect of perceived discrimination, coping strategies, and bicultural self-efficacy did not predict the depressive symptoms. Limitations and applied implications of the results are discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.100-107
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• 2016

Purpose: The goal of this study was to examine the association between perceived racial discrimination and substance use and the potential moderating effect of perceived parental affection between the two variables. Methods: A total of 101 Korean American adolescents participated in this cross-sectional study utilized an online survey. Descriptive statistics were used to describe for means and frequencies and the patterns of substance use. Logistic regression analysis was also used to examine the association between perceived discrimination and substance use. Results: Ninety percent of the participants reported perceiving racial discrimination, and 21% had used at least one kind of substance in the month prior to taking the survey. The most frequently used substance was alcohol, followed by marijuana and tobacco products. Logistic regression analysis revealed a link between perceived racial discrimination and substance use (OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.01, 3.00). However, parental affection did not moderate between racial discrimination and substance use. Conclusion: These findings suggest that perceived racial discrimination is positively associated with substance use among Korean American adolescents, and health care providers, counselors, and school nurses should screen for discrimination-related stress and substance use in this population.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.366-376
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• 2019

Objectives: The relationships among discrimination, social support, and mental health have mostly been studied in minorities, and relevant studies in the general population are lacking. We aimed to investigate associations between discrimination and depressive symptoms in Korean non-minority young adults, considering the role of social support. Methods: In total, 372 participants who completed the psychological examinations conducted in the third wave of the Jangseong High School Cohort study were included. We used the Everyday Discrimination Scale to evaluate perceived discrimination and the Beck Depression Inventory-II to measure depressive symptoms. Social support was measured by the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Multivariate linear regression was conducted to investigate associations between discrimination and depression, along with the effect modification of social support. We stratified the population by gender to investigate gender differences. Results: Perceived discrimination was significantly associated with depressive symptoms (${\beta}=0.736$, p<0.001), and social support was negatively associated with depression (${\beta}=-0.245$, p<0.001). In men, support from friends was the most influential factor (${\beta}=-0.631$, p=0.011), but no significant effect modification was found. In women, support from family was the most influential factor (${\beta}=-0.440$, p=0.010), and women with higher familial support showed a significantly diminished association between discrimination and depression, unlike those with lower family support. Conclusions: Discrimination perceived by individuals can lead to depressive symptoms in Korean young adults, and this relationship can may differ by gender and social support status.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.301-307
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• 2016

Objectives: This study investigated the association between perceived ethnic discrimination and depressive symptoms among biethnic adolescents in South Korea. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of 4141 biethnic adolescents using data from the 2012 National Survey of Multicultural Families. Perceived ethnic discrimination was measured using the question "Have you ever been discriminated against or ignored because either of your parents is not a Korean?" with an assessment of depressive symptoms over the past 12 months. Logistic regression was applied to examine potential associations between perceived ethnic discrimination and depressive symptoms. Results: Among 4141 biethnic adolescents, 558 (13.5%) reported having experienced ethnic discrimination. The most common discriminatory perpetrators were friends (n=241, 5.8%), followed by strangers (n=67, 1.6%). Depressive symptoms were related to experience of ethnic discrimination (odds ratio [OR], 3.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.89 to 4.98) after adjusting for potential confounders. In an analysis focusing on the perpetrators of discrimination, depressive symptoms were found to be associated with perceived ethnic discrimination from friends (OR, 3.95; 95% CI, 2.75 to 5.68), teachers (OR, 4.53; 95% CI, 2.16 to 9.51), family members and relatives (OR, 3.89; 95% CI, 1.59 to 9.48), neighbors (OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.14 to 5.38), and strangers (OR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.30 to 4.79). Furthermore, the OR for depressive symptoms among those exposed to 1, 2, or 3 or more discriminatory perpetrators were 3.61 (95% CI, 2.49 to 5.24), 3.61 (95% CI, 1.68 to 7.74), and 6.69 (95% CI, 2.94 to 15.22), respectively. Conclusions: According to our findings, friends were the most common perpetrators of discrimination and the experience of ethnic discrimination was associated with depressive symptoms among biethnic adolescents in South Korea.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.429-449
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine whether gender collective self-esteem would moderate the relationship between perceived gender discrimination and belief in a just world (BJW) after controling the effect of personal self-esteem. For this, we measured perceived gender discrimination, personal self-esteem, gender collective self-esteem, and BJW in a sample of 300 women and conducted hierarchical regression analysis. The results revealed that, after controlling the effect of personal self-esteem, gender collective self-esteem moderated the association between perceived gender discrimination and BJW. That is, as gender collective self-esteem became greater, the negative effect of perceived gender discrimination on BJW decreased. In addition, we tested if four aspects of gender collective self-esteem (e.g. membership, private, public, identity) moderated the relationship between perceived gender discrimination and BJW. It was found that all of the four aspects except identity had significant moderating effects. Finally, we discussed limitations, suggestions for future research and clinical implications.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.351-378
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• 2020

The purpose of the study was to identify the latent classes of meta-awareness of gender discrimination among Korean young adults using Latent Profile Analysis based on 'perceived ambivalence toward men among women', 'perceived ambivalent sexism among men', 'perceived gender(reverse-) discrimination in Korea'. After identifying the latent classes, the difference between gender role conflict, sense of distance from the opposite sex, and support for gender discrimination issues were explored among the classified groups. As a result, 3 latent classes among women and 2 latent classes among men were identified. Latent classes among women were named 'women with low sensitivity of sexism', 'women with high sensitivity of sexism' and 'women against sexism' and latent classes among men were named 'men with perception of gender equality', 'men with perception of reverse discrimination'. Types with higher levels of meta-awareness of gender discrimination were related with higher gender role conflict and higher sense of distance from the opposite sex. Among women, types with higher levels of meta-awareness of gender discrimination perceived higher levels of gender discrimination and showed more support for gender discrimination issues while among men, types with higher levels of meta-perception of gender discrimination only perceived higher levels of reverse discrimination. Based on the present findings, implications about the severe gender conflict among Korean young adults are further discussed in the article.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.151-164
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• 2024

This study examined the effects of perceived discrimination on multicultural adolescents regarding feelings of conflict over their ethnic identity by investigating the moderating role of father-child open communication and mother-child open communication mediated by bicultural competence. A total of 234 middle school students (grades 7-8; 139 girls and 95 boys) from multicultural families, from which the father is Korean and the mother is not, participated in the study. Data was collected through an online self-report questionnaire and was analyzed via SPSS 26.0 and Process (Version 4.1) MACRO. The results can be summarized as follows. First, bicultural competence mediated the effects of perceived discrimination on feelings of conflict over one's ethnic identity. Enhanced bicultural competence resulting from a lower perception of discrimination contributed to a reduction in feelings of conflict over one's ethnic identity. Second, the moderated mediation effect of fatherchild open communication was significant, while the effect of mother-child open communication was not. Thus, the mediation relationship (lower perceived discrimination increased bicultural competence and, thus, reduced conflict over one's ethnic identity) grew stronger as the level of father-child open communication increased. The significance of this study lies in uncovering the causal relationships between individual and environmental factors that contribute to ethnic identity development among multicultural adolescents, particularly highlighting the important role of Korean fathers within multicultural households.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.173-194
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• 2004

According to modified labeling theory, because persons with mental illness internalize the stigma of the public, they anticipate discrimination or rejection by others. Such reactions may have negative effects on both psychological and social functioning. We propose that perceived stigma are central to understanding the poor adjustment of mental patients. This study was conducted by the survey with 377 mental patients in order to discover the pathways by which perceived stigma affected life satisfaction and self-esteem. The major findings of the study were : 1) Perceived stigma has a direct effect on life satisfaction as well as indirect effect through patients' experience of discrimination. 2) Perceived stigma has no direct effect but indirectly affected self-esteem through patients' experience of discrimination and internal attribution of discriminatory situations. Based on these findings, consumer-initiated anti-stigma campaign were discussed.