• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.397-408
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• 1999

In the year of 1998 the heads of dog raised in Korea were 1,846,411 and the number of the households raising dogs is 819,112 which means that the heads of pet dog and edible dos were 819,112 and 1,027,299, respectively, because each house raised about one pet dog and one edible dog breeder raised hundreds of dog. in 1998 the number of exported dogs came to 28 heads and that of imported dogs was 296 heads. But edible dog that was slaughtered or processed has not been reported to be exported or imported. It is known that at the Shenyang Xingshan Food Ltd in Shenyang, Chinese, 300,000 heads of dogs were rais-ed slaughtered and processed of dog meat per year, and 20% of them were exported. In Korea the cook of dog meat is a special food culture with a long history. During the Chosun dynasty dog meat had been eaten to be cooked diversely such as Gaejangkuk(a soup) Suyuk(a boiled meat) Sundae(a sausage) Kui(a roasted meat) Gaezim(a steamed meat) Nurumi(a meat roasted or fried to which lot of spice paste are added) Gaesoju(an extract) Musulju(a wine) Musuldang(a sweet cane) Now it is cooked as Bosintang(a soup) Suyuk (a boiled meat) Jeongol (boiled meat mixed with spices vegetables and water on the pot) Duruchigi(boiled meat added spice vegatasble and slightly roasted) Muchim(boiled meat added by spice and mixed) Gaesoju(an extract) with the number of recipes lessened compared with those of the old times. The reason is due to the intervention and criticism from foreign countries. But foreigner's blame for the dog meat is absurd and excessive action because Korea raises exceptional dogs which are edible.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.562-571
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• 2019

Background: Ginsenosides have been widely used clinically for many years and were regarded as very safe. However, a few researches on the toxicities of these kinds of agents showed that some ginsenosides may have side-effect on the rats or dogs. So it is extremely necessary to further clarify the potential toxicity of ginsenosides. This study was carried out to investigate long-term toxicity and genotoxicity of 25-methoxydammarane-3, 12, 20-triol ($25-OCH_3-PPD$), a new derivative of ginsenoside, in beagle dogs. Methods: Twenty-four beagle dogs were divided randomly into four treatment groups and repeatedly orally administered with $25-OCH_3-PPD$ capsule at 60, 120, and 240 mg/kg/day for 91 consecutive days. Ames, micronucleus, and chromosomal aberration tests were established to analyze the possible genotoxicity of $25-OCH_3-PPD$. Results: There was no $25-OCH_3-PPD$einduced systemic toxicity in beagle dogs at any doses. The level of $25-OCH_3-PPD$ at which no adverse effects were observed was found to be 240 mg/kg/day. The result of Ames test showed that there was no significant increase in the number of revertant colonies of $25-OCH_3-PPD$ administrated groups compared to the vehicle control group. There were also no significant differences between $25-OCH_3-PPD$ administrated groups at all dose levels and negative group in the micronucleus test and chromosomal aberration assay. Conclusion: The highest dose level of $25-OCH_3-PPD$ at which no adverse effects were observed was found to be 240 mg/kg per day, and it is not a genotoxic agent either in somatic cells or germs cells. $25-OCH_3-PPD$ is an extremely safe candidate compound for antitumor treatment.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.325-329
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• 2019

This study was designed to compare the effects of continuous release of an anti-glaucoma drug applied by an osmotic pump and by conventional eye drop instillation in normal beagle dogs, by measuring drug concentration in the blood and monitoring intra-ocular pressure (IOP). In group 1, an osmotic pump filled with Trusopt® was implanted subcutaneously over the right eye of each dog and the IOP was measured. In group 2, the right eye of each dog was administered with 2% dorzolamide (Trusopt®, Merck, USA) three times per day. Blood was sampled once per week in all groups. The IOP of the end of this study was 16.7 ± 0.58 mmHg in group 2 and 17.7 ± 2.52 mmHg in group 2. Dorzolamide concentration in blood increased continuously over 4 weeks up to 585.8 ± 79.42 ㎍/L in group 1, and 747.3 ± 27.89 ㎍/L in group 2. We achieved satisfactory results in the osmotic pump group, which had a similar effect on IOP, and low fluctuations in IOP. Therefore, the results of this study should allow osmotic pumps to be consider as an alternative method to eye drops for the effective, safe, and convenient treatment of glaucoma.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.467-472
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• 2011

This study was conducted to describe clinical presentation of pelvic fracture and compare clinical outcomes of each part of pelvic fractures in 54 client-owned dogs. There was an average of 3.61 pelvic fractures per dog and 47 dogs had more than two fractures. The average time until initial weight-bearing on the affected leg, hospitalization after surgery, and lameness score at final check in 31 dogs that underwent surgery were 7.04 days, 16.39 days, and 1.25, respectively, and there were no significant difference in the incidence of sacroiliac luxation, iliac fracture, and acetabular fracture among them. The length of hospitalization and the lameness score upon final check of the dogs with over two surgically repaired sites were significantly longer and higher than those of the dogs with one surgically repaired site (P = .043 and P = .008, respectively). Upon final check of the dogs with bilateral pelvic fracture that was surgically treated, the hospitalization and lameness score were significantly longer and higher than those of dogs with unilateral pelvic fracture that was surgically treated (P = .034 and P = .033), respectively. The number of pelvic fractures treated surgically appears to be a more influential factor influencing recovery from pelvic fractures than the location of the pelvic fractures.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.116-125
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to assess the sugars contents of home meal replacement (HMR) products currently sold in Korea. This study surveyed and examined the sugars contents in 835 popular HMRs (294 ready-to-eat foods; RTE, 499 ready-to-cook foods; RTC, 42 fresh-cut vegetables; FCV) through the nutrition labels. The average price, weight and energy content of 835 HMR products were 3,917.5 Korean won, 336.0 g, and 522.7 kcal, respectively. The sugars content per product was significantly higher in the RTCs (13.4 g) and RTEs (10.3 g) than that in the FCVs (4.2 g) (P<0.001), and the percentage of energy from sugars was 9.7% for the RTEs, 10.2% for the RTCs, and 8.7% for the FCVs without any significant difference. The sugars contents of 9 RTE types were in the order of side dishes (34.3 g), sunsik (22.5 g) and hamburgers (12.1 g) per package. The percentage of energy from sugars was highest in side dishes (28.1%), followed by kimchi (24.9%), sunsik (17.2%), and hamburgers (10.6%). Among 14 RTC types, the sugars contents were in the order of hot dogs (52.9 g), tteokbokki (30.4 g) and noodles (21.2 g) per package. The percentage of energy from sugars was the highest at 22.9% for sauces, followed by side dishes (17.3%), porridges (14.4%), instant stews (14.3%), and hot dogs (13.1%). Strategies and practices are needed to reduce the sugars contents of HMR producers and the sugars intakes of HMR consumers.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.197-202
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• 1989

This study was performed to observe the susceptibility of dogs and cats as definitive hosts of Paragonimus ilektsuenensis. The metacercariae of this luke were obtained from Sesarma dehaani collected at a focus near the mouth of Sumjin river in November, 1986 and February, 1987. The larvae isolated from the crabs were introduced Per os into 7 albino rats, 2 dogs and 3 cats. The adults were recovered from the experimental animals, End they were morphologically observed and measured. The results were as follows: 1. The recovery rate of adult worms at 42 days after infection was 53.3% from three albino rats, 21.0% from a dog and 12.7% from two cats. Most of the worms were recovered from the worm capsules in the lungs. 2. The size of worms recovered from albino rats, a dog, and cats 42 days after infection aver-aged $6.3{\times}3.2mm,{\;}6.3{\times}3.0mm,{\;}or{\;}6.2{\times}3.5mm$, respectively. There were little differences in the morphology of worms by different experimental animals. 3. The size of eggs from a dog was $88.9{\times}49.3{\mu\textrm{m}}$, and that from cats was $84.3{\times}53.7{\mu\textrm{m}}$ on average. Dogs and cats were good definitive hosts of p. iloktsuenensis. This fact suggests that human infection by this luke may be possible if the metacercariae were ingested.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.121-125
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the general characteristics of semen such as semen volume, pH, sperm motility and sperm concentration of the semen collected from Shih Tzu dogs (age of 24 to 48 months, weight of 4 to 8 kg) by using the method of digital manipulation of the penis. The effect of preservation temperature and time on motility of fresh semen was also investigated in the present study. Semen was collected for 16 times from 4 male Shih Tzu dogs by multiple ejaculations (four times ejaculation per dog). The average of semen volume, semen pH, sperm motility and sperm concentration of the second fraction containing small volume of the initial third fraction per ejaculation were $2.11{\pm}0.31$ ml, $6.25{\pm}0.07$, $97.59{\pm}1.03%$ and $2.05{\pm}0.14{\times}10^8$ cells/ml, respectively. Average semen volume per ejaculate, semen pH, sperm motility and sperm concentration of the first fraction from the ejaculation were $1.12{\pm}0.15$ ml, $5.99{\pm}0.14$, $16.09{\pm}6.18%$ and $5.16{\pm}2.03{\times}10^5$ cells/ml, respectively. Those of second fraction were $2.07{\pm}0.29$ ml, $6.36{\pm}0.13$, $97.31{\pm}1.36%$ and $2.15{\pm}0.30{\times}10^8$ cells/ml, respectively. Those of third fraction were $2.60{\pm}0.29$ ml, $6.63{\pm}0.08$, $95.72{\pm}1.61%$ and $6.03{\pm}1.83{\times}10^7$ cells/ml, respectively. Sperm motility was significantly higher at $17^{\circ}C$ preservation temperature than at $5^{\circ}C$ or $36^{\circ}C$ during preservation period except 1 h preservation (P<0.05). When preservation temperature was $17^{\circ}C$, sperm motility was $96.69{\pm}1.49%$ at 1 h, $91.38{\pm}1.90%$ at 6 h, $88.38{\pm}2.34%$ at 12 h, $78.13{\pm}4.58%$ at 18 h, $58.44{\pm}8.57%$ at 24 h and $29.56{\pm}5.06%$ at 30 h, respectively.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.399-403
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• 2015

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a treatment for renal failure and acute poisoning, and uses the patient's peritoneum in the abdomen as a membrane across which fluids and dissolved substances are exchanged from the blood. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy and complications of automated peritoneal dialyzer (APD) in dogs with renal failure. PD was performed in 10 dogs using a swan neck catheter (Neonatal, Coviden) and automatic APD. The efficacy for each dog was assessed by calculating urea reduction ratio (URR) and creatinine reduction ratio (CRR). Mean concentrations of pre-dialysis creatinine and blood urea (BUN) were $7.09{\pm}3.84$ and $145.8{\pm}48.5$, respectively. The mean number of peritoneal dialysis cycles applied was $6{\pm}1$ cycles. Peritoneal dialysis resulted in a significant decrease in BUN concentration in 7/10 dogs, while a significant decrease in creatinine concentration in 9/10 dogs. The mean of URR was higher than that of CRR ($0.39{\pm}0.16$ vs $0.38{\pm}0.13$). The mean CRR and URR per dialysis cycles were $0.064{\pm}0.023$ and $0.065{\pm}0.023$, respectively. Complications found in this study were catheter occlusion, subcutaneous dialysate leakage, septic peritonitis, hypoalbuminemia and overhydration. This study found PD using a swan neck catheter and APD machine showed acceptable efficacy for successful peritoneal dialysis in dogs. However, close monitoring is required to minimize the risk of complication.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.317-326
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• 2006

Purpose : The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7 (rhBMP-7) injected on the rate of new-bone formation for distraction osteogenesis on dogs. Materials & Methods : Twelve adult dogs were randomly selected into two groups of six dogs on each. Unilateral osteotomies were performed on the body of the mandible and an intraoral distractor was mounted to the mandible on dogs. One group was treated with injection of rhBMP-7 and the other group served as the control. RhBMP-7 was administered on the day of surgery by single injection into the medullary bone at the osteotomy gap. Distraction was performed five days after osteotomy as a rate of 0.5 mm twice per day for 10 days. The animals were then sacrificed at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after completion of the distraction. Two dogs in each group, totaling four dogs, were killed at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks after completion of distraction, respectively. The lengthened mandibles were harvested and processed for radiographic and histological examinations. In addition, immunohistochemical examination using osteocalcin expression was studied. Results : Radiographs showed accelerated regenerate ossification with maturation of new bone in the rhBMP-7 group comparing with the control group at the 4 weeks of the consolidation. There was no significant difference in the radiographic findings at the 2 weeks and 8 weeks of the consolidation period. Histological findings demonstrated increased bone healing pattern in the rhBMP-7-treated group during all observation period. The expression of osteocalcin immunoreactivity was hardly detected in the normal mandible of dog, but the expression was detected in all experimental rhBMP-7 treated specimens. There were also significant increasing in number of positive immunostaining cells and staining intensity of osteocalcin expression in the rhBMP-7 treated group compared with those of the control group on 2-weeks and 4-weeks. There was a significant decreasing in staining intenstiy of all both two groups on 8 weeks of consolidation period, but significant differences of immunostaining was not seen in two groups. Conclusions : A single injection of rhBMP-7 at the time of osteotomy may stimulate the rate of regenerate ossification and increase callus maturation during distraction osteogenesis. In addition, it may shorten the distraction osteogenesis procedure and decrease the prevalence of complications associated with mandibular distraction osteogenesis.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.287-296
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• 2005

This experiments was designed to observe the effect of period and dose of ingestion of grapes on renal failure in dog. After the dogs had been mixed of general feed, raisins from U.S.A and fresh grapes from Chile selling in Korea. We observed the clinical sign, and analyzed the blood and urine using by biochemical test. The experiment was executed by the two following groups. The experiment group 1. derived renal failure by supplying the mixed general feed with fresh grapes and dry grapes 15 g per weight kg, 2 times a day (AM 09, PM 21), the experiment group 2. executed to derive renal failure by supplying the mixed general feed with fresh grapes and dry grapes 40 g per weight kg, 2 times a day. Extraction of blood for analysis was conducted one time a day and clinical test for renal failure was executed by means of a blood analysis, biochemical analysis, urine analysis, excretory urography (E.U) and E.R.D-$screen^{TM}$ urine test (Heska, USA). The results of group 1 were normal ranges (BUN 9.0~22.6 mg/dl, creatinine 0.8~1.2 mg/dl, Ca 9.7~12.3 mg/dl, Pi 2.9~4.6 mg/dl), renal failure was not observed. On the 3rd day in group 2, azotemia was arisen from the increasing BUN 83 mg/dl (7~25 mg/dl), creatinine 2.3 mg/dl (0.5~1.4 mg/dl), when executed urine was tested by E.R.D-$screen^{TM}$ test using in the early kidney disease diagnosis, microalbumine state was high positive, and it showed stale delay by using excretory urography (EU). This study demonstrated that acute renal failure by grapes and raisins dependent on food dose, and specific characters of individual.