• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.25-38
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• 2012

In general, commercial franchisors prefer franchisees with high entrepreneurship and business capability. However, these entrepreneurial franchisees with high capability tend to depend less on franchisors. Although franchisees with less entrepreneurship and low capability need intensive care from franchisors, some of them result in business failure due to improper supports from incapable franchisors. This paper suggests several propositions regarding social franchising's role in supporting the low-income urban people on the premise that social franchising or micro-franchising provides implications for franchisor strategic orientations for franchisees with little capital. Through literature review about social franchising and micro franchising, some implications are drawn. Many social enterprises use franchising to get growth and sustainability, because franchising allow social enterprise to expand its scale and to achieve economies of scale despite of its non-commercial and social purpose. And continuous support and training undertake the most important role to achieve its social purpose. In commercial franchising, especially small business format franchising sector, franchisor have to consider not only commercial purpose but also social responsibility because of low capability and less entrepreneurship of franchisee. If franchisor pursue only own profit, this can increase the conflict and franchise system failure. So far many franchisors are concerned with own profit and external growth. But it is necessary to consider symbiotic relationship, social responsibility and sustainability more for the sake of desirable industrial growth in the future.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.62-73
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• 2008

Purpose: To examine the outcomes of a smoking cessation clinic at a public health center, in Hwasung city in 2006 and to examine the perceptions of the users regarding the clinic services. Method: 620 smokers who visited the smoking cessation clinic from January, 2006 to November, 2006 were enrolled. An instrument developed by the researcher was used to collect their perceptions. The instrument comprised 24 questions, on a 5-point Likert scale investigating the clinic services in terms of counseling time, environment, readiness of the counselors, counseling information, campaign method, medication use, and follow-up services. The general characteristics of the participants were collected from the database developed by the Ministry of Health & Welfare. The data were analyzed with frequencies, percentage, mean and standard deviation methods. Results: The outcomes of the smoking cessation clinic in Hwasung city in 2006 showed some limitations in terms of low-income group, female smokers, and young adult smokers. Conclusion: Strategies for solving these limitations were necessary to increase the effectiveness of the smoking cessation clinic. Clinic services focused on cognitive-behavioral therapy needed to be developed in accordance with chemotherapy. More effective publicizing campaigns of the clinic services also needed to be developed for more people to know about the clinic. Strategies to increase the accessibility for the people living far from the clinic were also necessary. Assessment of the smokers who did not visit clinic was also recommended in order to determine their intentions, or barriers to visit the clinic.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.113-128
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• 2001

middle and upper class families, and examine obstacles to their introduction in Korea. Since a few large-scale facilities for the elderly with dementia have been provided for only low-income families free of charge, the necessity of group homes for middle and upper class families willing to pay for such services has become an issue recently in order to lessen the burden on families, as well as to promote the well-being of the dementia victims themselves. The survey was conducted by questionnaires collected from 577 respondents from middle and upper class families. The results of the survey were as follows: The merits of the group homes were 1)decreasing loneliness of the elderly, 2)providing active and stimulating environments allowing for participation everyday life activities, and 3)lessening the emotional and physical burden on the caring families. Potential obstacles to its introduction in Korea were 1)the difficulty of finding sites to build the group home because of the negative perception of people with disabilities and a NIMBY(Not In My Back Yard) reaction to the construction of it and 2)the economic burden on the caring family. Surprisingly, the guilt factor associated with sending the parents into group homes was not considered as a big obstacle. Referring to results of this study, it is asserted that group homes for the elderly with dementia would be embraced throughout the country if Koreans could have the chance to understand what group homes are.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.11-30
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• 2014

Objective : To compare the differences in health behaviors by chronic diseases of middle-aged living in Seoul's low-income housing Method : Of the 1469 residents aged 35 to 60 living in low-income housing in Seoul's District A, 318 were equal probability of selection method selected. t-test, ANOVA, $x^2$, OR(95% CI, P-value) were selected to analyze the data, and the confidence interval was 5%. Results : There were no significant differences in all health behaviors by vascular and metabolic, But there was a statistically significant difference for gastrointestinal diseases caused by sleep hours(p=0.001), liver diseases caused by smoking, drinking and sleep hours(p=0.004, p=0.001, and p=0.033, respectively), musculoskeletal diseases caused by sleep hours and health exam(p=0.0000 and p=0.002, respectively). Also, statistically significant differences were found for tumors caused by sleep hours(p=0.004), depression by the sleep hours and health exam(p=0.001 and p=0.013, respectively), allergies by in sleep hours(p=0.004), thyroid diseases by smoking and health exam(p=0.013 and p=0.007, respectively). After adjusting for the confounding factors for diseases, OR was obtained for each health behavior. There were no statistically significant differences in all health behaviors for vascular, metabolic, and tumors. However, the OR for gastrointestinal diseases 4.10(1.63-10.36, 0.0028) and 2.96(1.05-8.41, 0.0041) at 5-7 and 7-9 sleep hours. The OR for liver diseases was 3.13(1.03-9.48, 0.0437) at 7-9 sleep hours, the OR values for musculoskeletal diseases were 2.91(1.23-6.88, 0.00149), and 4.46(1.68-11.86, 0.0027) at 5-7 and 7-9 sleep hours. OR for depression were 4.82(1.70-13.66, 0.0031) and 4.13(1.19-14.31, 0.0026) at 5-7 and 7-9 sleep hours. OR for allergy were 2.78(1.22-6.32, 0.0015) and 3.93(1.49-10.39, 0.0058) at 5-7 and 7-9 sleep hours. There were statistical significances for liver diseases for 1-2 times of health exam at 0.35(0.14-0.90, 0.00301), for liver diseases for 1-2 times of health exam at 0.35(0.14-0.90, 0.00301), for musculoskeletal diseases for 3-4 times of health exam at 0.26(0.09-0.79, 0.0175), for depression for 3-4 times of health exam at 0.17(0.04-0.66, 0.0106), for allergies for 1-2 times of health exam at 0.30(0.13-0.70, 0.0055), and for thyroid diseases for 1-2 times and annually of health exam at 0.07(0.01-0.60, 0.00154), 0.09(0.01-0.96, 0.0461). We known significant difference the health behaviors by the diseases. especially in sleep hours and health exam times Conclusion : Only sleep hours and health exam caused statistically significant differences in chronic diseases. but the sleep hours was postitively correlated with the risk of disease, while health exam were inversely related.

• The Journal of Traditional Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.128-144
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• 2006

This Study aims at looking into the use of oriental medical services in treating hypertension. The first objective to be explored through this study is the morbidity caused by the disease, classifying them by age, gender, and occupation. The second is to determine the regular use of anti-hypertensive medicine and their efficacy in controlling blood-pressure. The third is to investigate the use-rate and satisfaction of oriental medical service. 838 households across the country, were asked to answer questionnaires for the period of time from Apr. to Jun. 2005. The conclusion from the survey can be summarized as following. The age of which the first medical diagnosis of hypertension were made showed lower in males, those with higher education and income. The study showed females were more active in blood-pressure control, with their frequent monitoring of blood-pressure for the past year. With age, people in under 50 age group proved to be less active. The management of high blood pressure was more effective in group with regular dosage compared to group with irregular use of anti-hypertensive medication, but their difference was minimal. Also, group with no medication showed signs of blood-pressure control. The use of oriental medical service for the past year, were more frequent in groups with lower education, either low or high income, old age, females and occupations in agriculture, forestry and fishing industry. Results were similar in both general population and high blood-pressure patient group. Females, people over 51 years old and with lower education showed more intentions in utilizing oriental medical services in the future. Results were similar in both general population and high blood-pressure patient group. It is necessary to offer a more accurate information on oriental medical treatments. Also, a systematic reform to reduce the patient's share of the treatment cost, as well as, heightening public awareness on the infirmity of present blood-pressure management system is crucial.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.47-58
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• 2018

Purpose - China has become the world's largest market of Korean culture goods. However the distribution and information channel from which Chinese consumers can access to Korean contents remains under-explored. This study aimed to investigate Chinese consumers' information accessing behavior. Research design, data, and methodology - We collected the sample of 800 customers who are exposed to Korean Wave in China. Regression analysis is used to confirm the relationships in the research model. Results - The results showed that official channels such as state owned sites still play a significant role, Chinese consumers prefer to use unofficial channels and the private SNS is the most popular one. It is also found that users with low interests in Korean contents prefer offline/indirect channels while people who are highly immersed into Korean culture and spend longer time on it tend to favor online/unofficial channels. The results confirms that there are some users' characteristics such as gender, age, income and experience of visiting Korea are relevant to explain their propensity to select distribution and information channels for Korean contents. Conclusions - The study enables managers to develop the more effective distribution channel strategies according to the different target consumer groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.265-273
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• 1999

Elderly Koreans living in Muju Gun, Jeonbuk were divided into two groups with ages(65~74 years old group & over 75 years old group) and surveyed with questionnaire to investigate their dietary status and those factors affected with ages. The score of food habit in both sexes showed a falling tendency as their ages increased. Compared with elderly men, elderly women showed lower quality of diet. Elderly Korean were more consumed cereals and green vegetables than milk, egg, meat & fish, seaweed and fats & oils. As education level increased, the food habit score showed a rising tendency. The correlation coefficient between the score of food habit and education level was positive in illiterate and school graduates. The score of food habit of living together with their family was higher than those of living alone or living with their spouse. As household income increased, the food habit score showed a rising tendency. In the case of self consciousness of socioeconomic status was middle, food habit score is higher than those of very low. Dental status of eldery people did not affect food habit score. Palatability showed no significant correlation with age. Elderly Koreans prefered sweet taste than salty, sour, and bitter taste.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.723-732
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• 2021

On September 25, 2015, 193 countries of the United Nations (UN) General Assembly, signed the 2030 Agenda to work towards attaining 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and its associated 169 targets and 232 indicators. With one of the largest renewable energy programs, India is well-poised to be a role model for low-carbon transformation to other Asian countries. However, bridging the financing gap is critical to ensure that the country meets its SDG targets. Though the SDGs identified by the UN are broad-based and interdependent, for ease of analysis we have grouped them into five themes - people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnership - based on existing UN models. This paper investigates the financing gap for 'green' projects linked to planet-related SDG targets in India. It builds an argument for utilizing green bonds as an instrument to bridge the gap. After establishing the potential of green bonds in raising the finance to meet India's planet-related SDG targets, we look at the current policy landscape and suggest recommendations for successful execution. The paper concludes that deepening of the corporate fixed income securities market and firming up guidelines in line with India's climate action plans are inevitable before green bonds can be considered a viable financing option.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.119-135
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• 1991

The study was designed to gain necessary basic data order to grasp health knowledge, attitude, practice level of middle and high school students and to analyse th problem and to point out the method of improvement in the field of school health education. The survery was carried out through this reporter's interview for 2,400 students who attend to ten schools in Young Nam area during the period of a month from 25 the June to 25th July 1989. The result of this study can be summaried as follows. 1. The total number of answers on the question was 2,346. As for general characteristics the percent of female middle school students was 60.6% and the percent of male students was 77.7%, 45.9% of high school students was evening school students. 52.9% of middle school students and 42.3% of high school students were borne in rural area. 2. The percentage of unknown and misunderstanding for Epidemic Hepatitis infection was 46.3% of middle school students and 29.6% of high school students. 3. The percentage of unknown and misunderstanding for Epidemic Hemorrhage fever infection was 85.6% of middle school students and 66.9% of high school students. 4. The percentage of right knowledge for AIDS infection was 66.0% of middle school students and 90.4% of high school students. 5. The percentage of right knowledge for Typhoid infection was 47.8% of middle school students and 69.4% of high school students. 6. The percentage of unknown and misunderstanding for Tuberculosis infection was 71.6% of middle school students and 62.2% of high school students. 7. As for personal hygiene, the percentage of toothbrushing after every meal was high level : 44.2% of middle school students and 42.0% of high school students. 8. 60.9% of middle school students take a bath twice a week, 49.2% oh high school students take a bath a week. Times of bath of middle school students was higher than that of high school students. 9.The percentage of washing hand after using toilet was 42.1% of middle school students and 35.1% of high school students. 49.0% of middle school students and 55.1% of high school students wash hand sometimes after using toilet. 10. The percentage of change of underwear twice a week was 57.6% of middle school students and 49.8% of high school students. 11. The percentage of habit of unbalanced diet was 30.% of middle school students and 27.6% of high school students. 50.8% of middle school students and 51.7% of high school students have balanced diet. 12. Index of health practice of personal hygiene can be summarized as follows. A. A case of middle school students. 1) The percentage of health practice index in male and female was 49.6% and 48.1% respectively. Index of female students was higher than that of male students. 2) As for parent's occupation, public servants and company emplyee was upper level. Farming was low level. 3) As for income level, middle, level with 56.5% was highest in high income level and low level with 27.4% was highest in low income level. B. A case of high school students. 1) Middle level of health practice index was 46.0% of male students, upper and low level was 32.4% and 28.0% of female students respectively. 2) Middle level of health practice index was high in farming and company employee and upper level was high in commerce and service, low level with 60.0% was high in unemployed. 3) Upper practice index 35.7% appears in the rich and low practice index 38.3% appears in the poor. 13. Average points of Health practice about personal hygiene were as follows. (Full marks at 4). A. A case of middle school. Female (1.87 point) was higher than male (1.26 point). Night time (2.03 point) was higher than day time (1.66 point) and middle or small cities (2.17 point) are high than any other places. As for parent's occupation, students whose parents are company clerk get high marks (2.32) and ten students whose parent's job are service get next high marks (2.20). B. A case of high school. Female (1.53 point) was higher than male (1.22 point), as parents educational level were higher the point were higher, and as income level was higher, the points of health practice (1.78) were higher, and as for parents occupation, service get highest point (1.93) and commerce get next high point (1.86) public servant get low point (1.66). 14. The percentage of experience in smoking was 11.9% of middle school students and 60.9% of high school students. 15. The percentage of experience in inhalation of bond and administrating LSD was 4.3% of male middle school students, 8.4% of female middle school students, 6.9% of male high school students and 4.2% of female high school students. The knowledge level of communicable disease infection are very low in middle and high school students and practice level of personal hygiene are also very low. As a whole we can evaluate that middle and high school students are low level of health knowledge and practice. In conclusion, we must consider preparation for school health education program through establishing of health subjects in the carriculum, and securing of health education teachers and using materials and media program of health education. It is very important to establish macroscopic policy and strategy for public health education and to get people have right knowledge and practice for health.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was conducted to examine the relationships of the several socioeconomic position indicators with the mortality risk in a representative longitudinal study of South Korea. Methods : The 1998 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was conducted on a cross-sectional probability sample of South Korean households, and it contained unique 13-digit personal identification numbers that were linked to the data on mortality from the National Statistical Office of Korea. Of 5,607 males and females, 264 died between 1999 and 2003. Cox's regression was used to estimate the relative risks (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) of mortality. Results: Socioeconomic differences in mortality were observed after adjustments were made for gender and age. Compared with those people having college or higher education, those people without any formal education had a greater mortality risk (RR=2.21, 95% CI=1.12-4.40). The mortality risk among manual workers was significantly greater than that for the non-manual workers (RR=2.73, 95% CI=1.47-5.06). A non-standard employment status was also associated with an increase in mortality: temporary or daily workers had a greater mortality risk than did the full-time workers (RR=3.01, 95% CI=1.50-6.03). The mortality risk for the low occupational class was 3.06 times greater than that of the high and middle occupational classes (95% CI=1.75-5.36). In addition, graded mortality differences according to equivalized monthly household income were found. A reduction of monthly household income by 500 thousand Korean Won (about 400 US dollars) was related with a 20% excess risk of mortality. Self-reported poor living standards were also associated with an increased risk of mortality. Those without health insurance had a 3.63 times greater risk of mortality than the insured (95% CI=1.61-8.19). Conclusions: This study showed the socioeconomic differentials in mortality in a national longitudinal study of South Korea. The existence of socioeconomic mortality inequalities requires increased social discussion on social policies in Korean society. Furthermore, the mechanisms for the socioeconomic inequalities of mortality need to be explored in future studies.