• 대한약리학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.103-114
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• 1992

한국산 2년생 소의 신선한 대뇌피질로 부터 synaptosomal plasma membrane vesicles (SPMV)를 분리한 후 이 SPMV로 부터 추출한 총지질 (SPMVTL) 및 총인지질 (SPMVPL)로서 인공세포막을 제제하였다. SPMVTL 및 SPMVPL의 outer monolayer에 trinitrophenyl groups로 공유결합시킴으로써 형광 probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH)의 outer monolayer 형광을 선택적으로 소광케한 후 SPMVTL 및 SPMVPL의 inner와 outer monolayer 사이의 비대칭적 유동성 존재 유무를 확인하였던 바 inner monolayer에 비하여 outer monolayer가 유동성이 크다는 것을 확인하였으며 SPMVTL에 비하여 SPMVPL의 유동성이 높았다. 뿐만 아니라 barbiturates는 SPMVTL의 유동성에 대하여는 유의성이 있을 만큼의 증감 효과를 나타내지 않았고 SPMVPL의 유동성은 감소시키되 주로 outer monolayer의 유동성을 감소시킨다는 것을 확인하였으며 barbiturates 종류에 따른 SPMVPL의 총유동성 감소의 크기는 pentobarbital > hexobarbital > amobarbital > phenobarbital의 순이었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권8호
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• pp.872-880
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of glucuronic acid on antioxidative defense system and recovery of muscle fatigue in rat artier aerobic exercise. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 150 $\pm$ 10g were randomly assigned to one normal(N) group and three exercise training groups. Exercise training groups were classified into glucuronic acid free intubation group(T group), 250mg glucuronic acid/kg bw intubation group(TU group), and 500 mg glucuronic acid/kg bw intubation group(2TU group) according to glucuronic acid supplementation level. The glucuronic acids were administered to rats by oral intubation before exercise training. The experimental rats in exercise training groups(T, TU and 2TU) were exercised on glucuronic acid supplementation or rats in normal group were confined in cage for 4 weeks. And rats were sacrificed with an overdose of pentobarbital injection just after running. Liver xanthine oxidase(XOD) activities were not significantly different among four groups. The activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) in T group was no significant difference from N group, but those of TU and 2TU groups were increased by 9% and 18%, respectively, compared with that of T group. Liver glutathione peroxidase(GSHpx) activites of T and TU groups showed a similar tendency to that of normal group, but increase 17% in 2TU group compared with normal group. The ratio of GSH/GSSG in liver of T group was lower than that of normal group, but those of TU and 2TU groups were a similar tendency to that of normal group. Contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) in T group was increased by 47%, compared with that of normal group but those of TU group and 2TU group were lower 27% and 35%, respectively, compared with that of T group. The contents of glycogen in soleus muscle significantly lower in all three trained exercise groups than that of normal group, but there were no significant differences among the trained exercise groups. Contents of hepatic glycogen in T group were decreased 27% compared with those of normal group while those of TU and 2TU groups were the same as normal group levels. The contents of serum lactic acid in T group were increased 240% of normal group, but hose of TU and 2TU groups were decreased 38%, 39%, respectively, by glucuronic acid supplementations, compared with that of T group. In conclusion, the effects of glucuronic acids in exercise training rats would appear to reduce peroxidation of tissue as an antioxidative defense mechanism and promote recovery of muscle fatigue.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.49-57
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• 1972

Ginseng, the Korean medicinal radix, has been widely used in the Chinese medicine as well as in the folk remedies for many centuries. It is claimed from experience that ginseng exerts multiple therapeutic effects in a large variety of disorders. Despite of its popularity, the chemical analysis and pharmacological study of ginseng are not firmly established. Although there are some scattered reports of ginseng effects on blood pressure, there are few reports on hypertension especially. Recently, Lee & Cho (1971) reported that the administration of ginseng significantly supresses the production of renal hypertension. This study was undertaken to reevaluate the effect of ginseng on renal hypertension and to determine whether ginseng also supresses on neurogenic hypertension, and to clarify the mechanism of this antihypertensive effect. Male rats, weighing around 180 gm on an average were used. Renal hypertension was induced by Grollman's method under general anesthesia with 35mg/kg of pentobarbital sodium. Ginseng effect on blood pressure was observed on normal, renal hypertensive and neurogenic hypertensive rats respectively. Ginseng alcohol extract (40mg/kg) was administered daily subcutaneously from 3 days prior to producing hypertension. And in renal hypertensive rats, the effects of histamine and Avil on blood pressure were also observed. Histamine (0.05mg/kg) and Avil (0.025mg/kg) were also administered daily I.M. from 3 days prior to kidney-8-ligature. The results of the experiments are as follows: 1) No significant difference was observed in blood pressure between the normotensive control and ginseng-treated normotensive rats. 2) In renal hypertensive control, the mean blood pressure already was significantly elevated on 15th day and gradually elevated. The administration of ginseng significantly supresses the production of renal hypertension from 30th day as compared with control rats. 3) The mean blood pressure in neurogenic hypertensive control was average 143.1 mmHg on 7th day. On the other hand, in ginseng treated-neurogenic hypertensive rats, the mean blood pressure was average 125.5mmHg. The administration of ginseng significantly supresses the production of neurogenic hypertension as compared with control rats. 4) In renal hypertensive rats, the administration of histamine and Avil did not differ with control rats. 5) In ginseng-treated renal hypertensive rats, cholesterol contents of plasma, adrenal, kidney and spleen were slightly decreased.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.788-796
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of various electroacupuncture duration induced by acupuncture point-Zusanli ($S_{36}$) electrical stimulation on inhibition of amplitude of digastric electromyogram (dEMG) evoked by noxious electrical stimuli around the mental foramen. intraperitoneal sodium pentobarbital in an initial dose of 50mg/kg and maintenance doses of 4.5mg/kg/h were given through a cannula in the femoral vein using a constant infusion pump. A pair of stimulating electrodes were inserted for noxious stimuli around the mental foramen. An irritant electronic stimuli pulse (0.2 Hz, 0.1 ms duration) was produced with an intensity of about $1.5{\times}2$ times threshold for evoking the dEMG. The anterior belly of the digastric muscle was exposed and a pair of 0.1mm wire electrodes were inserted for dEMG recording. Acupuncture point stimulation on Zusanli (2 Hz, 250 ${\mu}s$, biphasic pulse, 2 V) was delivered by Dental Electronic Anesthesia (3M, U.S.A). For periods of electronic stimulation of 10, 20, and 30min, the amplitudes of dEMG were measured on the oscilloscope and on the monitor connected to the amplifier. The following results were obtained: The dEMG was decreased to 73.4% of that in the control set after 10 min electroacupunture stimulation (Group I); The dEMG was decreased to 77.1% (10min), 54.0.% (20min) of that in the control set after 20minutes of electroacupunture stimulation (Group II). The dEMG was decreased to 73.3% (10min), 61.9% (20min), 76.2% (30min) of that in the control set after 30 min of electroacupunture stimulation (Group III). From these results, it may be that in the electroacupuncture stimulation on the Zusnali resulted in a reduction of amplitude of dEMG and that the most effective electroacupuncture stimulation period was 20min.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.59-66
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• 1984

일측폐장을 절제한 뒤 대상성증식기의 폐장을 태아폐장증식의 모델로 삼고 이때 steroid가 대상성증식중의 폐장내 제II형폐포세포의 폐포표면활성물질의 분비에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위한 본 실험의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 잔류폐장의 무게 및 체중에 대한 폐장무게의 비는 폐절제후 betamethasone을 투여한 군에서 폐절제군에 비해 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 2. 폐세척액내의 인지질인의 함량은 폐절제후 betamethasone을 투여한 군에 있어서는 무처치대조군에 비해서는 유의한(p<0.01) 증가를 보였고 폐절제군에 비해서는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 3. TLC(thin layer chromatography)를 통해 폐세척액내의 인지질의 조성을 조사한 결과, 폐절제후 betamethasone을 투여한 군은 무처치대조군 및 폐절제군과는 다른 양상을 보였다. 이상의 실험결과로 미루어 steroid는 태아폐장의 대상성증식기에 폐포표면활성물질의 분비를 증가시키며 동시에 제II형폐포세포에서 분비되는 폐포표면활성물질의 주성분인 인지질의 조성에도 변화를 일으켜 폐장의 융압률을 증가시킨다고 사료된다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.109-114
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• 1997

악성고열증은 마취중 혹은 마취 후에 나타나는 마취 합병증으로 발병률은 매우 희귀하나 높은 치사율 때문에 일단 발현하면 치명적인 결과를 초래하므로 예방 및 조기 발견에 의한 조기 치료가 매우 중요하다. 예방을 위해서는 보유자의 감별이 무엇보다 중요하고 이를 위해서는 철저한 개인력 및 가족력 조사와 술전 감수성 검사가 이루어져야 한다. 의심이 되는 환자는 마취 전후에 dantrolene sodium을 투여하여야 하고 마취시 유발 마취제 및 유발 인자를 피하며 emotional stress를 피하기 위해 충분한 sedation이 요구된다. 그러나 우리 나라에는 특수 치료제인 dantrolene sodium의 확보가 어려워 조기 발견을 하고도 효과적인 치료를 하지 못하는 경우가 흔히 있으므로 dantrolene sodium을 상비약으로 비치하는 것이 좋을 것으로 사료된다. 저자들은 32세의 건강한 젊은 남자 환자가 악성형수술도중 갑작스런 체온 상승과 빈맥근강직등이 발현하여 술 후 5일만에 급성 신부전증 및 파종성혈액내응고병증(DIC)으로 사망한 악성고열증 환자를 경험하였기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제3권5호
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• pp.481-490
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• 1999

To investigate the changes in the responses of vestibular neurons with time during vestibular compensation, the resting activity and dynamic responses of type I and II neurons in the medial vestibular nuclei to sinusoidal angular acceleration were recorded following unilateral labyrinthectomy (ULX) in Sprague-Dawley rats. The unitary extracellular neuronal activity was recorded from the bilateral medial vestibular nuclei with stainless steel microelectrodes of $3{\sim}5\;M{\Omega}$ before ULX, and 6, 24, 48, 72 hours, and 1 week after ULX under pentobarbital sodium anesthesia (30 mg/kg, i.p.). Gain (spikes/s/deg/s) and phase (in degrees) were determined from the neuronal activity induced by sinusoidal head rotation with 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 Hz. The mean resting activity before ULX was $16.7{\pm}8.6$ spikes/s in type I neurons $(n=67,\;M{\pm}SD)$ and $14.5{\pm}8.4$ spikes/s in type II neurons (n=43). The activities of ipsilateral type I and contralateral type II neurons to the lesion side decreased markedly till 24 hr post-op, and a significant difference between ipsilateral and contralateral type I neurons sustained till 24 hr post-op. The gain at 4 different frequencies of sinusoidal rotation was depressed in all neurons till 6 or 24 hr post-op and then increased with time. The rate of decrease in gain was more prominent in ipsilateral type I and contralateral type II neurons immediately after ULX. Although the gain of those neurons increased gradually after 24 hours, it remained below normal levels. The phase was significantly advanced in all neurons following ULX. These results suggest that a depression of activities in ipsilateral type I and contralateral type II neurons is closely related with the occurrence of vestibular symptoms and restoration of activities in those neurons ameliorates the vestibular symptoms.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.77-104
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• 2001

The effects of the oriental herbal medicine Saenghyetang(SHT, 生慧湯), which consists of Rehmanniae Radix (熟地黃 九蒸: was made by 9th steam) 40g, Corni Fructus(山茱黃) 16g, Polygalae Radix(遠志) 8g, Zizyphi Spinosae Semen(酸棗仁) 2g, Biotae Semen(柏子仁 去油: oil ingredient was removed) 20g, Poria Cocos(茯笭) 12g, Ginseng Radix(人蔘) 12g, Acori Graminei Rhizoma(石菖蒲) 2g, Sinapis Semen(白芥子) 8g, on learning ability and memory were investigated. Hot water extract(HWE) and ethanol extract(EE) from SHT were used for the studies. Learning ability and memory are related to modifications of synaptic strength among neurons that interactive. Enhanced synaptic coincidence detection leads to improved learning ability and memory. If the NMDA receptor, a synaptic coincidence detector, acts as a graded switch for memory formations, enhanced signal detection by NMDA receptors should enhance learning ability and memory. It was shown that NR2B was increased in the forebrains of oriental medicine-administrated mice, leading to enhanced activation of NMDA receptors and facilitating synaptic potentiation in response to stimulation at 10-100 Hz. These HWE-SHT treated mice exhibited that superior ability in learning and memory when performing various behavioral tasks, showing that NR2B is enhanced by HWE-SHT treatment and also is critical in gating the age-dependent threshold for plasticity and memory formation. NMDA receptor-dependent modifications, which were mediated in part by HWE administration, of synaptic efficacy, therefore, represent a mechanism for associative learning ability and memory. Results suggest that oriental medical enhancement of NR2B contributes to increase intelligence and memory in mammals On the other hand, to examine the effects of EE-SHT on the learning ability and memory in experimental mice, EE-SHT was tested on passive and active avoidance responses. The EE-SHT ameliorated the memory retrieval deficit induced by ethanol in mice, but not other memory impairments. EE-SHT(10, 20mg/100 g, p.o.) did not affect the passive avoidance responses of normal mice in the step through and step down tests, the conditioned and unconditioned avoidance responses of normal mice in the shuttle box, lever press performance tests and the ambulatory activity of normal mice in a normal condition. However, EE-SHT at 20 mg/kg significantly decrease the spontaneous motor activity during the shuttle box test, and also to extend the sleeping time induced by pentobarbital in mice. These results suggest that SHT has an ameliorating effect on memory retrieval impairments and a weak tranquilizing action.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.377-382
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• 2003

This study investigated the effects of green tea on the muscle antioxidative defense system in the white & red gastrocnemius muscles of rats after aerobic exercise. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 150 10 g were randomly assigned to a control group, non-exercise with green tea group (G group), and exercise training group. The exercise training group was then further classified as the training (T) group and training with green tea (TG) group, the latter of which was supplemented with green tea in the drinking water during the experimental period. The rats in the exercise training groups (T and TG) were subjected to aerobic exercise on a treadmill 30 min/day at a speed of 28 m/min (7% incline) 5 days/week, while the other groups (control and G group) were cage confined for 4 weeks. Thereafter, the rats were sacrificed with an injected overdose of pentobarbital just after running. In the white muscle, the xanthine oxidase (XOD) activities were 71 % higher in the T group compared to control group, whereas the TG group had the same activity as the control group. The XOD activities in the red gastrocnemius muscle exhibited the same tendency as in the white muscle. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the white muscle was lower in the T group compared with the control group, yet significantly higher in the TG group compared with the T group. The SOD activities in the red gastrocnemius muscle exhibited the same tendency as in the white gastrocnemius muscle. The glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx) activities in the white & red gastrocnemius muscles were 43 % lower in the T group compared with the control group, yet the activities in the TG group remained at control levels. The glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in the white muscle was not significantly different among any of the three groups, but in the red gastrocnemius muscle, the TG group had the same activity as in the control group. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) contents in the white & red gastrocnemius muscles were higher in the T group than in the control but the control and TG groups had the same concentrations of TBARS. In conclusion, the supplementation of green tea in rats subjected to aerobic exercise was found to reduce the peroxidation of muscle lipids by enhancing the antioxidative defense mechanism.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.17-27
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• 2010

Objectives: Cocaine has been well known as a representative drug of abuse for its strong reinforcing effect linked to the mesolimbic reward system including dopamine, and such reinforcement leads to the addiction. Acupuncture has been used widely in eastern Asia for the treatment of various diseases including mental disorders and psychiatric problems, and is gathering more interest as one of the complementary and alternative medicines in western countries. In a previous study, we demonstrated that acupuncture at HT7 could affect dopamine release in the mesolimbic system of rats sensitized to alcohol and morphine. This study was designed to investigate whether acupuncture at HT7 could attenuate cocaine intake or not. Material & Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 270-300 g at the start of experiment were trained to self-administer food pellets under a fixed ratio 1 schedule. After the success of acquisition of 100 pellets within 3 h for 3 consecutive days, animals were subjected to surgery whereby Silastic tubing was implanted into right jugular vein and secured with mesh under the anesthetization using pentobarbital injection (50 mg/kg, i.p.). Following recovery, rats were trained to self-administer cocaine (0.25 mg/kg) in daily 2 h sessions under fixed ratio 1 schedule over 10 days. Each treatment was performed on the next day of each establishment of baseline. Results: Results show that acupuncture at HT7, but not at control points, reduced cocaine intake significantly. Acupuncture at HT7 decreased selectively active lever response from $63.15{\pm}3.35$ to $51.46{\pm}3.99$ corresponding $82.12{\pm}5.31%$ compared to basal level. Also, it was demonstrated that the effect of acupuncture was mainly occurred at the half period. Nevertheless, acupuncture at HT7 did not influence the food taking behavior. Conclusions: From the results of this study, it may be suggested that acupuncture at HT7, at least in part, could contribute to the treatment of cocaine abuse.