• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 2016

Objectives: This study aims to examine the concentration, diversity, and antibiotic characteristics of penicillin G resistant enterobacteria present in pharmaceutical effluent. Methods: Water sampling was performed from a pharmaceutical company in Gyeonggi-do Province, Korea in March 2015. Water samples were plated in triplicate on tryptic soy agar plates with 32 mg/L of penicillin G. Penicillin G resistant enterobacteria were selected from the effluent and were subjected to 16S rRNA analysis for penicillin G resistant species determination. Identified resistant strains were tested for resistance to various antibiotics. Results: Penicillin G resistant enterobacteria were present at 6.2% as to culturable heterotrophic bacteria. Identified penicillin G resistant enterobacteria exhibited resistance to more than 10 of the antibiotics studied. These resistant bacteria are gram negative and are closely related to pathogenic species. Conclusion: Multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria in the effluent suggest a need for disinfection and advanced oxidation processes for pharmaceutical effluents.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.108-111
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• 2019

The hydrolysis of penicillin G, carbenicillin and ampicillin in pure water at room temperature was studied by high pressure liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Hydrolysis of ampicillin did not occur under these conditions; however, penicillin G and carbenicillin were completely hydrolyzed after seven days. A short interpretation of this difference is proposed. The mass spectrometric behaviour, namely ESI response and fragmentation pathway, of hydrolyzed penicillin G and hydrolyzed carbenicillin have been also discussed.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.822-829
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• 2011

Evidence shows that probiotic bacteria can undergo substantial structural and morphological changes in response to environmental stresses, including antibiotics. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of penicillin G (0.015, 0.03, and 0.06 mg/l) on the morphology and adhesion of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356, including the colony morphotype, biofilm production, hydrophobicity, $H_2_O2$ formation, S-layer structure, and slpA gene expression. Whereas only smooth colonies grew in the presence of penicillin, rough and smooth colony types were observed in the control group. L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 was found to be hydrophobic under normal conditions, yet its hydrophobicity decreased in the presence of the antibiotic. No biofilm was produced by the bacterium, despite testing a variety of different culture conditions; however, treatment with penicillin G (0.015-0.06 mg/l) significantly decreased its production of $H_2_O_2$ formation and altered the S-layer protein structure and slpA gene expression. The S-protein expression decreased with 0.015 mg/l penicillin G, yet increased with 0.03 and 0.06 mg/l penicillin G. In addition, the slpA gene expression decreased in the presence of 0.015 mg/l of the antibiotic. In conclusion, penicillin G was able to alter the S-layer protein production, slpA gene expression, and certain physicochemical properties of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2000

This study was carried out to simultaneous determination of penicillin G and chloramphenicol in livestock products by HPLC. The results obstained were as follows; 1. Penicillin G and chloramphenicol were analyzed by HPLC on symmetry $C_{18}$ column with acetonitrile-0.1 M phosphate buffer containing 0.0157 M thiosulfate (25 : 75) as mobile phase at UV 325nm and 280nm, respectively. 2. Samples were applied to a SeP-Pak $C_{18}$ cartridge, from which eluted penicillin derivatized with 2 M 1,2,4-triazole containing 0.001 M mercuric chloride. 3. The average recovery rates of penicillin G and chloramphenicol were 81.8% and 80.3%, respectively, and the detection limits were 5 ppb (5$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg: 7.9IU/kg) for penicillin G and chloramphenicol in porcine and bovine muscle.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.2 s.27
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• pp.9-14
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• 1980

The influence of penicillin G infusion(7.5 units/min/kg) on the diuretic action of furosemide$(250{\mu}g/kg)$ in rabbits was studied to investigate the drug interaction between penicillin G and furosemide. The results were as follows: 1) There was no significant change in renal function in the penicillin G infused rabbits compared with the normal ratbit. 2) In comparison with the control group, a significant increase in ${\triangle}U_{flow},\;{\triangle}U_{Na}V,\;{\triangle}U-kV\;and{\triangle}U_{cl}V$ was noted by 30 minutes following the administration of furosemide in the penicillin G infused group. There was no significant difference in ${\triangle}C_{In},\;{\triangle}C_{PAH}$ between the two groups and ${\triangle}Na^+$ reabsorption rate was significantly decreased in the latter. The potentiating effect of penicillin G on the diuretic action of furosemide should be due to the increased luminal concentration of free form of furosemide, and it may be related to the competitive inhibition of plasma protein binding between the two drugs.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.71-76
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• 1999

The stability of penicillin G potassium injection after reconstitution was evaluated in two different diluents of sodium chloride $0.9\%$ and dextrose $5\%$ in water stored at room temperature or refrigerated condition. The concentrations of penicillin G, stored for 24 hours at room temperature or for 10 days at refrigerated condition, were determined by HPLC. Also the pHs of the reconstituted solutions were monitored. The concentrations and pHs of penicillin G potassium 500,000 U/ml injection after reconstitution gradually decreased in all conditions. Stored at room temperature after reconstitution, a new peak which suspected as degradation products of penicillin G was detected in 5 hours in sodium chloride $0.9\%$, 4 hours in dextrose $5\%$ in water. At refrigerated condition, the new peak was detected in 4 days in both sodium chloride $0.9\%$ and dextrose $5\%$ in water. The degradation products of penicillin G allergy have been thought to be one of the substances responsible for evoking allergic reactions. In conclusion, the penicillin G potassium 500,000 U/ml injection after reconstitution was stable for 4 hours in sodium chloride $0.9\%$ 3 hours in dextrose $5\%$ in water solution at room temperature. At refrigerated condition, both solutions were stable for 3 days after reconstitution.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.409-418
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to characterize penicillin G resistant bacteria in surface water from pharmaceutical complex effluent. Methods: Surface water was sampled from pharmaceutical complex effluent in Gyeonggi-do Province, Korea in March 2015. Water samples were plated in triplicate on tryptic soy agar plates with 32 mg/L of penicillin G. Penicillin G resistant bacteria were selected from the effluent and subjected to 16S rRNA analysis for the penicillin G resistant species determination. Identified resistant strains were tested for resistance to various antibiotics. Results: Penicillin G resistant bacteria were present at 8.0% in terms of culturable heterotrophic bacteria. Identified penicillin G resistant bacteria exhibited resistance to more than nine of the antibiotics studied. These resistant bacteria are gram negative and are closely related to pathogenic species. Conclusion: Multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria in the surface water of pharmaceutical complex effluent suggest the need for disinfection and advanced oxidation processed for pharmaceutical effluent.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 1999

Many nucleoside compounds such as 5-halogen substituted uridine, 5'-amino-5'-deoxyuridine conjugates of amino acid, peptide, and penicillin G, 5'-monophosphate uridine derivatives and 5'-monophosphate uridine-fatty acid derivatives were chemically synthesized and their antifungal, antibacterial, and antitumor activities were tested. 5-Bromo-2',3'-O-isopropylideneuridine(6) inhibited the growth of Trichophyton rubrum at $0.2{\mu}$g/ml of MIC. 5'-Amino-5'-deoxyuridine-penicillin G(19), 5'-amino-5'-deoxyuridine-cyclo(Phe-Asp)(20), and 5-iodo-5'-amino-5'-deoxyuridine- penicillin G(22) had antibarterial activity(MIC was $6.25{\mu}$g/ml against S. aureus) and the latter two nucleoside compounds were the most antitumor derivatives(their $IC_{50}$ against L5178Y murine lymphoma cell was $6.5{\mu}$g/ml).

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.314-319
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• 2008

Penicillin G amidase (PGA, benzylpenicillinaminohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.11) is industrially important enzyme which converts penicillin G to 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) and phenylacetic acid (PAA). The PGA in E. coli ATCC 11105 is secreted into the periplasm after removing signal sequences and becomes heterodimer which composed of two subunits, small subunit (24 kDa) and large subunit (65 kDa). In this study, the PGA gene was obtained from E. coli ATCC 11105 using PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technique. The active PGA was successfully secreated into periplasm in E. coli BL2 1(DE3) harboring pET-pga plasmid. The optimized fed-batch fermentation, consisting of a three-step shift of culture temperature from $37^{\circ}C$ to $22^{\circ}C$, gave a productivity of 19.6 U/mL with a cell growth of 62 O.D. at 600 nm.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.2990-2994
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• 2014

The studies on design and synthesis of new monocyclic ${\beta}$-lactam esters 4(R/S)-(1'-methoxycarbonylpropyl- 2'(R/S)-thio)-3(R)-phenylacetamidoazetidin-2-one (3a) and 4(R/S)-(1'-methoxycarbonyl-2'-methylpropyl-2'- thio)-3(R)-phenylacetamidoazetidin-2-one (3b) were described. Compounds 3a and 3b were specifically designed to retain all penicillin substructures except the bicyclic system, which would be conceived by cleaving the C(3)-N(4) bond of penicillin G. Compounds 3a and 3b are of particular interest in the context of the structural elucidation of monocyclic ${\beta}$-lactams originated from penicillin. Key intermediates, ${\beta}$-mercapto esters 6a and 6b, were synthesized from conjugate acids 4a and 4b using three-step synthetic sequences, respectively, and 4(S)-acetoxy-3(S)-phenylacetamidoazetidin-2-one (7) was obtained from the degradation of penicillin G. Reactions of 6a and 6b with 7, thus obtained, provided the target compounds 3a and 3b, respectively.