• 무역상무연구
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• 제39권
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• pp.59-85
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• 2008

An independent bank guarantee(aka an independent guarantee) is provided as an security on a principal obligor's performance of his obligation, and a guarantor should pay the guaranteed amount only upon a beneficiary's written demand. A standby letter of credit has been used in the United States, since it was construed that a bank should not issue a guarantee. There was wide misunderstanding that a standby letter of credit differs from an independent bank guarantee. However, a standby letter of credit is the same security as an independent bank guarantee, and in international business a standby letter of credit is not differentiated from a independent bank guarantee. An independent bank guarantee are independent from the underlying contract, unconditional, and irrevocable. And a guarantor should pay upon written demand without proving a principal obligor breaches the underlying contract. These features of an independent bank guarantee has been abused in international transactions. Thus it has been proposed that some exceptions to the features of an independent bank guarantee should be allowed. United Nations Convention on Independent Guarantees and Standby Letter of Credit(1995) stipulates some exceptions to payment obligation. Export bond insurance, a part of export insurances, operated by the Korea Export Insurance Corporation under the Export Insurance Act, is used as a security for unfair calling by a beneficiary under an independent bank guarantee. Most of the export subsides by the government are prohibited under WTO's Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. However, as export insurance is allowed under the WTO, it operates a significant role in enhancing the export. In the event that export bond insurance is provided for a guarantor, an obligor who is subject to recourse by a guarantor, can be exempt from the recourse in case of unfair calling. The Korea Export Insurance Corporation, an insurer, bears unfair calling risk by a beneficiary. Generally it is understood that a demand shall be made before the expiry of an independent bank guarantee. However this is not absolutely true, it shall be decided by URDG, ISP98, the governing law.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.565-573
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• 2014

Purpose: Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service (HIRA) launched an Acute Myocardial Infarction(AMI) assessment for the Payment For Performance(Quality Incentives) Pilot Project from July 2007. Assessment measures of AMI were composed of five process measures and one outcome measure, and each measure was incorporated into one composite quality score to Pay for Performance. Method: For calculation of composite quality score, we considered weighting for the measures using the Delphi method. The questionnaire was composed of three measure groups, 'Reperfusion rate'(Fibrolytic therapy received within 60 minutes of hospital arrival, Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention within 120 minutes of hospital arrival), 'Medication prescription rate'(Aspirin at arrival, Aspirin prescribed at discharge, Beta-blocker prescribed at discharge) and 'Survival Index'(30-day mortality rate). Result: A panel composed of 18 and completed a questionnaire by allocation of 10 scores to the three above mentioned measure groups. The Delphi was carried out until three rounds of surveys. In conclusion, each measure group was weighted differently and the 10 scores were allocated as 4.5 to 'Reperfusion rate', 2.5 to 'Medication prescription rate', and 3.0 to 'Survival Index'. Conclusion: The results of this study proposed the calculation method for weighting of Acute Myocardial Infarction quality indicators.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.269-279
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• 2020

리더는 기업에서 없어서는 안 될 역할을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 변혁적 리더를 검토 대상으로 하여 직원의 직무 만족도와 직무 성과 변수를 도입하였다. 변혁적 리더십이 직원의 직무성과와 직무만족도에 미치는 영향을 탐색하고, 또한 변혁적 리더십이 종업원의 직무성과에 영향을 미치는 요인을 찾고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 설문 조사 방법을 채택하여 378개의 설문결과를 이용, SPSS23.0으로 조사 결과를 분석하였다. 연구결과에 의하면 변혁적 리더의 네 가지 구성변수는 직무성과와 직무만족도에 각각 서로 다른 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 기업의 리더는 리더십 스타일의 선택에 주의를 기울여야하며 직원의 업무 태도에 각별한 관심을 기울여야 한다. 본 연구는 기업의 인적 자원 관리 업무를 수행하는데 유익한 시사점을 제공한다. 본 연구에서는 직무만족도가 변혁적 리더십과 직무성과 사이의 중개 역할을 하는지는 검증되지 않았으며, 향후 연구에서 보완해야 할 필요가 있다.

• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.73-95
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• 2015

Firms have reexamined and restructured their supply chain based on a long-term and partnership perspective as a firm's competitive advantage increasingly relies on its supply chain capability. A number of scholar works has provided evidence to support the positive effects of supply chain collaboration; however, the relationship between collaboration and performance is still inconclusive. This study refuses to have blinded faith on supply chain collaboration, but rather this paper suggests that the contribution of collaboration to supply chain performance improvement can be limited and vary along the contextual characteristics of a buyer-supplier relationship. Moreover, we argue that the relationship between supply chain collaboration and performance can be curvilinear. This paper provides and test hypotheses regarding the relationship between supply chain collaboration and performance. By using data of the Manufacturing Panel Survey (MPS), this study empirically validates the hypotheses. Overall, the results of the study support our hypotheses about a limited contribution of supply chain collaboration to manufacturing performance, which is opposite to a conventional expectation. Particularly, the effects of supply chain collaboration differ depending on the dimensions of performance such as customer satisfaction, quality, cost, delivery, and flexibility as well as the dependency in the buyer-supplier relationship. Moreover, the results of the study indicate that supply chain collaboration and performance may have curvilinear relationships in a certain context. Through a comprehensive model and empirical evidence, this study presents a better understanding of supply chain collaboration and provokes an open discussion about the effects of collaboration. This study also provides insightful implications for managers of buyers as well as suppliers who wish to foster stronger supply chain performance via a deep buyer-supplier relationship and collaboration.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2005

This study is designed to suggest future development guidelines for leave-out lands in the land readjustment project area. For this purpose, physical conditions which affect living conditions were surveyed. The findings are follows. First, the living conditions in the lands are low with shortage of parking space and green area, narrow and low-performance road conditions, disordered fence and roof. Furthermore, illegal waste disposal made the condition even worse. Second, it is desirable to make separated plan for the leave-out lands because they have quite different living conditions from those of the land readjustment project area. Third, it is suggested that urban planning and architectural laws should pay attention to the leave-out lands to improve living conditions. It is also recommended that planning obligations for the leave out land should be imposed on land developers.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2010년도 정기총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.5-5
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• 2010

Selection of specific medicinal sources as well as bioactive compounds is important for the preparation of medicine and related products with good quality. It is necessary to pay close attention for choosing correct medicinal sources, particularly in case of medicinal plants, because of their diversity, which can affect the quality and efficacy of medicine. Discrimination of plants based on morphological or genetic characteristics has been used as a conventional classification method of pharmaceutical sources so far; however, more need demands more general methods for accurate quality assessment of medicinal plants. In this study, ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF MS) technique applied to this metabolic profiling is a powerful tool due to its higher sensitivity, resolution, and speed compared to conventional HPLC technique. The metabolite profiling of several medicinal plants including Panax ginseng was carried out using UPLC/Q-TOF MS and total metabolites were then subsequently applied to various statistical tools to compare the patterns. The developed metabolomics tool with UPLC/Q-TOF MS successfully identified and classified the samples tested according to their origins.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.1515-1522
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• 1997

Several image coding algorithms have been developed for the telecommunication and multimedia systems with high image quality and high compression ratio. In order to achieve low entropy and distortion, the system should pay great cost of computation time and memory. In this paper, the uniform cubic lattice is chosen for Lattice Vector Quantization (LVQ) because of its generic simplicity. As a transform coding, the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is applied to the images because of its multiresolution property. The proposed algorithm is basically composed of the biorthogonal DWT and the uniform cubic LVQ. The multiresolution property of the DWT is actively used to optimize the entropy and the distortion on the basis of the distortion-rate function. The vector codebooks are also designed to be optimal at each subimage which is analyzed by the biorthogonal DWT. For compression efficiency, the vector codebook has different dimension depending on the variance of subimage. The simulation results show that the performance of the proposed coding mdthod is superior to the others in terms of the computation complexity and the PSNR in the range of entropy below 0.25 bpp.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전력기술부문A
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• 제48권8호
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• pp.1014-1021
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• 1999

PID controllers with constant gains have been widely used in various control systems. But it is difficult to have uniformly good control performance in all operating conditions. In this paper, we propose a variable PID controller for robot manipulators. We divide total workspace of manipulators into several subspaces. PID controllers in each subspace are optimized using evolution strategy which is a kind of global search algorithm. In real operation, the desired trajectories may cross several subspaces and we select the corresponding gains in each subspace. The gains may have large difference on the boundary of subspaces, which may cause oscillatory motion. So we use artificial neural network to have continuous smooth gain curves to reduce the oscillatory motion. From the experimental results, although the proposed variable PID controller for robots should pay for some computational burden, we have found that the controller is more superior to the conventional constant gain PID controller.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.113-119
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• 2021

본 연구는 코로나19 팬데믹의 영향으로 매출이 상승한 정보통신업 기업을 대상으로 팬데믹 선언 전·후의 경영성과와 이익의 질을 비교하고 이러한 차이가 유의미한지를 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 경영성과는 수익성, 성장성, 유동성, 안정성의 4가지 지표를 사용하고, 이익의 질은 Dechow and Dichev(2002) 모형과 Francis et al.(2005)의 모형을 이용하여 측정한 잔차의 표준편차를 이용하였다. 분석 결과, 대표적인 경영성과 지표인 ROA는 팬데믹 이전 기간보다 이후 기간이 상승하였지만, 유동성은 오히려 악화된 것으로 나타났다. 이익의 질 또한 ROA와 마찬가지로 팬데믹 이후 기간이 이전 기간에 비하여 이익 지속성이 유지되고 있음을 확인하였다. 전반적으로 정보통신업 기업의 이익 수준과 이익의 질은 개선되고 있는 것으로 보이지만 유동성은 약화하고 있으므로 눈앞의 위기를 넘겼던 기업들이 당장 부채를 상환할 준비는 되어있지 않다는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 앞으로 코로나19가 진정되는 시점부터 늘어난 부채를 줄이기 위한 기업들의 구조조정이 필요함을 시사한다.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제57권5호
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• pp.1267-1286
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• 2020

We pay attention to a coupled problem by a penalty term which is induced from non-overlapping domain decomposition methods based on augmented Lagrangian methodology. The coupled problem is composed by two parts mainly; one is a problem associated with local problems in non-overlapping subdomains and the other is a coupled part over all subdomains due to the penalty term. For the speedup of iterative solvers for the coupled problem, we propose two different types of preconditioners: a block-diagonal preconditioner and an additive Schwarz preconditioner as overlapping domain decomposition methods. We analyze the coupled problem and the preconditioned problems in terms of their condition numbers. Finally we present numerical results which show the performance of the proposed methods.