• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제36권3B호
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• pp.231-239
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• 2011

유럽의 이동통신선진국들을 중심으로 Bill & Keep이 CPNP방식에 비해서 사회후생 차원에서 그리고 공정경쟁의 활성화 차원에서 보다 우월하다는 최근의 연구들을 이론적인 측면과 실증적인 측면에서 고찰하고, 국내 이동통신시장에서의 서비스 및 수요 변화 등을 고려하여 현행 상호접속정산제도가 향후 Bill & Keep으로의 변화 필요성을 분석하여 정책적 시사점을 논의한다.

• 대한안전경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한안전경영과학회 2012년 춘계학술대회
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• pp.371-380
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• 2012

Although all costs concerned in transportation be separated by region and each terms and conditions of Incoterms that state cleary them who have to pay the charges. But, almost lcl exporters donot want to pay their charges the carriers at loading port eventhough they make the contracts with the importer as FOB and CFR of Incoterms. And the carrier have been do not bill the FOB charges to the shipper. Now, there are no more Incoterms in LCL transportation. So, the importer have been payed loading port charges twice, first, the contract with the shipper, secondly, through the destination charge. These problems make decreasing of trading volume and increasing of logistics costs. We suggest every traders and carriers separate the costs as per the price terms and conditions of incoterms and bill/receive the costs separated the trader who have to pay the charges as per their price terms. It will bring mutual success in the world and increasing trade.

• 한국정보과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보과학회 1998년도 가을 학술발표논문집 Vol.25 No.2 (1)
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• pp.194-196
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• 1998

본 논문에서는 기존에 제안된 초소액 지불 시스템들의 성능을 비교 분석한다. 비교 대상 시스템으로는 $\mu$-iKP, PayWord, CAFE(phone call), MPTP, NetBill, Mini-Pay, Millicent를 선택하였고, 비교 항목으로는 효율성, 안정성, 그리고 분쟁 해결성등의 요소를 고려하였다.

• 품질경영학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.161-170
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the economic value of installing public Energy storage system (ESS) facilities using a logit regression analysis and Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). We focused mainly on the environmental benefits of ESS and analyzed how the users' attitude toward environmental protection and knowledge of renewable energy affect their Willingness to pay (WTP) Methods: A single-bounded dichotomous choice (SBDC) survey was used to collect the data. We asked participants whether they are willing to pay a randomly presented cost (KRW 100, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 5000, 10000) along with their attitude to toward environmental protection, knowledge of renewable energy, and perceived cost of electric bill. 417 valid samples were collected and used for the analysis. Results: The results of the logit regression show that the initial bid, attitude toward environmental protection, knowledge of renewable energy, and perceived cost of electric bill significantly affect the user's WTP of public ESS facilities. The CVM results show that users are willing to pay KRW 5,049.1/month to install ESS facilities. Conclusion: : According to results, we conclude that the users agree with the need to install ESSs and that environmental benefits of ESSs are important factors for ESS adoption. Therefore, policy makers need to emphasize environmental aspects to install the ESS facilities.

• 한국컴퓨터산업학회논문지
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.533-546
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• 2003

기존의 대금지불 방법들은 개별 정보들과 같은 소액 상품의 결제 수단으로는 부적절하다. 이유는 상품의 가치보다 결제 수단을 운영하는데 들어가는 비용이 더 크기 때문에 경제성이 전혀 없기 때문이다. 그리하여, 인터넷 상에서 활발한 거래가 예견되는 초소액의 정보 상품들을 경제적으로 처리할 수 있는 새로운 대금결제 방식이 요구된다. 최근에 제안된 몇몇 소액지불 시스템들로는 "Millicent", "PayWord", "MicroMint", "iKP" 등이 있다. 이들 각각은 나금대로의 방식으로 안전성과 소비용화를 추구하고 있다. 그러나, 이들 방식들은 핵심 메커니즘의 소비용화와 적절한 보안의 만족 등에는 문제가 없었으나 "계좌(account)의 관리"와 "지불 화폐의 집중,관리" 에는 큰 문제점을 가지고 있다. 소액대금결제 시스템에서는 계좌 관리의 복잡성과 지불 값들의 집중의 효율적인 해결이 가장 먼저 고려되어지고 우선시 되어져야 할 항목이다. 그리하여, 본 논문은 PayWord시스템을 바탕으로 적절한 보안 만족, 운영 비용의 저렴화를 이룰 수 있게 하는 핵심 메커니즘의 사용, 불필요한 계좌의 이중 사용 배제, 지불 화폐 값들의 집중관리 해결 등을 만족시켜줄 수 있는 효율적인 소액대금결제 시스템인 PayHash를 설계, 구현하였다.의 집중관리 해결 등을 만족시켜줄 수 있는 효율적인 소액대금결제 시스템인 PayHash를 설계, 구현하였다.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.309-331
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• 2009

In 25th April. 2008, the Korea legislature gave advance notice on the Revision Bill of Commercial Law in Insurance Division in partial, one of which is the principle of utmost good faith to be codified in accordance with the effectuation of the Revision Bill enforcement. For this, even though the disclosure duty is not included in the Revision Bill, it should also be discussed in relation to the principle of utmost good faith because it is based upon the principle of utmost good faith and forms a part of utmost good faith. In Marine Insurance industry in Korea, there are the sections and the clauses in relation to the English governing law included in the Policies and the Clauses used in Korea and, also, they still come into effect for the Korea Courts' judgements. So. we, Korea, should carefully pay attention to the trend of English courts' leading case, academic world and insurance industry on the disclosure duty in U.K. This study is thus based upon sections 17 and 18~20 of the Marine Insurance Act 1906 and sections 651, 652 and 655 of Commercial Law in Insurance Division, which appear throughout this work. The objective of this work is to analyse the duty of disclosure on Korean and English Insurance Laws including cases cited in this work, comparing the differences resulted from the analysis of the two countries‘laws and legal cases.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.159-178
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• 2011

Korea ranks high among the OECD member countries with a high out-of-pocket share. In 2006, the government implemented in full scale the policy of extending the health insurance benefit coverage. Included in the policy are lowering the out-of-pocket share of patients of serious case and expanding the medical bill ceiling system to mention just a few. This study proposes to confirm effectiveness of the benefit extension policy by identifying changes in 'out-of-pocket expenditure as a share of the ability to pay' and 'incidence rate of catastrophic health care expenditure' of each individual household as manifested before and after the benefit extension policy was implemented. The 1st and 3rd year data from the Korea Welfare Panel Study (KoWePS), conducted by the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs (KIHASA), were used for the analysis, where low-income households and ordinary households are sampled separately. While the absolute amount of 'out-of-pocket expenditure' occurred to the average household increased for the period 2005-2007, the 'out-of-pocket expenditure as a share of the ability to pay' decreased. At the same time, the share decreased in the case of low-income households and households with patients of chronic or serious case as contrasted with ordinary households. 'Incidence rates of catastrophic health care expenditure' of ordinary households for 2007 stood at 14.6%, 5.9% and 2.8% at the threshold of 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively. The rates decreased overall between 2005 and 2007, while those of low-income households with patients of serious case statistically significantly increased. An analysis of this study indicates that it is related with the medical bill ceiling system regardless of incomes introduced in 2007.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제45권
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• pp.85-109
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• 2010

L/C provides the exporter and the importer with safe assurance in the exchange of goods for payment in international trade. It involves a number of parties. Although the parties may have confidence in their client, bad faith or ignorance of international banking practice by any of these parties could cause the failure of transaction, which makes international trade a risky business. Most of the risks are found in transport document, which can cause disputes. There are many factors in the risk of transport documents under L/C transaction. One most common risk factor for the beneficiary in all transport documents is even if there is no discrepancy in document, the issuing bank or the applicant refuses to pay or delay payment insisting there is a discrepancy. In some very rare cases, the beneficiary may not get paid due to unfair injunction of the local court of the applicant. For the applicant, most common risk factors are fake bill and fraud. Risks classified according to the sorts of transport documents are as follows. 1. In B/L, payment can be refused because it is regarded as charter party B/L, although there is no real charter party contract. And the applicant can bear the potential risk of the loss or deterioration of cargo through transhipment of the cargo loaded on board in container if transhipment is prohibited without excluding of UCP 600 article 20 (c). 2. In charter party B/L, the applicant may take delivery without paying when charter party B/L is signed by charterer, which can result in a big loss for the beneficiary and the negotiating bank. And risks may arise when cargo is seized because the charterer does not pay the hire. The applicant and the issuing bank are also vulnerable to a risk - Against whom should they file a suit when cargo gets damaged during transportation? 3. In multimodal transport document, which is subject to a conflict because there is a big difference in viewpoints between transport industry and banks, conflicts may also arise when L/C requires ocean B/L and accepts multimodal transport document at the same time, but does not specify the details. 4. In air waybill, where the consignee is not the issuing bank but the applicant, risks may take place to the beneficiary when the applicant takes delivery but refuses to pay asserting minor discrepancies in document. The applicant may also bear the risk when cargo may not be loaded because air waybill is a received bill. Another risk may arise when although the applicant prohibits transhipment without excluding UCP 600 article 23 (c), the cargo may be transhipped, provided that the entire carriage is covered by one and the same air waybill.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.27-37
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• 1994

A survey was conducted to investigate consciousness of middle and high school students unsing fast food restaurants in Kwang-ju, from July 20 to August 20 in 1993. The results are follows; 1. There are many motives which drive students into fast food restaurants. Among those are its convenience as a place of meeting friends, pleasant and clean environment for eating, no time limit of staying there, hygiene of dining equipment and table ware. 2.The majority of the students used the fast food restaurants between 12:00 and 14:00 pm. It shows that time does not influence much on using there, because they answered in high percent that they use at any time. 3. Student usually pay individually and in some cases their friends or parents pay the bill. 4. Major factor in fast food selection was their tastes, nexts, were proper price, nutrition, and so on, They prefer their home food to restaurants fast foods. 5. The most of students have positive response to make traditional Korean foods into fast foods. The students, in particular, emphasized for the development of traditional Korean foods ; Sikhae and Sujonggwa(beverage), Docbokki, Japchae, kinds of rice cake and Jun. 6. Students suggested to be better fast food service, such as lowering the price, increasing the portion size and developing fast foods from the traditional Korean foods.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2017년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.735-737
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• 2017

An Off grid or remote solar electric systems are an energy supply to our home or to our companies without the utility of Grid at all. Off grid solar systems are very important for those who live in remote locations especially for developing countries where getting the electric grid is extremely expensive, inconvenient or for those who doesn't need to pay a monthly bill with the electric bill in general. The main critical components of any solar power system or renewable energy harvesting systems are the energy storage systems and its charge controller system. Energy storage systems are the essential integral part of a solar energy harvesting system and in general for all renewable energy harvesting systems. To provide an optimal solution of both high power density and high energy density at the same time we have to use hybrid energy storage systems (HESS), that combine two or more energy storage technologies with complementary characteristics. In this present work, design and simulation we use two storage systems supercapacitor for high power density and lithium based battery for high energy density. Here the system incorporates fast-response supercapacitors to provide power to manage solar smoothing and uses a battery for load shifting. On this paper discuss that the total energy throughout of the battery is much reduced and the typical thermal stresses caused by high discharge rate responses are mitigated by integrating supercapacitors with the battery storage system. In addition of the above discussion the off grid solar electric energy harvesting presented in this research paper includes battery and supercapacitor management system, MPPT (maximum power point tracking) system and back/boost convertors. On this present work the entire model of off grid electric energy harvesting system and all other functional blocks of that system is implemented in MATLAB Simulink.