• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.81-86
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• 2002

Background and objectives : There may be frequent lymphatic neck metastasis among supraglottic cancer patients after their primary surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of prophylactic neck dissections in supraglottic cancer patients to lower the neck metastasis. Material and method : The authors retrospectively reviewed medical records of 52 patients (7 females. 45 males) who had received the operations for the supraglottic cancer from 1995 to 2000. They were preoperatively examined with Computer Tomographic images, and also examined by the cervical neck palpations. Postoperative pathologic specimens were reviewed and the Pathologic stagings were confirmed by the pathologist. Results : Among 52 patients who received surgery for supraglottic carcinoma, 5 patients received ipsilateral neck dissection, 12 patients received ipsilateral neck dissection with postoperative radiation therapy, 10 Patients received bilateral neck dissection and 25 patients received bilateral neck dissection with postoperative radiation treatment. In comparison of the data of N0 to N+ conversion rate of neck, there were 11 ipsilateral T3 N0 patients and 2 patients(18%) were converted to N+ status, and there were 8 Patients with T4 N0 stages, and 3 patients(38%) were converted to N+ status. In comparing the data of contralateral neck dissection on N0 patient, there were 8 patients of T3 N0 patients, and there was 1 patient (13%) who showed recurrence. There were 5 patients of T4 N0 stages and there was 1(20%) patient with recurrences. When the ipsilateral N stages were N2a, and N2b, there 1 case of contraleral N+ conversions, respectively. In recurrences, there were 2 patients of N2b staged patients and 1 patient of N2c patient that showed recurrence during the follow up period. Conclusion : This data shows that at least an ipsilateral neck dissection is necessary in order to prevent the recurrences, and also suggests that bilateral neck dissection is necessary for the higher T stage. Since the higher N staged patients showed higher rate of recurrence, so that neck dissection is mandatory for the higher N staged patients.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2014

Objective : The purpose of this study is to understand conspicuous features of geroderma with visceral manifestation theory(臟象論). Methods : We categorized skin aging into wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, dry skin and face flush. After investigating the reason, histological changes and mechanism of each classification in western medicine, we interpreted them according to the malfunction of five viscera(五臟) in Korean medicine. Result : The results are as follows. 1. Pathologic change of dermis and subcutaneous fat makes wrinkles. We consider wrinkles as the malfunction of the spleen(脾). 2. Irregular synthesis and disproportion of melanin makes hyperpigmentation. We consider hyperpigmentation as the malfunction of the liver(肝). 3. Dry skin is attributed to a subtle disorder of epidermal maturation. We consider dry skin as the malfunction of the lung(肺). 4. Facial flush is detected in rosacea and menopausal hot flush, which are both related with blood vessel abnormality. We consider facial flush as the malfunction of the heart(心) Conclusion : We interpreted the pathologic changes and mechanism of skin aging in western medicine as the decrease of five viscera(五臟) in visceral manifestation theory(臟象論) of Korean medicine. Further studies are needed to apply these hypothesis to clinical diagnosis and treatment.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.5-8
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• 2016

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and the feasibility of thyroidectomy for aged (${\geq}75$ years old) thyroid cancer by reviewing postoperative morbidity and pathologic characteristics. Materials & Methods: The clinical records of patients submitted to thyroid operation between 2014 and 2015 with histopathological diagnosis of thyroid cancer were analyzed. Clinical variables included age, gender, preoperative symptom, final pathology, length of stay, comorbidities, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, postoperative complications, and mortality. Results: There were 30 patients aged more than 75 years old, and only one patient passed over with postoperative pneumonia. There were 8 male and 22 female patients. Half of the patients presented with symptoms such as palpable mass (33.3%), voice change (6.7%) and dyspnea (6.7%). The pathologic diagnosis was thyroid cancer in all cases. The median postoperative hospitalization time was 4 days. There was one perioperative mortality case observed in this study. Conclusion: Thyroid surgery in patients 75 years or older can be performed except extensive surgical resection. Aggressive histology and extent of surgery may be an important factor of perioperative mortality and morbidity.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.336-339
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• 2005

Objective: The goal of this study is to establish the anatomical criteria of the normal and stenotic lumbosacral extraforaminal tunnel, and also to determine the effect of the pathologic intervertebral disc on the size of extraforaminal tunnel in the lumbosacral spine. Methods: MRI and CT scans were reviewed and classified into two groups: (1) 40 patients with normal discs at L5- S1 (Group 1) and (2) 43 patients that had undergone successful decompression surgery for extraforaminal entrapment at the lumbosacral region(Group 2). In these two groups, the following parameters were compared are compared: the distance between the disc margin and the ala (lumbosacral tunnel) on the axial MRI, and the posterior disc height at L5-S1 on the mid-sagittal MRI. Results: In the group 1, the mean distance of the lumbosacral tunnel on the axial MRI was $10.1{\pm}2.2mm$. The mean posterior disc height at L5-S1 was $7.4{\pm}1.7mm$ on the mid-sagittal MRI. In the group 2, the mean distance between the disc margin and the ala (costal process) was $1.6{\pm}1.3mm$ on the axial MRI. The average posterior disc height was $4.4{\pm}1.5mm$ on the mid-sagittal MRI. The posterior disc height and the size of the lumbosacral tunnel between the two groups were statistically different on the paired t-test (p<0.0001). However, the posterior disc height was not positively correlated with the size of the extraforaminal tunnel for group 2 (p=0.909). Conclusion: The extraforaminal stenosis was correlated to pathologic disc. However, the posterior disc height was not correlated to the size of the of the extraforaminal tunnel.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.5 s.262
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• pp.382-386
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• 2006

Background: Pathologic confirmation is needed to diagnose various forms of interstitial lung diseases. We wanted to find out how much the thoracic surgical lung biopsies will be needed for definite diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases. Material and Method: 17 patients underwent surgical lung biopsy in the department of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, Gyeongsang National University Hospital from June 1995 to November 2002. Chart review and telephone questionnaire were done for retrospective study. Result: Mean age was $49{\pm}22$ years. Age ranged from 1 to 70 years. Dyspnea was the most common complaint. They were referred for definite differential diagnosis from pediatrics and internal medicine. Biopsy methods were thoracotomy in 11 cases, and thoracoscopy in 6 cases. Pathologic confirmation was possible in 11 cases (65%). According to the pathologic reports, treatment plans were changed in 13 cases (76%). Conclusion: Surgical lung biopsy was effective method in differentiating diagnosis of the interstitial lung disease, There was no mortality during operation. It is important that undiagnosed fibrous lung disease should be recommanded the lung biopsy for planning patient's treatment.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 2003

Purpose: Caspase 2, a member of the family of ICE-like proteases, is activated by the Fas pathway and induces apoptosis by triggering the caspase cascade. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the expression pattern of caspase 2 might be associated with gastric cancer development and if so, to determine to which pathologic parameter it is linked. Materials and Methods: For the construction of the gastric cancer tissue microarray, 78 paraffin-embedded tissues containing gastric cancer areas were cored 3 times and transferred to the recipient master block. The expression pattern of caspase 2 was examined on tissue microarray slides by using immunohistochemistry and was compared with pathologic parameters, including histologic type, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, and peritoneal dissemination. Results: Caspase 2 was expressed on superficial and foveolar epithelial cells and lymphocytes in the gastric mucosa, mainly in cytoplasm. We found loss of caspase 2 expression in 41 ($52.6\%$) of the 78 gastric cancer tissues. Statistically, histologic type and other pathologic parameters were not related with loss of caspase 2 expression Conclusion: Our findings provide enough evidence that loss of caspase 2 expression may contribute to the development of Korean gastric cancer and that it might be one of the possible escape mechanisms from apoptosis in gastric cancer.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.192-196
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• 2013

Background: This study focused on the association between preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cytokeratin 19 fragment (Cyfra 21-1) levels and pathologic parameters in patients with resected non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods: The records of 527 patients who underwent pulmonary resection of NSCLC were reviewed. The association between preoperative serum CEA and Cyfra 21-1 levels and variables that had p-values of less than 0.05 in a t-test or one-way analyses of variance was analyzed by multiple linear regression. Results: The mean serum CEA and Cyfra 21-1 levels prior to surgery were $6.8{\pm}23.1$ mg/dL (range, 0.01 to 390.8 mg/dL) and $5.4{\pm}12.3$ mg/dL (range, 0.65 to 140.2 mg/dL). The serum CEA levels were associated with tumor (T) and lymph node (N) stage and histology. The serum Cyfra 21-1 levels were associated with T stage, tumor size, and histology. Multiple linear regression indicated that serum CEA levels were associated with T (T3/4 vs. T1: ${\beta}$=8.463, p=0.010) and N stage (N2/3 vs. N0: ${\beta}$=9.208, p<0.001) and histology (adenocarcinoma vs. squamous cell: ${\beta}$=6.838, p=0.001), and serum Cyfra 21-1 levels were associated with tumor size (${\beta}$=2.579, p<0.001) and histology (squamous cell vs. adenocarcinoma: ${\beta}$=4.420, p=0.020). Conclusion: Serum CEA level was correlated with T and N stage, and Cyfra 21-1 with tumor size. CEA and Cyfra 21-1 showed histologic correlation. CEA is mainly elevated in adenocarcinoma and Cyfra 21-1 in squamous cell carcinoma. These results might be helpful for predicting pathologic status in preoperative NSCLC.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.95-108
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• 2016

Purpose: Ancillary tests such as immunohistochemistry or molecular testing for pathologic diagnosis are performed using ready-made tissue blocks for a histological examination. Various methods and processes during ancillary testing cause some of issues, particularly in the time required and the results reporting scheme. Methods: To solve these issues, we constructed real-time management software. When a pathologist or a clinician had ancillary tests examined using this software by selecting the codes of the needed ancillary tests on site and the system assigned the tests to each laboratory. Then, pathology technologists checked the referred tests and performed the examination. In clinical departments, serial number of each ancillary test can be matched the original pathologic ID. In the department of pathology, numbers of tissue blocks that needed additional tests could be indicated and detected using one-click detection system when a clinician referred the test. Results: Using this system resulted in simplifying the referral procedures from nine-steps to three-steps in each clinical department and from seven-steps to two-steps in department of pathology. Errors that happened on the paper-based request system were also reduced. Furthermore, the time required was saved by seven hours in pathologic laboratory on average. Mean durations from requesting to reporting of the ancillary test was reduced by three days for specimens of health promotion center. Conclusion: Construction of an effective information transfer system may be helpful for shortening the time required, reducing errors, and checking processing information of the tests in real time.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.153-160
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• 1999

Purpose : Present study was undertaken to find out significance of clinical presentation, initial laboratory data and renal biopsy findings on subsequent clinical course of IgA nephropathy in children. Methods : Clinical and laboratory data were analysed retrospectively from 60 children who have been admitted to the Pediatric Department of Kyungpook National University Hospital for the past 11 years and diagnosed as IgA nephropathy. Renal biopsy findings were graded according to the pathologic subclass proposed by Haas. Results : Pathologic grading according to Haas subclassification showed 10 cases in subclass I, 36 in II, 12 in IV and 2 in V and none in subclass II. Sex distribution showed male predominance (male to female ratio = 3 : 1) and mean age at onset of disease was $10.4{\pm}2.8$ years. Episodes of gross hematuria was seen in 71.7% and IgA level increased in 28.3% of children and these were not associated with pathologic grading nor clinical outcomes. With increasing subclass grading, serum protein and albumin decreased and 24 hours urinary protein excretion increased. Normalization of urinalysis (disappearance of hematuria) was seen in 14% at 1-2 years and 37.1% at 3-4 years of follow up period. In 3 cases, renal function deteriorated progressively and they belonged one each to the Haas subclass III, IV and V. Conclusion : In children with IgA nephropathy, progression to chronic renal failure appears to be quite high and pathologic grading according to Haas' subclassification seems to predict patient's outcome faily well. However, firm conclusion cannot be drawn from present study due to the small numbers of patients and short follow-up period. Therefore further multicenter study involving larger numbers of patients and longer periods of follow-up over 10 years was to be undertaken.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.55-61
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• 2000

In July 2000, a bacteria infection on film cassette contact surface was examined at the diagnostic radiology department of the S. hospital. The objective of this study was to assess the contamination level on film cassette contact surface as a predictor of patient to prevent from nosocomial infection. The study showed that the laboratory result was identified non-pathologic bacterial in the four different cassette size of the contact surface. The study concludes that presence of a bacterial infection wilt prevent a using antiseptic technique on film cassette contact surface. Also the education of nosocomial infection for radiographer will be required.