• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2017

목적: Passive irrigation (PI)과 Passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI)의 상아질 잔사 제거 효율성을 비교하는 것이다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 16 mm 길이로 표준화된 하악 소구치 치근을 근관 확대 후 종단으로 이등분 하였다. 분리된 한쪽 상아질벽에는 길이 4 mm, 너비 0.2 mm, 깊이 0.5 mm의 표준화된 구를 형성하였고, 반대쪽에는 직경 0.3 mm, 깊이 0.5 mm인 3개의 반구 형태의 함요를 형성하였다. 각 구와 함요에는 NaOCl과 혼합된 상아질 잔사로 채우고, 퍼티 인상재를 사용하여 재조합하였다. Group 1은 PI를 이용하고 Group 2는 PUI를 이용하여 각 근관내를 세정하였다. 현미경과 디지털카메라로 절편의 근관벽을 촬영하고, 구와 함요에 잔존하는 상아질 잔사의 양을 scoring system을 이용하여 평가하였다. 결과: 근관의 중앙 1/3에서 group 1이 group 2에 비해 잔사를 더 많이 제거하였지만, 치근단부에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론: 하악 소구치에서 근관에 기구가 닿지 못하는 부위를 세정시, 근관의 중앙 1/3에서 PUI를 사용하는 것이 PI에 비해 상아질 잔사의 제거 효율이 우수했지만, 치근단부에서는 PUI와 PI의 유의한 차이가 없었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.143-148
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• 2015

Objectives: This study evaluated the maximum depth and percentage of irrigant penetration into dentinal tubules by passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI). Materials and Methods: Thirty extracted human teeth were instrumented and divided into three groups. According to final irrigation regimen, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (Group A, NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine (Group B, CHX) and saline solution (Group C, control group) were applied with Irrisafe 20 tips (Acteon) and PUI. Irrigant was mixed with 0.1% rhodamine B. Sections at 2 mm, 5 mm, and 8 mm from the apex were examined with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The percentage and maximum depth of irrigant penetration were measured. Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test were performed for overall comparison between groups at each level and for pairwise comparison, respectively. Within a group, Wilcoxon test was performed among different levels. p values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: In all groups, highest penetration depth and percentage of penetration were observed at the 8 mm level. At 2 mm level, Groups A and B had significantly greater depths and percentages in penetration than Group C (p < 0.05), but there were no significant differences between Groups A and B. At 5 mm level, penetration depths and percentage of penetration was not significantly different among the groups. Conclusions: NaOCl and CHX applied by PUI showed similar depth and percentage of penetration at all evaluated levels.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제58권5호
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• pp.276-283
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• 2020

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of CK files as an ultrasonic instrument, and to determine most efficient file size for smear layer removal. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six extracted human mandibular premolars with single, straight root canals and mature apices were mechanically prepared and randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 (Control) underwent conventional needle irrigation, Group 2 (CKS) underwent passive ultrasonic irrigation with a #20 CK file, and Group 3 (CKL) underwent passive ultrasonic irrigation with a #30 CK file. After preparation and irrigation, all teeth were dried and split with a chisel to obtain the mesial and distal half of their roots. Each sample was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope, and data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney rank sum tests (p<0.05). Results: The CKS group showed less debris in the apical third than the other groups (p<0.05). In this section, no significant difference was observed among the other groups. And, there was no significant difference among any groups for the middle third section. Conclusion: This study showed that PUI with #20 CK file removed more smear layer compared to using #30 CK file at the apical third of the root canal.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제53권10호
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• pp.743-750
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• 2015

Objectives: This study compared the mechanical efficacy of sonic activated and passive ultrasonic irrigation for removing intracanal medicament from a simulated root canal under controlled conditions. Materials and Methods: Thirty simulated root canal in resin blocks were randomly divided into 3-groups. The canals were enlarged using ProTaper files and K3XF (#30/0.06). After cleaning and drying, canals were filled with Calcipex. Overfilled materials were wiped out and measured their weight to the unit of 1/10mg. After one week storage in 100% humidity $37^{\circ}C$ temperature, canals were irrigated using 20mL of saline with one of following methods according to the designated groups (n = 10). For group-NI, 30-gauge nickel-titanium irrigation needle was used. During irrigation with every 5mL, needle was moved in-and-out with 4-mm amplitudes. EndoActivator and ultrasonic tip were used for group-EA and group-UT respectively for 20 seconds after every 5mL irrigation using needle. Then the weight was measured again to calculate the weight of residual remnants. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan's post-hoc test at a significance level of 95%. Results: The weight of the residual medicaments were $3.62{\pm}0.81mg$, $2.84{\pm}0.28mg$, and $2.73{\pm}0.90mg$ for group-NI, -EA, and -UT, respectively. Group-EA and group-UT had no significant differences to remove intracanal medicament and left significantly less amount of paste than group-NI (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Under the controlled conditions of this study, the sonic activation and PUI have similar mechanical efficacy for removing intracanal medicament.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.180-187
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• 2011

서론: 근관 치료의 성공을 위해 근관계 내에 남아있는 조직 잔사와 박테리아를 제거하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 그러나 충분한 근관 형성과 근관 세척을 하더라도 근관의 복잡한 형태로 인하여 근관 내 박테리아의 biofilm이나 괴사된 치수 조직이 남아 있게 된다. 근래 보다 효과적으로 근관 세척을 하기 위한 여러 가지 방법과 근관 세척을 위한 기구들이 개발되었다. 본 종설에서는 근관 치료 영역에서 사용되는 근관 세척 방법과 기구에 대해 고찰하고자 한다. 본론: 아래와 같은 기구와 방법이 논의된다. - syringe-needle irrigation, manual dynamic irrigation, brushes - sonic and ultrasonic irrigation, passive ultrasonic irrigation, rotary brush, RinsEndo, EndoVac, Laser 결론: 최근 근관 세척을 위한 기구와 세정 방법이 개발되었으나, syringe와 needle을 이용한 근관 세척법과 ultrasonic을 이용한 근관 세척법을 제외하고는 새로 개발된 많은 기구들의 임상적 치료 결과의 향상에 대한 근거 중심 연구가 아직은 부족하며, 어떠한 기구나 장치도 근관 내 잔사를 완벽하게 제거할 수는 없다. 효과적인 근관 세척을 위해서는 적절한 근관 세척제의 선택과 함께, 근관 세척제를 근관장까지 충분한 양이 도달할 수 있도록 적절한 근관 세척 기구와 방법을 선택하여야 한다.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.104-111
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• 2020

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation (PUI) 적용 강도 및 적용 횟수에 따른 상아질 잔사 제거의 효율성 비교에 있다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 48개의 하악 소구치를 표준화하고 이등분 한 후, 한쪽 상아질벽에는 치근첨에서 1, 3, 5 mm의 거리에, 반대쪽 상아질벽에는 2, 4 mm의 거리에 함요를 형성하였다. 각 함요에 NaOCl과 혼합된 상아질 잔사를 채웠다. 치아는 PUI 적용 강도에 따라 'Weak'과 'Strong'의 2개 그룹으로 나누고(n = 24), PUI 적용 횟수에 따라 '1회', '2회', '3회'의 3개 그룹으로(n = 8) 다시 나누었다. 근관 세정 과정 이후 함요에 잔존하는 상아질 잔사의 양을 평가하였다. 결과: Weak 그룹과 Strong 그룹 간의 통계적 유의성은 관찰되지 않았다. Weak 그룹 내에서 PUI 적용 횟수에 따른 통계적 유의성 역시 관찰되지 않았다. 그러나 Strong 그룹에서 PUI를 2회, 3회 적용하였을 때, 1회의 경우보다 유의하게 낮은 상아질 잔사의 양이 관찰되었다. 결론: PUI 적용 강도에 따른 상아질 잔사 제거의 효율성은 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 그러나 Strong 그룹에서 PUI를 다회 적용시, 1회 적용할 때 보다 근단 1/3 부위의 세정 효과가 증가한다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.104-108
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• 2014

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of passive ultrasonic agitation on the cleaning capacity of a hybrid instrumentation technique. Materials and Methods: Twenty mandibular incisors with mesiodistal-flattened root shape had their crowns sectioned at 1 mm from the cementoenamel junction. Instrumentation was initiated by catheterization with K-type files (Denstply Maillefer) #10, #15, and #20 at 3 mm from the working length. Cervical preparation was performed with Largo bur #1 (Dentsply Maillefer) followed by apical instrumentation with K-type files #15, #20 and #25, and finishing with ProTaper F2 file (Denstply Maillefer). All files were used up to the working length under irrigation with 1 mL of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (Biodyn$\hat{a}$mica) at each instrument change. At the end of instrumentation, the roots were randomly separated into 2 groups (n = 10). All specimens received final irrigation with 1 mL of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. The solution remained in the root canals in Group 1 for one minute; and ultrasonic agitation was performed in Group 2 for one minute using a straight tip inserted at 1 mm from working length. The specimens were processed histologically and the sections were analyzed under optic microscope (x64) to quantify debris present in the root canal. Results: The samples submitted to ultrasonic agitation (Group 2) presented significant decrease in the amount of debris in comparison with those of Group 1 (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The hybrid instrumentation technique associated with passive ultrasonic agitation promoted greater debris removal in the apical third of the root canals.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.149-154
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• 2015

Objectives: This study evaluated the penetration depth of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) into root dentinal tubules and the influence of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Materials and Methods: Twenty freshly extracted anterior teeth were decoronated and instrumented using Mtwo rotary files up to size 40, 4% taper. The samples were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10), that is, conventional syringe irrigation (CSI) and PUI. CHX was mixed with Rhodamine B dye and was used as the final irrigant. The teeth were sectioned at coronal, middle and apical levels and viewed under CLSM to record the penetration depth of CHX. The data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: The mean penetration depths of 2% CHX in coronal, middle and apical thirds were $138{\mu}m$, $80{\mu}m$ and $44{\mu}m$ in CSI group, respectively, whereas the mean penetration depths were $209{\mu}m$, $138{\mu}m$ and $72{\mu}m$ respectively in PUI group. Statistically significant difference was present between CSI group and PUI group at all three levels (p < 0.01 for coronal third and p < 0.001 for middle and apical thirds). On intragroup analysis, both groups showed statistically significant difference among three levels (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Penetration depth of 2% CHX into root dentinal tubules is deeper in coronal third when compared to middle and apical third. PUI aided in deeper penetration of 2% CHX into dentinal tubules when compared to conventional syringe irrigation at all three levels.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.11.1-11.11
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• 2021

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare smear layer removal by conventional application (CA), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), EasyClean (EC), and XP-Endo Finisher (XPF), using 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) after chemomechanical preparation, as evaluated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: Forty-five single-rooted human mandibular premolars were selected for this study. After chemomechanical preparation, the teeth were randomly divided into 5 groups according to the protocol for smear layer removal, as follows: G1 (control): CA of distilled water; G2 (CA): CA of 17% EDTA; G3 (PUI): 17% EDTA activated by PUI; G4 (EC): 17% EDTA activated by EC; and G5 (XPF): 17% EDTA activated by XPF. SEM images (×1,000) were obtained from each root third and scored by 3 examiners. Data were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (p < 0.05). Results: In the apical third, there were no statistically significant differences among the groups (p > 0.05). In the cervical and middle thirds, the experimental groups performed better than the control group (p < 0.05); however, G2 presented better results than G3, G4, and G5 (p < 0.05), which showed no differences among one another (p > 0.05). Conclusions: No irrigation method was able to completely remove the smear layer, especially in the apical third. Using CA for the chelating solution performed better than any form of activation.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.28.1-28.13
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• 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of the application method of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and its influence on the adhesion of fiberglass posts cemented with a self-adhesive resin cement. Materials and Methods: Sixty human mandibular premolars were endodontically treated and divided into 5 groups (n = 12), according to the canal irrigant and its application method: 2 groups with conventional syringe irrigation (CSI)-2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (control) and 2% CHX- and 3 groups with 2% CHX irrigation/activation-by passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), Easy Clean file, and XP-Endo Finisher file. Two roots per group were evaluated for smear layer (SL) removal by scanning electron microscopy. For other roots, fiber posts were luted using a self-adhesive resin cement. The roots were sectioned into 6 slices for push-out bond strength (BS) (7/group) and nanoleakage (NL) (3/group). Data from SL removal were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Student-Newman-Keuls tests (α = 0.05). Data from BS and NL were evaluated by 2-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Results: For SL removal and BS, the CHX irrigation/activation promoted better values than CSI with CHX (p < 0.05), but it was not significantly different from CSI with NaOCl (p > 0.05). For NL, the lowest values were obtained by the chlorhexidine irrigation/activation groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Active 2% CHX irrigation can be used to improve the post space cleaning and adhesion before fiber post cementation with self-adhesive resin cements.