• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.247-258
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• 2019

Soil strength and failure surface geometry directly influence magnitudes of passive earth thrust acting on geotechnical retaining structures. Accordingly, it is expected that as long as the shape of the failure surface geometry and strength parameters of the backfill are known, magnitudes of computed passive earth thrusts should be highly accurate. Building on this premise, this study adopts conventional method of slices for calculating passive earth thrust and combines it with equations for estimating failure surface geometries based on in-situ stress state and density. Accuracy of the proposed method is checked using the results obtained from small-scale physical retaining wall model tests. In these model tests, backfill was prepared using either air pluviation or compaction and different backfill relative densities were used in each test. When the calculated passive earth thrust magnitudes were compared with the measured values, it was noticed that the results were highly compatible for the tests with pluviated backfills. On the other hand, calculated thrust magnitudes significantly underestimated the measured thrust magnitudes for those tests with compacted backfills. Based on this observation, a new approach for the calculation of passive earth pressures is developed. The proposed approach calculates the magnitude and considers the influence of locked-in stresses that are the by-products of the backfill preparation method in the computation of lateral earth forces. Finally, recommendations are given for any geotechnical application involving the compaction of granular bodies that are equally applicable to physical modelling studies and field construction problems.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.263-277
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• 2014

In the conventional design of retaining structures in a seismic zone, seismic inertia forces are commonly assumed to act upwards and towards the wall facing to cause a maximum active thrust or act upwards and towards the backfill to cause a minimum passive resistance. However, under certain circumstances this design approach might underestimate the dynamic active thrust or overestimate the dynamic passive resistance acting on a rigid retaining structure. In this study, a new analytical method for dynamic active and passive forces in c-${\phi}$ soils with an infinite slope was proposed based on the Rankine earth pressure theory and the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion, to investigate the influence of seismic inertia force directions on the total active and passive forces. Four combinations of seismic acceleration with both vertical (upwards or downwards) and horizontal (towards the wall or backfill) directions, were considered. A series of dimensionless dynamic active and passive force charts were developed to evaluate the key influence factors, such as backfill inclination ${\beta}$, dimensionless cohesion $c/{\gamma}H$, friction angle ${\phi}$, horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients, $k _h$ and $k_v$. A comparative study shows that a combination of downward and towards-the-wall seismic inertia forces causes a maximum active thrust while a combination of upward and towards-the-wall seismic inertia forces causes a minimum passive resistance. This finding is recommended for use in the design of retaining structures in a seismic zone.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.193-202
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• 2023

In this paper, a dynamic centrifuge model test was conducted on a 24.8-meter-deep excavation consisting of a 20 m sand layer and 4.8 m bedrock, classified as S3 by Korean seismic design code KDS 17 10 00. A braced excavation wall supports the hole. From the results, the mechanism of seismically induced earth pressure was investigated, and their distribution and loading points were analyzed. During earthquake loadings, active seismic earth pressure decreases from the at-rest earth pressure since the backfill laterally expands at the movement of the wall toward the active direction. Yet, the passive seismic earth pressure increases from the at-rest earth pressure since the backfill pushes to the wall and laterally compresses at it, moving toward a passive direction and returning to the initial position. The seismic earth pressure distribution shows a half-diamond distribution in the dense sand and a uniform distribution in loose sand. The loading point of dynamic thrust corresponding with seismic earth pressure is at the center of the soil backfill. The dynamic thrust increased differently depending on the backfill's relative density and input motion type. Still, in general, the dynamic thrust increased rapidly when the maximum horizontal displacement of the wall exceeded 0.05 H%.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.425-433
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 한계평형법에 근거한 수동토압계수 산정에 있어서의 간단한 방법을 제시하고 그로부터 계산된 수동토압계수를 기존의 연구자들에 의한 값들과 비교해 보았다. 옹벽 배면에서의 파괴면을 구성하는 대수나선과 직선 중에서 직선파괴면의 경사각을 유도하여 수동토압계수 산정방법에 반영하였다. 그리고 수동토압계수 산정시 Rankine 수동영역에 작용하는 토압력의 분력을 고려하기 보다는 전체를 고려하였다. 본 연구를 통해 제안된 방법을 통해 구한 수동토압계수는 Coulomb 수동토압계수와 같이 뒤채움 흙의 지표면의 경사각이 증가할수록 커지고 벽체의 경사각이 감소할수록 작아지는 경향을 보였다. 또한 본 연구를 통해 얻은 수동토압계수는 비교를 위해 고려한 거의 모든 경우에 있어 Coulomb 수동토압계수 보다 작게 계산되었다. 벽마찰각의 변화에 따른 수동토압계수를 비교해 보면 제안된 방법을 통해 계산된 수동토압계수가 Coulomb 수동토압계수 보다 작게 계산되었는데 흙의 내부마찰각이 클수록, 벽마찰각이 증가할수록 그 차이는 컸다. 본 연구에서 고려한 5개의 내부마찰각 중에서 일반적인 사질토의 내부마찰각의 범주에 해당되는 $25^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $35^{\circ}$ 그리고 $40^{\circ}$와 3개의 벽마찰각에 대하여, 본 연구를 통해 얻은 수동토압계수와 기존의 연구자들에 의한 수동토압계수를 비교해보면 Kerisel and Absi 방법, Soubra 방법, Lancellotta 방법, $Ant\tilde{a}o$ 등에 의한 방법, Kame 방법 그리고 Reddy 등에 의한 방법에 대한 최대 차이율은 각각 4.8%, 3.8%, 31.1%, 4.0%, 20.6% 그리고 12.8% 였는데 전체적으로 볼 때 기존의 연구자들에 의한 값들과 큰 차이를 보이지는 않았다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.675-688
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• 2017

The anchor block is a specially designed concrete member intended to withstand pullout or thrust forces from backfill material of an internally stabilized anchored earth retaining wall by passive resistance of soil in front of the block. This study presents small-scale laboratory experimental works to investigate the pullout capacity of a concrete anchor block embedded in air dry sand and located at different distances from yielding boundary wall. The experimental setup consists of a large tank made of fiberglass sheets and steel framing system. A series of tests was carried out in the tank to investigate the load-displacement behavior of anchor block. Experimental results are then compared with the theoretical approaches suggested by different researchers and codes. The appropriate placement of an anchor block and the passive resistance coefficient, which is multiplied by the passive resistance in front of the anchor block to obtain the pullout capacity of the anchor, were also studied.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.55-70
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• 1987

본 연구에서는 정지토탄상태에서 수동토추상태 까지의 토압의 변화를 옹벽의 변위량에 따라 나타 내는 새로운 이론이 제시되었다. 제시된 이론은 2차원평형조건식과 Mohr-Coulomb의 파괴규준을 변 궐한 최대주응력과 최소주응력의 관계식을 바탕으로 이루어졌으며, 또한 옹벽의 변위량에 따른 흙의 내부마찰자(f)과 벽마찰각(5)의 변화를 옹벽상단에서 부터의 깊이의 함수로 나타내는 수학적 model이 개발되었다. 결과치를 수치해석적으로 구하기 위해 유한차분법이 이용되었고 또하 얻어 진 결과치를 실험치와 비교함으로써 본 연구에서 제시된 이론의 적합성이 확인되었다. 옹벽 설계와 관련된 벽마찰카의 변화가 토압에서 미치는 영향에 대해서도 아울러 고찰되었다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.385-393
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• 2022

Previous studies postulated insignificant capillary rise (h_c) effect above the water table (H_w) for unsaturated soils. In addition, these studies utilised dry unit weight above H_w. This paper, therefore, addresses the effect of these postulations on strength where the influence of h_c using a modified upper bound approach, Discontinuity Layout Optimization (UNSAT-DLO) for a simulated soil was predicted. Two different parametric studies to model passive earth pressure and bearing capacity problems are carried out to provide an insight into the effect of capillary rise on strength. Significant increase in strength, owing to unsaturated conditions, was obtained where the maximum increase was when suction slightly less or greater than the air entry suction. On the other hand, the results showed a negative effect of h_c. For example, up to 8.24% decrease in passive thrust (P_p) was obtained at H_w=0 m when h_c rose 1 m from 0 m. To put this into perspective, this was equivalent to a decrease of about 2° in 𝜙 at H_w=0 m and h_c =0 m in order to obtain the same result at h_c =1 m. For the bearing capacity problem, the effect was seen to be higher, up to 18.4% decrease in N_𝛾 was obtained when h_c rose from 0 m to 2.5 m at H_w =0 m. In addition, the results revealed a negative influence of assigning dry unit weight above H_w or h_c.. However, considerable increase in strength was obtained when unsaturated unit weight above h_c was assigned.