• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제16권11호
• /
• pp.1614-1618
• /
• 2003

Twenty crossbred (HF${\times}$Tharparkar) dry pregnant cows were divided into four equal groups. They were supplemented with 1,000 I.U. $\alpha$-tocopheryl acetate from 0 (group I), 15 (group II), 30 (group III) and 60 (group IV) days before parturition to 1month of lactation. All the cows were kept under similar feeding and management conditions. Blood plasma samples collected on specific days were analyzed for $\alpha$-tocopherol, retinol, total antioxidant activity (FRAP), immunoglobulin and calcium. Plasma $\alpha$-tocopherol concentration at 30 days prepartum averaged 3.5, 4.1, 4.4 and $3.9{\mu}g/ml$ and decreased by 50.0, 41.4, 34.1 and 33.3 percent on the day of parturition in the four respective groups. After calving, plasma vitamin E started to recover earlier in groups II, III and IV as compared to group I. Mean plasma $\alpha$-tocopherol concentration at 21 days postpartum was significantly higher in groups II, III and IV (2.9, 3.5 and $3.1{\mu}g/ml$) compared to group I ($1.9{\mu}g/ml$) cows. Plasma retinol concentration also showed a substantial decrease in all the groups on the day of calving but recovered to its normal value at 3 weeks postpartum. Plasma total antioxidant activity averaged 901, 895, 859 and $875{\mu}mol/l$ in the four respective groups on 30 days prepartum and decreased on the day of calving in all the groups, but the decrease was less in groups III and IV. Plasma immunoglobulin concentration was higher in group IV, followed by groups III, II and I, respectively, showing better immune status of vitamin E supplemented cows due to less oxidative stress. Supplementation of vitamin E resulted in higher plasma calcium concentration. The data showed that vitamin E supplementation should be started at least 30 days prepartum to reduce oxidative stress in periparturient cows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.342-347
• /
• 2003

The enzyme $20{\alpha}$-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase ($20{\alpha}$-HSD) catabolizes progesterone to $20{\alpha}$-dihydroprogesterone ($20{\alpha}$-OHP), and is appeared in rat corpora luteal and placenta. A polled samples of 10-15 placental and ovarian tissues collected from each individual rat were subjected to measurement of $20{\alpha}$-HSD activity. A $20{\alpha}$-HSD activity in the cytosol fraction was based on the generation of NADPH. In this study, it is designed to study cytosolic $20{\alpha}$-HSD activity in rat ovarian and placenta during pregnancy, and its relationship to embryonic mortality. It was found that from days 5 to 18 of pregnancy the $20{\alpha}$-HSD activities steady by decreased but at parturition time rapidly increased in ovary. On the other hand, placental cytosolic $20{\alpha}$-HSD activities were high detected from days 8 to 10 of pregnancy, not detectable from days 11 to 20 of pregnancy, but again very high at the time of parturition. Analysis of DEAE column chromatography revealed that two different types of $20{\alpha}$-HSD (HSD-1 and HSD-2) were found with similar activity in the placental cytosol on day 10 of pregnancy. The number of fetuses on day 10 of pregnancy was 15.4 and decreased significantly to 12.9 on day 12. The results suggested that expression of $20{\alpha}$-HSD in the placental tissues seems to be related the number of fetal survived in the specific time (days 11 and 12) which spontaneous fetal loss occurs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.26-30
• /
• 2006

The study was undertaken to investigate the validity of milk urea concentration as an index of the reproductive performances in crossbred Karan-Fries (Holstein Friesian${\times}$Tharparkar) cows under farm condition. Milk urea was analysed in noon milk samples (1200 to 1300 h) to interrelate with the interval from parturition to first service, number of insemination per conception, first service conception rate and service period. Milk progesterone (P4) was analysed in noon milk samples on the day 1, 10, 20 and 30 post insemination to study the effect of milk urea concentration on early embryonic mortality. The interval from parturition to first service was found significantly (p<0.01) higher ($77.2{\pm}5.5$ days) when milk urea concentration was ${\geq}63.4mg/dl$. The average milk urea concentrations (mg/dl) were found $42.1{\pm}2.5$, $47.9{\pm}1.5$ and $50.3{\pm}3.1$, respectively in cows that conceived at $1^{st}$, $2^{nd}$ and $3^{rd}$ insemination. However, the variation was not statistically significant. The first insemination conception rate was found significantly (p<0.05) higher (68.8%) when milk urea level was ${\leq}32.4mg/dl$. The service period was found significantly (p<0.05) higher ($125.4{\pm}8.8$ days) when milk urea concentration was ${\geq}45.1mg/dl$. The milk P4 level indicated that the cows, those were detected as non-pregnant on day 60 post insemination were initially pregnant but the pregnancy was terminated sometime during the day 30 to 60 post insemination. The study indicates that the milk urea values may be used as an index of reproductive performances in dairy herd when individual animals are not being monitored for nutritional status. The altered milk urea values may be utilised by the farmers as ready reference to rectify the protein and energy nutrition in cows to achieve the better reproductive performances in herd.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제37권5호
• /
• pp.944-951
• /
• 2024

Objective: Parturition is crucial for dams, their calves, and cow managers. The prediction of calving time, which assists cow managers to decide on the relocation of cows to maternity pens and necessity of human supervision, is a pivotal aspect of livestock farming. However, existing methods of predicting calving time in dairy cows based on hormonal changes and clinical symptoms are time-consuming and yield unreliable predictions. Accordingly, we investigated whether heart rate variability (HRV) which is a non-invasive assessment of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity and behavior during the prepartum period would be useful for predicting calving time in dairy cows. Methods: Eight pregnant cows were surveilled under electrocardiogram and video recordings for HRV and behavioral analyses, respectively. HRV parameters in time and frequency domains were evaluated. A 24-h time budget was calculated for each of six types of behavior (standing and lying with or without rumination, sleeping, and eating). Results: Heart rate on calving day is considerably higher than those recorded on the days preceding calving. Low frequency power declined, whereas high frequency power escalated on the calving day compared to the period between 24 and 48 h before calving. The time budget for ruminating while lying decreased and that while standing increased markedly on the calving day compared to those allocated on the preceding days; nonetheless, the total time budget for ruminating did not differ during the prepartum period. Conclusion: We elucidated the ANS activity and behavioral profiles during prepartum period. Our results confirm that HRV parameters and behavior are useful for predicting calving time, and interestingly indicate that the time budget for ruminating while standing (or lying) may serve as a valuable predictor of calving. Collectively, our findings lay the foundation for future investigations to determine other potential predictors and formulate an algorithm for predicting calving time.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.35-52
• /
• 2016

Objectives :The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect on factors related the expression of aquaporins (AQP) and milk production after administration of Boheotang-gagam in lactating mice. Methods: The SKH-1 mice were randomly allocated to the control group which was administered with distilled water for two weeks after the parturition and the experimental groups such as, lactating+400G group (L400G) which was administered with Boheotang-gagam 400 mg/day, lactating+600G group (L600G) which was administered with 600 mg/day for two weeks after the parturition, and 400G+lactating+400G group (400G-L400G) which was administered with 400 mg/day for 3 weeks starting one week prior to parturition for experiment (n=6 per group). Results: 1. With regard to the immunohistochemical staining reaction for AQP1, AQP3, and AQP5, stronger immune response was also showed in mammary gland in all experimental groups as compared to the control group. AQP1 showed stronger immune response in the capillaries and venules which were located around the interlobular duct, while stronger immune response of AQP3 and AQP5 showed in the secretory alveolar epithelia and intralobular and interlobular ductal epithelial cells. 2. In the western blot, L400G group showed the most increased expression followed by L600G and then 400G-L400G group in AQP1. In AQP3, the order of expression density was observed as L600G, 400G-L400G and L400G group. Lastly, in AQP5, L400G group presented the most increased expression followed by L600G and 400G-L400G group. Conclusions: Boheotang-gagam would have the effect of increasing the lactation of mice after the birth by increasing the prolactin level and adjusting the expression of AQPs and prolactin receptor in the mammary glands.

• 대한한의학회지
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.166-173
• /
• 2000

Objectives : These experiments were undertaken to evaluate the effect of the administration on Korean herbal medicines, Kyoaekungkue-tang, Bojungykki-tang, Kungso-san, Antae-eum, and Antaegumchul-tang, on the reproductive functions in pregnant mice. Methods : Prepared herbal medicines(Kyoaekungkue-tang, Bojungykki-tang, Kungso-san, Antae-eum, Antaegumchul-tang) were administered to three different pregnant staged mice. We designed 3 experiments as follows; prepared herbal medicine administered from ovulation to embryo implantation (Experiment I), or administered after implantation to fetal organogenesis (Experiment II) and lastly administered from end of organogenesis to parturition (Experiment III). At day 14 of pregnancy, the whole uteri of half of the treated mice were retrieved from the Experiment I and in the Experiment II the implantation and mean weight of the fetuses were examined. The mean numbers of offspring, sex ratio and mean birth weight were examined in the other half of the mice. Results : The results from these studies were summarized as followed; 1. From the experiment I (administered from ovulation to embryo implantation), the no. of implantation between control and herbal medicine treated groups were shown similar results. Litter size after parturition was significantly decreased in the herbal medicine treated groups, except for Antaegumchul-tang. However, the mean weight of offspring after parturition showed a tendency to increase in the three herbal medicine treated groups. 2. From the experiment II (administered after implantation to fetal organogenesis), the implantation rates from the herbal medicine treated groups increased more significantly than that of the control Also, litter size and birth weight in the herbal medicine groups, except Antaeeum, increased more significantly than that of the control group. 3. From the experiment III group (administered after organogenesis to parturition), the mean number of offspring in Kyoaekungkue-tang and Antaegumchul-tang treated groups were significantly increased than that of control However, the litter size of the Kungso-san treated mice was significantly decreased compared with that of the control group. Compared with the control and other herbal treated groups, the mean weight of fetuses after parturition in the Kyoaekungkue-tang and Antaegumchul-tang treated groups increased significantly. Conclusions : From these results, it can be concluded that Antaegumchul-tang showed more beneficial effects on the reproductive functions, implantation, maintenance of pregnancy, litter size and mean weight than other herbs.

• 치과방사선
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.11-15
• /
• 1978

The author observed the effect of x-ray irradiation on the development of the mandible in the fetuses and growing albino rats. The fetuses were irradiated on the 7½th day of gestation, 100, 200, 300, and 400 rads of x-ray respectively. The experimental animals were sacrificed on the 18½th day of gestation, and first week, second week and third week after parturition. The results were as follows; 1. The mandible of the 18½th day fetuses showed irregular bone trabeoulae, osteoclasts and osteocyte degeneration on the 300 and 400 rads x-ray irradiated fetuses. 2. In the mandible of the first week rats, there was marked osteocyte degeneration and a lot of osteoclast. 3. In the mandible of the 2nd and 3rd week rats bone remodeling was evident. The 3rd week rats also showed alteration of blood vessel wall.

• 한국임상수의학회지
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.285-288
• /
• 2000

Nine immature 30-day-old female rats were injected sc at 0800 hr with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin(PMSG) to induce ovulation and mating. Fifty-six hours later the animals were placed with mature male rats overnight (one female and one male). Five of 9 immature female rats treated with PMSG were pregnant and allowed to maintain the pregnancy to term. Three of 5 pregnant rats were failed to maintain pregnancy to term. Two of 5 pregnant rats seemed to be developed normally and increased abdominal enlargement as pregnancy progresses, but did not occurred parturition on day of 43 or 48 of pregnancy, respectively. On day 44 or 49, pregnant rats were killed and examined uterus and ovaries. There was no fetus but approximately 50∼60ml. of mucopurulent fluids were accumulated in the uterine cavity and 40 or 42 corpora lutea persisted in the ovaries. Pyometra was developed after coitus in PMSG-treated immature female rat.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.111-118
• /
• 1973

The placentation in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) and the morphological changes occuring in its placenta from implantation to parturition have been observed by light microscope. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The development of the placenta in the fertilized ovum implanted on the day 5 of gestation was described with increasing gestational age. 2. On the day 8 of gestation, the chorioallantoic placenta was formed by fusion of the allantois to the chorion of ectoplacental cone. 3. On the day 13 of gestation, Reichert's membrane with the parietal yolk sac disappeared in a circumscribed area antimesometrially.

• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.233-243
• /
• 1984

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 Landrace순종(純種)의 미경산돈(未經산豚) 6두(頭)를 가지고 발정주기(發情週期) 및 임신기간(妊娠期間)동안의 혈청중(血淸中) 성(性) hormone수준(水準)의 변화(變化)를 구명(究明)하기 위하여 실시(實施)하였으며, 이정맥(耳靜脈)에서 혈액(血液)을 채취(採取)하여 혈청(血情)을 분리(分離)한 다음, 이를 시료(試料)로 하여 LH, FSH, prolactin, progesterone, $estradiol-17{\beta}$ 및 cortisol을 radioimmunoassay 방법(方法)으로 분석(分析)하였는바, 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. Landrace순종(純種) 미경산돈(未經産豚)의 성성숙도달일령(性成熟到達日齡)은 179.5일(日), 성성숙도달체중(性成熟到達體重)은 88.2kg, 발정주기(發情週期) 21.3일(日), 임신기간(妊娠期間)은 114일(日)이었고, 복당산자수(腹當산仔數)는 9.5두(頭)였다. 2. 발정주기중(發情週期中)의 LH농도(濃度)는 1.56mIU/ml 이하(以下), prolactin 농도(濃度)는 2.4ng/ml 이하(以下)로 분석한계수준이하(分析限界水準以下)였다. FSH농도(濃度)는 발정열시후(發情閱始後) 6일(日)부터 15일(日)까지 1.50~2.20 mIU/ml 범위(範圍)였으며, 발정시(發情時)와 발정전후(發情前後) 3일(日)에는 1.25 mIU/ml 이하(以下)였다. 3. 발정주기중(發情週期中)의 progesterone 농도(濃度)는 발정일(發情日)에 1.90ng/ml를 나타냈으나, 발정열시후(發情閱始後) 3일(日)에 13.10ng/ml 증가(增加)하였고 9일(日)에 최고수준(最高水準)에 도달(到達)하였다. $Estradiol-17{\beta}$농도(濃度)는 발정일(發情日)과 발정개시후(發情開始後) 18일(日)에 27.2pg/ml을 나타냈고, 그밖의 기간(期間)에서는 27.2pg/ml 이하(以下)였다. Cortisol 농도(濃度)는 발정일(發情日)에 최고수준(最高水準)에 도달(到達)했으며, 황체기(黃體期)동안에는 24.65~28.57ng/ml 범위(範圍)에 있었다. 4. 임신기간중(姙娠期間中)의 LH농도(濃度)는 3.10~4.37 mIU/ml, FSH농도(濃度)는 1.30~1.80 mIU/ml, 그리고 prolactin 농도(濃度)는 2.60~6.70ng/ml의 범위(範圍)를 나타냈다. 5. Progesterone 농도(濃度)는 전임신기간(全姙娠期間)에 38.90~16.85ng/ml 범위(範圍)에 있었으나 분만시(分娩時)에는 1.96ng/ml로 급격(急激)히 감소(減少)하였다. $Estradiol-17{\beta}$의 농도(濃度)는 임신후(姙娠後) 15일(日)에 27.2pg/ml을 나타냈으며, 그후 계속(繼續) 증가(增加)하여 분만시(分娩時)는 620.17pg/ml을 나타냈다. Cortisol 농도(濃度)는 전임신기간(全姙娠期間)에 걸쳐 13.58~24.35ng/ml의 범위(範圍)를 나타냈다.