• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 2004

The preparation of responsive fibers from acrylic fibers is studied. Various responsive fibers, such as fibers which change their color on exposure to light or with change in temperature, have been developed and are used commercially However, the responsive material in these fibers are not the fiber itself but chemicals in microcapsules attached to the fibers by finishing, and few fibers exhibit responsive properties by itself. The partial hydrolysis of polyacrylonitrile fibers to obtain pH responsive fibers is presented in this paper. Partial hydrolysis was effected by control of the concentration of the sodium hydroxide used in the hydrolysis, hydrolysis temperature and time. The degree of hydrolysis was evaluated by nitrogen content of the hydrolyzed fibers and their response, change in length, to aqueous solutions of varying pH was studied by continually changing the pH. Significant changes in lengths with pH were observed and the gel transition behavior varied with the conditions of hydrolysis. The hysteresis of the length change was also studied to evaluate the possibilities of using hydrolyzed acrylic fibers as pH sensors.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.454-457
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• 1995

To improve the yield of genuine aglycones from glycosides, the conditions of alkaline hydrolysis were investigated, and a modified method was established. The modified method empolyed pyridine as an aprotic solvent. To complete the hydrolysis and obtain 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (1) and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol(2), which are the genuine aglycones of ginsenosides, total ginsenosides were refluxed with sodium methoxide in pyridine. Addition of methanol, a protic polar solvent to the reaction miuxture, led partial hydrolysis yielding a mixture of the genuine prosapogenols. Of the prosapogenols compound 3 and 6 characteristically possessed D-glucopyranosyl moiety attached at the sterically hindered C-20 hydroxyl group. 3 and 6 were not obtaijned by other hydrolysisw methods except by the soil bacterial hydrolysis.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.152-156
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• 2014

Isoquercitrin (IQ), quercetin monoglycoside, is classified as a polyphenol, and a minute quantity of IQ is known to be present in several plants. Recently, it was reported that IQ can be prepared by the partial enzymatic hydrolysis of quercetin diglycoside (rutin, RU). In this paper, the effects of enzyme types, enzyme amounts, and substrate concentrations on the reactivity were investigated using a series of $Pecinex^{TM}$ multi-enzymes. The reaction, when a 8 ml of Ultra Clear to 1 g of RU was applied with the substrate concentration of 1% at $50^{\circ}C$, was found to be optimum, based on the reaction rate and the selectivity to IQ.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.300-305
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• 1997

Effect of a nonionic surfactant, Tween 20 on the adsorption and kinetic mechanism for the hydrolysis of a microcrystalline cellulose, Avicel PH 101, by endoglucanase Ⅰ (Endo Ⅰ) and exoglucanase Ⅱ (Exo Ⅱ) isolated from Trichoderma viride were studied. The Langmuir isotherm parameters, amount of maximum adsorption (Amax) and adsorption equilibrium constant (Kad) for the adsorption, were obtained in the presence and the absence of nonionic surfactant. On the addition of Tween 20, the Kad and Amax values of Exo Ⅱ were decreased, while those of Endo Ⅰ were not affected. These indicate that the adsorption affinity of Exo Ⅱ on the cellulose is weakened by nonionic surfactant, and the surfactant enhanced desorption of Exo Ⅱ from insoluble substrate. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose can be described by two parallel pseudo-first order reactions using the percentages of easily (Ca) and hardly (Cb) hydrolyzable cellulose in Avicel PH 101 and associated rate constants (ka and kb). The Ca value was increased by adding Tween 20 for all enzyme samples (Exo Ⅱ, Endo Ⅰ and their 1:1 mixture) implying that the low-ordered crystalline fraction in the cellulose may be partly dispersed by surfactant. The ka value was not affect by adding Tween 20 for all enzyme samples (Exo Ⅱ, Endo Ⅰ and their 1:1 mixture). The kb value of Exo Ⅱ was increased by adding Tween 20, while that of Endo Ⅰ was not affected. This suggests that the surfactant helps the Exo Ⅱ desorb from microcrystalline cellulose, and increase the hydrolysis rate. These results were show that the increase of hydrolysis of cellulose by the nonionic surfactant is due to both the activation of Exo Ⅱ and partial defibrillation of the cellulose.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.228-234
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• 1984

A partial hydrolysis of soybean protein isolate was carried out by using pepsin and trypsin. The degree of hydrolysis was evaluated by chemical analysis, viscometric measurements and gel electrophoresis. The functional properties of the hydrolyzates such as flow behavior, emulsion properties and foaming properties were evaluated. A selective hydrolysis of 11S protein fraction by pepsin was observed from the SDS-PAG electrophoresis. The changes in the molecular weight distribution by different conditions of enzyme hydrolysis were evaluated. The changes in the intrinsic viscosity of the protein hydrolylate by reaction time were highly correlated to the contents of TCA soluble protein and 0.03 M $CaCl_2$ soluble nitrogen. The degree of hydrolysis ($DH_{TCA}$, $DH_{Ca}$) were used to evaluate the effect of enzyme treatment on the functional properties of the hydrolyzate. The apparent viscosity and emulsion capacity and stability of the protein solution decreased as DH increased, while the foaming capacity increased linearly with the increasing DH.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.220-224
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• 1999

Lactic acid was reacted with alcohol into lactate ester, and lactate ester produced in esterification reaction was distilled simultaneously with hydrolysis reaction into lactic acid. When the yields of lactic acid recovered by batch reactive distillations with various alcohols were compared, the yield of lactic acid was increased as the volatility of lactate ester was increased. In this batch reactive distillation, because the mixtures condensed in partial condensor were flown to reboiler through distillation column, the recovery yield of lactic acid was affected by operation temperature of partial condensor. Hydrolysis reaction into lactic acid in distillation column rarelyoccurred because of short retention time of lactate ester and water. Lactate ester was reacted into lactic acid in reboiler.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.186-196
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• 1997

The IR crystallinity index of Calcium nitrate treated silk fiber decreased proportionally to the concentration of calcium nitrate. A partial change of conformation was observed in the concentration of over 46.4-47.6% changing from $\beta$-sheet or to random coil in the crystalline region. This is in coincidence with the result of crystallinity index, which was started to be reduced in the concentration range of 46.4-47.6%. A same trend was observed for the X-ray order factor, birefringence, degree of orientation and surface structure. These structural parameters were remarkably changed on the treatment of silk fibers with concentration of 46.4-17, 6% calcium nitrate. Therefore, it seems that there exists a critical concentration of calcium nitrate in affection the structure and morphology of silk fibers. According to the examination of surface morphology, the fine stripe was observed in the direction of fiber axis at 46.4% concentration. However, the treated concentration was exceeded by 47.6%, the cracks were appeared severely on the fiber surface in the transverse direction as well as fiber axis direction. This result might be related to the tensile properties, specially a tenacity of silk fibers. As a result of quantitative analysis of a dilute acid hydrolysis, three different regions, which are known as a amorphous, semi-crystalline and crystalline region, could be obtained. The hydrolysis rate curves were different with various concentrations of treatment and the relative contents of each region could be calculated.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.146-154
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• 2006

Structural modification of corn starch by gamma irradiation was evaluated for under dry conditions at varied intensities from 0 to 40 kGy. Under scanning electron microscopy, the granule shape of corn starch was not significantly affected by the irradiation up to 40 kGy. In addition, X-ray diffraction and melting patterns of the irradiated starches were similar to those of the native starch, indicating that crystalline regions in the starch granules were not changed by irradiation. However, the pattern of gel permeation column chromatography showed a significant increase in partial hydrolysis of gamma irradiated starch samples. The degree of polymerization and the paste viscosity of irradiated starch samples dose-dependently decreased significantly with irradiation, and increased solubility and clarity were observed in the irradiated starch solution. In addition, the degree of retrogradation decreased as irradiation dose increased. Irradiation of corn starch has advantages over the ordinary acid or the enzyme hydrolysis modification methods. It does not affect the granular shape and crystalline phase of starch during hydrolysis, and the process can be carried out in dry state.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.783-792
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• 1995

Sol-Gel derived ferroelectric PZT thin films were fabricated on ITO/Glass and Si/SiO2 substrates. In order to investigate the effect of catalysts on the densification and crystallization of PZT thin films, a nitric acid or ammonium hydroxide was added to the PZT stock solution at the state of partial hydrolysis reaction. The measured pH for a stable PZT sol was 5.2~9.3. In case of an acid-catalyzed PZT sol, a highly condensed particulate PZT sol was formed by accelerating the hydrolysis reaction. But weakly branched polymeric PZT sol was formed with a base-catalyzed condition. The difference in densification behavior was not found in the pH range of added catalyst, but the refractive index of PZT thin film was increased rapidly as the annealing temperature increased. The PZT thin film annealed at 54$0^{\circ}C$ for 10 min was fully densified and its refractive index was above 2.4. When the annealing temperature increased, the transition from the pyrochlore phase to perovskite appeared at 54$0^{\circ}C$. The base-catalyzed PZT thin film suppressed to form the pyrochlore phase and proceeded effectively to convert the perovskite phase. This was due to the formation of polymeric molecular structure by controlling the hydrolysis and condensation reaction through the additiion of the ammonium hydroxide.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.18-23
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• 1990

Thin films of tin oxide were prepared by chemical vapor deposition (C.V>D) using the hydrolysis reaction of SnCl4, Deposition rate increased with the increase of temperature up to $500^{\circ}C$and then decreased at $700^{\circ}C$, Deposition rate with SnCl4 partial pressure showed RidealEley behavir. It was found that SnO2 thin film deposited at the temperature above $400^{\circ}C$ had(110) and (301) plane preferred orientation with crystallinity of rutite structure. Electrical resisvity of SnO2 thin film decreased with increase increase of deposition temperature and showed minimum value of 10-3 ohm at $500^{\circ}C$and than largely increased increased with further increase of deposition temperture.